2019年中考英語總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)第三部分題型專題探究專題四閱讀理解課件人教新目標(biāo)版.ppt

1、專題四閱讀理解,題型1,題型2,題型3,閱讀理解題主要考查考生綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識(shí)的能力,包括閱讀能力、理解能力、歸納概括能力、邏輯推理能力以及對(duì)閱讀材料的評(píng)估能力。試題中所選的閱讀文章題材廣泛,涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、歷史、地理、科技等各個(gè)方面,并且體裁多樣,包括記敘文、說明文、議論文及應(yīng)用文等。 題型1判斷正誤型閱讀理解 判斷正誤型閱讀理解的考查目標(biāo)是考查學(xué)生判斷識(shí)別文章所提供的信息的能力。命題方式通常是在短文后面給出5個(gè)句子,根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,判斷所給句子的正誤。有的句子提供的是正確的信息,有的句子提供的是錯(cuò)誤的信息,這類題目都可直接或間接在文章中找到答案;但是有的句子的信息在短

2、文中并未直接或間接提及,要求考生具有綜合判斷文章所提供的隱含信息的能力,根據(jù)文章字里行間透出的有關(guān)信息,做出合乎邏輯、符合文意的判斷。,題型1,題型2,題型3,判斷正誤型閱讀理解的解題方法: 1.閱讀原文,理解大意。 首先通讀原文,捕捉文中所提供的信息,抓住文章大意,理清文章脈絡(luò)。 2.審讀題目,正確判斷。 讀懂短文內(nèi)容后再審讀題目,把握每個(gè)待判定句子的含義,通過尋讀法在原文中找出與每個(gè)問題相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,然后尋找關(guān)鍵詞在文章中所在的句子及段落,依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容對(duì)試題所給出的句子進(jìn)行正誤判斷。 3.重讀原文,復(fù)核檢查。 完成正誤判斷后必須將短文重讀一遍,加深對(duì)短文的理解,在此基礎(chǔ)上再對(duì)每一道題進(jìn)行復(fù)

3、查,對(duì)有些似是而非的句子,一定要重新認(rèn)真識(shí)別。,題型1,題型2,題型3,在解答判斷正誤型閱讀理解時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn): 1.閱讀文章時(shí)要掌握文章主旨和作者意圖,重點(diǎn)捕捉與題目有關(guān)的信息,不要過分推敲某個(gè)句子或某個(gè)語言點(diǎn),否則會(huì)走入誤區(qū),干擾判斷視線。 2.判斷句子的正誤時(shí)切忌看過一道判斷題目后,馬上就從文章中搜尋答案,這樣反反復(fù)復(fù)不僅費(fèi)時(shí),而且由于缺乏對(duì)文章大意的全面了解,在判斷時(shí)往往會(huì)有很大的盲目性和片面性。 3.在對(duì)每一道題進(jìn)行判斷時(shí),一定要從文章的具體段落和句子中找到依據(jù),做到有理有據(jù);對(duì)于不能直接在原文中找到依據(jù)的題目,應(yīng)根據(jù)自己掌握的綜合知識(shí)以及文章中的某些暗示或相關(guān)線索,通過認(rèn)真地比較

4、分析,準(zhǔn)確理解作者的意圖。,題型1,題型2,題型3,4.只有與文章意思完全相符的句子,才能判定為正確;那些基本意思相符,卻仍有某些細(xì)節(jié)與原文不相符的應(yīng)判定為錯(cuò)誤。 5.有些正誤判斷題涉及常識(shí)性的知識(shí)或其他學(xué)科的知識(shí),如:西方的文化背景知識(shí)、歷史人物、地理知識(shí)等,因此考生應(yīng)多了解英美國家的習(xí)俗和文化背景,掌握跨學(xué)科知識(shí),以便提高判斷的準(zhǔn)確率。,題型1,題型2,題型3,【例1】根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,判斷下列句子的正誤,正確的用“T”,錯(cuò)誤的用“F”。 A farmers dog,Dolly,had puppies(小狗),and the farmer needed to sell them.He pain

