高考英語(yǔ)閱讀.ppt

1、高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解技巧,新的高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱明確規(guī)定：側(cè)重提高閱讀能力?？v觀近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)試題，我們不難看出，閱讀理解能力是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，自始至終占著主導(dǎo)地位，并且有逐年增加的趨勢(shì)?？梢院敛豢鋸埖卣f(shuō)，做好閱讀理解題是獲得高考英語(yǔ)高分的關(guān)鍵！,1 讀材料的主旨和大意，以及用以說(shuō)明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。 2 既理解具體的事實(shí)，也理解抽象的概念。 3 既理解字面的意思，也理解深層的含義，包括作者的態(tài)度，意圖等。 4 既理解某句，某段的含義，也理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，并據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。 5既能根據(jù)所提供的信息去理解，也能結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)去理解。,閱讀理解能力測(cè)試的主要要求是:,規(guī)律方法: 在分

2、清文體的基礎(chǔ)上 議論文: 找主題句(文章的開(kāi)頭/中間/結(jié)尾) 說(shuō)明文: 說(shuō)明什么道理/原理/事由 夾敘夾議文: 通過(guò)敘述說(shuō)明什么人生哲理,高考閱讀理解常見(jiàn)題型,A. Guess the meaning (詞 義 猜 測(cè) 型) B. Main ideas (主旨大意型） C. Inference & judgment （推 理 判 斷 型） D. Details (事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型 ),一 猜測(cè)詞義題： 單詞的猜測(cè)能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，歷年高考都把這一項(xiàng)作為考生應(yīng)該掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能列入試題，考查對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)（實(shí)詞、短語(yǔ)、指代關(guān)系等）的理解。而且，所考查的詞或短語(yǔ)的意義往往不停留在字面上

3、，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。,常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題形式有 1) According to the author, the word “” means _. The word “” most likely means _. The word “” in Line .probably means By the word “”, the author means_. In Line . , the word “” refers to _. Which of the following is nearest /closest in meaning to “” ? 7) In Line , the word “” coul

4、d best be replaced by which of the following?,規(guī)律方法:,在通讀過(guò)程碰到生詞時(shí)不要著急，耐心地讀下去，文章會(huì)幫助你猜出生詞詞義。此外，我們也可以通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)分析生詞詞義，或通過(guò)上下文,同義詞，反義詞，生活常識(shí)等猜測(cè)，尤其是本句話以及前后兩句話，給生詞假設(shè)意思，看是否讀的通。還可以聯(lián)想，即回想已知詞匯中是否存在拼寫(xiě)方法與該生詞類似的詞。,1.根據(jù)上下文。 according to the context clues,【例1】 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was

5、 using the wrong key. A. 成功的 B. 徒勞的 C.有效的 D. 匆促的,【例2】The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year.,2.定義解釋法,definition and explanation,定義或釋義關(guān)系常由定語(yǔ)從句或由means, is, or， that is (to say), in other words， be called，be known as, be defined as等詞匯或破折號(hào)來(lái)表示,【解】 “牧人”,【例3】Children often try to

6、imitate or copy the behavior that they see on television.,【解】 “仿效”,3 同義詞,synonym,【例4】Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic,4.反義詞,antonym,【例5】Our maths professor claims that all the problems he gives us are simple ones，

7、however，we feel that they are intricate and hard to solve,【解】 “復(fù)雜的”,5. 比較，對(duì)比，Comparison and Contrast,【例6】With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence. (2003NMET),unconditional: nonj

8、udgmental:,無(wú)條件的，絕對(duì)的,沒(méi)有判斷力的,6.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法：合成、派生（前綴、后綴）、轉(zhuǎn)化等,postscript prehistoric transnational underwear mislead nonhuman antibody Childhood childish waterproof,supergirl interaction miniskirt microphone rewrite subway cooperate friendship troublesome towards careless,方法指導(dǎo),二 主旨大意題：,這類 試題要求對(duì)文章的整體或局部（如段落）進(jìn)行

9、分析、概括，歸納相關(guān)部分的中心大意(Main idea)，選擇標(biāo)題（title），判斷作者的寫(xiě)作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工與濃縮信息的能力。 這一項(xiàng)考查的是文章的靈魂與中心。記敘文、議論文?？嘉恼碌闹髦即笠狻Ｒ话阒髦即笠獬３霈F(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)頭，有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾。當(dāng)然更重要的是從全文去把握。,1)What does the