5、ted a sign and put it in his yard.As he was putting up the sign,a little boy walked up to him. “Sir,”he said,“I want to buy one of your dogs.” “Well,”said the farmer,“these dogs are very expensive.” “Can I just look?”asked the boy. “Sure,”said the farmer and whistled (吹口哨).“Here,Dolly!”he called. Do

6、lly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her.The boy became excited.Then,the little boy noticed another dog.This one was smaller.It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others.,題型1,題型2,題型3,“I want that one,”the boy said,pointing to the little dog. The farmer said,“Son,you d

7、ont want that dog.He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs.” The little boy reached down and rolled up (卷起) one leg of his trousers.He showed a cast (石膏) on his leg and a specially made shoe.He said,“You see,sir,I dont run too well myself,and he will need someone who unde

8、rstands.” The world is full of people who need someone who understands.,主旨大意:本文主要是通過一位腿有殘疾、走路不便的孩子買狗時(shí)沒看中健康、跑得快的狗,卻偏偏看上體形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事,詮釋了一個(gè)生活哲理生活中人們要彼此愛護(hù)、相互理解。,題型1,題型2,題型3,1.Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby dogs.,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,2.One of the dogs moved slowly probably because its legs wer

9、e weak.,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,3.The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog.,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,4.Nothing was wrong with the boys leg.,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,答案,解析,5.We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak.,題型1,題型2,題型3,題型2選擇型閱讀理解 中考選擇型閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語篇閱讀能力、分析

10、能力和判斷能力。要求學(xué)生通過閱讀能較快地理解短文大意,獲取其中的主要信息,然后根據(jù)試題的要求從所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案。常見的有以下五種題型: 1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題 細(xì)節(jié)理解題屬表層理解題范疇,難度較小,但是在整個(gè)閱讀理解題中所占的比例最大。細(xì)節(jié)理解題主要從文章的某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計(jì)題目。這類題目的答案一般都能在文章中直接找到,做題前,可先瀏覽一下題目,然后帶著問題快速閱讀,找出能解決問題的有關(guān)信息。但是一定要注意捕捉準(zhǔn)確的信息,進(jìn)行理解分析,去偽存真,否則會(huì)陷入題目設(shè)下的“陷阱”,受其迷惑而誤選干擾項(xiàng)。,題型1,題型2,題型3,2.主旨?xì)w納題 主旨?xì)w納題所提問題主要涉及文章的中心思想、

11、主要內(nèi)容、標(biāo)題等。在做主旨?xì)w納題時(shí),我們一定要注意選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)涵和外延必須能夠恰如其分地概括文章的主題。因此我們要善于捕捉文章中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的中心詞匯和段落的主題句。在選擇文章的最佳標(biāo)題時(shí),還要注意語言方面的特點(diǎn):題目往往具有凝練、醒目的特點(diǎn)。 3.推理判斷題 推理判斷題著重考查學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力,難度較大,涉及面較廣,如人物的心理、故事的結(jié)局、文章的寓意、作者的態(tài)度或傾向等。 推理判斷題的答案往往在文章的字面上不會(huì)出現(xiàn),必須依據(jù)已有信息來進(jìn)行推理,不能脫離原文去主觀臆斷。因此,在做推理判斷題時(shí),必須從原文里找到推斷的依據(jù)。,題型1,題型2,題型3,4.詞義猜測(cè)題 詞義猜測(cè)題旨在考查學(xué)生在特定語境

12、中理解詞(詞語、句子)的能力。其提問形式主要有: (1)The underlined sentence means in this passage. (2)What does the underlined word mean in News 2? 解答這類題目,必須認(rèn)真閱讀文章,通過上下文的聯(lián)系,結(jié)合已有的知識(shí)猜測(cè)其在具體語境中的含義,下面介紹一些猜詞的技巧: 通過因果關(guān)系猜詞;通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞;通過構(gòu)詞法猜詞;通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測(cè)詞義;通過句法功能來推測(cè)詞義;通過描述猜詞。,題型1,題型2,題型3,5.圖表說明題 這是近幾年各地比較受歡迎的一個(gè)題型,涉及的內(nèi)容有調(diào)查報(bào)告、廣告

13、、超市或服裝店等服務(wù)性行業(yè)的促銷活動(dòng),飯店、旅館或?qū)W校以及公共場(chǎng)合的規(guī)章制度等等,內(nèi)容非常廣泛。一般地說,這類題目看起來有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜,但是都不會(huì)太難,仔細(xì)閱讀,都可以在表格內(nèi)找到解決問題的信息;個(gè)別的題目會(huì)涉及一些運(yùn)算,應(yīng)特別細(xì)心。 選擇型閱讀理解的解題方法: (1)初讀全文 一般應(yīng)先通讀整篇短文,初步了解短文整體框架、大意及作者意向,并在抓住主要信息及各段中心內(nèi)容的同時(shí),標(biāo)出重要內(nèi)容或有疑問的地方。 也可以先快速瀏覽一下文章后面的題目,明確要求,以便快速閱讀全文時(shí)留意或抓住重要材料及關(guān)鍵詞語,做到心中有數(shù),有的放矢。,題型1,題型2,題型3,(2)再讀全文 目的是加深對(duì)文章整體的把握以及對(duì)文章各

14、段中心內(nèi)容的理解,進(jìn)一步思考并初步弄清或解決第一遍閱讀時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的疑問。 (3)細(xì)讀試答 在認(rèn)真研讀題目(“題干”和“選項(xiàng)”)、明確答題要求的基礎(chǔ)上,再細(xì)讀短文有關(guān)部分以便決定答案。這一步至關(guān)重要,既要細(xì)心,又要在整體把握的層面上上下照應(yīng)、前后聯(lián)系。一般來說,試題的先后次序與短文所述內(nèi)容的次序基本上是一致的,因而答題應(yīng)按試題的次序逐個(gè)去做,但是也有一些題目的設(shè)置與文章的先后順序是不一致的。答題原則應(yīng)是先易后難,不會(huì)的題目放在最后。,題型1,題型2,題型3,(4)復(fù)讀核查 試答完各題之后,再讀一遍短文,逐一核對(duì)答案。在這一步上,應(yīng)該充分利用和注意到各題目之間的相互關(guān)聯(lián)或?qū)?yīng),要著力抓住起決定作用的關(guān)

15、鍵題目。關(guān)鍵題目正確與否會(huì)引起連鎖反應(yīng),影響到讀者對(duì)整篇文章的理解與把握。因此,切莫忽視這一點(diǎn)。,題型1,題型2,題型3,【例2】(2018安徽中考) Would you like to live in a city where buildings turn the lights off for you, and self-driving cars will find the nearest parking space themselves? Although it might sound a little far from you, living in a “smart” city like

16、 this could happen sooner than you think. Great changes have taken place in towns that we have lived in for centuries, while completely new cities are being built. One such place is the city of Songdo. Every home there will have a “telepresence” system(遠(yuǎn)程遙控系統(tǒng))allowing users to control the heating an

17、d locks, take part in video meetings, and receive education, healthcare and government services. Around the city, escalators(自動(dòng)扶梯) will only move when someone is on them, and offices and schools will all be connected to the system.,題型1,題型2,題型3,The great mind behind Songdo is from the company Cisco.

18、In fact, technology companies around the world such as IBM, Siemens and Microsoft are already in the business. About 75% of the worlds population will live in cities by 2050, so cities will need to be more modern to deal with the coming problems. “Making cities smarter is one way out, and I think th

19、is will in turn make cities greener,”said Dan Hill, head of a research company.,主旨大意: 本文是一篇說明文, 主要描述了未來可能出現(xiàn)的智慧城市。,題型1,題型2,題型3,1.According to the text, living in a “smart” city . A.is not a green way B.will be far from you C.will soon become true D.is completely impossible,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,2.What is

20、 Paragraph 2 mainly about? A.A city of the future. B.A meeting in Songdo. C.A plan to build a house. D.A report on public health.,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,3.Which company offers the great mind to build Songdo? A.Cisco. B.IBM. C.Siemens. D.Microsoft.,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,4.Dan Hill thinks that making cities sm

21、arter is one way to . A.drive people out of cities B.control the worlds population C.develop his own company D.solve the cities coming problems,答案,解析,題型1,題型2,題型3,答案,解析,5.Which of the following might be the best title for the text? A.Future Education B.Smart Cities C.Government Services D.Famous Comp

22、anies,題型1,題型2,題型3,題型3任務(wù)型閱讀理解 任務(wù)型閱讀理解題型多樣,設(shè)題自由開放,內(nèi)容廣泛。該題型不僅能考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力,還能考查學(xué)生的語言組織能力、單詞拼寫能力、英漢互譯能力以及其他語言知識(shí),較好地呼應(yīng)了新課標(biāo)所提倡的“任務(wù)型語言教學(xué)”模式。任務(wù)型閱讀理解主要包括閱讀短文回答問題型、短文還原型、閱讀填表型等。,題型1,題型2,題型3,(一)閱讀短文回答問題型 此類題型主要測(cè)試考生對(duì)英語文章的理解能力和用英語進(jìn)行表述和歸納的能力,所選用的短文難度和長度與閱讀理解文章相似。每篇短文后附有45個(gè)問題或不完整的句子,要求考生在閱讀完短文后用句子、單詞或短語,回答所提出的問題或補(bǔ)全不完

23、整的句子。要想取得好的成績,掌握必要的解題步驟和技巧是非常重要的。 (1)通讀全文。做簡答題的關(guān)鍵是要讀懂原文。因此要先通讀全文,弄清楚段落大意及文章的中心意思以及作者的基本觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度,正確理解語境。 (2)按題查讀。即根據(jù)問題去尋找答案。認(rèn)真閱讀問題,充分理解問題,準(zhǔn)確理解所問的內(nèi)容,確定需要在文章中查找的對(duì)象,避免答非所問。,題型1,題型2,題型3,(3)簡練作答。在基本確定了每道題的回答內(nèi)容之后,就要用簡練、準(zhǔn)確的英語表達(dá)出來。注意回答問題時(shí)要切中要點(diǎn),不要畫蛇添足。組織語言時(shí),注意避免語法錯(cuò)誤,如時(shí)態(tài)、主謂一致、句子結(jié)構(gòu)和拼寫等。如需引用原文,要作適當(dāng)改動(dòng),最好不要整句照搬。 (4)認(rèn)

24、真核查。完成所填的答案以后,再將原短文和補(bǔ)全后的短文或句子放在一起,審讀一遍,上下對(duì)比參照,逐一檢查所填的詞是否符合原文主旨和細(xì)節(jié),是否答非所問,是否仍存在語法、詞匯拼寫等錯(cuò)誤,另外還應(yīng)注意是否對(duì)字?jǐn)?shù)有要求,檢查是否符合要求。,題型1,題型2,題型3,【例3】 (2017重慶中考A卷) It was a summer afternoon in the countryside.Wan Bo,a university student,was painting while his classmate Tang Qi was making a wooden box by the river.A lit

25、tle boy riding on a rocking horse caught their eye by chance.It brought them back to their childhood,warm and happy. “Why not try to make one by ourselves?”said Wan Bo.“You are good at making things and I am interested in painting.” “Actions speak louder than words,”Tang Qi said.Then,the two young m

26、en began to collect some information about it.During those days,watching videos about carving(雕刻) and shaping wood into horse shapes on the Internet became an important part of their life.,題型1,題型2,題型3,Several months later,a wooden rocking horse appeared.They felt so excited that they put the picture

27、 of it on the Internet right away.To their surprise,it attracted lots of peoples attention and some even hoped to order one. The two young men thought it might be a good chance.They sent some forms to the customers to make a survey.According to the result,they made each customer a special rocking ho

28、rse.These horses were quite different from those produced in other factories,and they soon became popular among the customers. In the first year of their new hobby,Wan and Tang made thirteen rocking horses.Sometimes,they also repaired rocking horses for people.They made the old ones look new again.W

29、an and Tang helped those people bring back many happy memories. Their hobby has now become a successful and busy business.,題型1,題型2,題型3,1.Was Wan Bo interested in painting? 2.How many rocking horses did they make in the first year of their new hobby? 3.What did the forms help Wan and Tang to know abo

30、ut? 4.Do you think it is a good idea to start a business with a hobby like the two young university students?Why or why not?,答案:Yes,he was.,答案:They made thirteen rocking horses.,答案:The forms helped them to know what rocking horses different customers wanted/needed.,答案:Yes.Because I can make money an

31、d develop my hobby at the same time. No.Because my hobby is playing chess,and I dont think I can make money with it.,題型1,題型2,題型3,(二)短文還原型 短文還原型閱讀理解的考查方法是從短文中摘出幾個(gè)句子,然后再要求學(xué)生把這幾個(gè)句子還原到原處,目的是考查學(xué)生對(duì)整篇文章的理解能力和組織分析運(yùn)用語言的能力。做短文還原型閱讀理解這類題可嘗試以下方法: (1)在做題前要將文章快速地通讀一遍,了解文章的大意。這樣可以避免在選擇時(shí)前后沖突的現(xiàn)象。 (2)前后聯(lián)系,精讀試填。 在閱讀文章

32、基本意思的基礎(chǔ)上,聯(lián)系上下文的內(nèi)容,從上下文所給出的句子的意思以及所給的選項(xiàng)的意思中尋求解題提示。這是解題的重要步驟,要細(xì)心分析,嚴(yán)密論證。,題型1,題型2,題型3,(3)復(fù)讀全文,確定答案。 答案確定后,將全文再讀一遍,要看一看所選的句子填入短文后是否使短文前后連貫,語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確,是否符合英語習(xí)慣。對(duì)在閱讀中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題要進(jìn)行局部調(diào)整,在更換答案時(shí)既要遵循語法規(guī)則,又要兼顧全篇。 (4)縱觀全文,確定標(biāo)題。 文章第一句往往是主題句或中心句,所以要加以重視。另外在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓住文章的關(guān)鍵句,比如文章的第一句或段落的第一句等,它們往往是全文或全段的主題。 總之,做短文還原型閱讀理解要通觀全局,把

33、握好局部,讓還原后的句子既通順又正確。,題型1,題型2,題型3,【例4】 (2017四川南充中考)In Britain,Boxing Day is usually celebrated on December 26th.1 This means its not a working day in the whole of Britain.When Boxing Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday,the following Monday is the public holiday. 2 One of the thoughts is that during the

34、Middle Ages,when great sailing ships were setting off to discover new land,a Christmas Box was placed by a priest(神父) on each ship.Those sailors who wanted a safe return would drop money into the box.3,答案,題型1,題型2,題型3,One more thought is about the “Alms Box” placed in every church on Christmas Day.Wo

35、rshippers(做禮拜的人) put gifts for the poor into it.These boxes were always opened the day after Christmas.4 Today,many businesses,organizations and families try to keep the traditional spirit of Boxing Day alive by giving away money to Food Banks,providing gifts for the poor,or helping families in need

36、.5,A.That is why that day became known as Boxing Day. B.It was sealed up(密封) and kept on board until the ship came home safely. C.Like Christmas Day,Boxing Day is a public holiday. D.Besides,spending time with family and shopping are necessary activities on Boxing Day now. E.The exact origin(起源) of

37、the holiday is unclear.,答案,題型1,題型2,題型3,(三)閱讀填表型 這類試題是在閱讀完文章后,要求讀者根據(jù)閱讀所獲得的信息完成表格,以達(dá)到相同內(nèi)容不同表達(dá)的目的。 做此類閱讀題時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn): (1)所填的詞以實(shí)詞為主,有些要填的詞可以直接從原文中找到。 (2)所填的詞必須首先符合語義適用原則,所以不能看一空就填一空,那樣可能所填的詞符合本句話的意思,但不符合全文的內(nèi)容。因此要縱觀全文,圍繞中心意思,全盤綜合考慮來確定詞義。,題型1,題型2,題型3,(3)所填的詞要符合語法規(guī)則,必須從詞句搭配、句型結(jié)構(gòu)以及人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)上來判定所填詞的正確形式。 (4)尋讀有關(guān)的段落或詞句時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)對(duì)照留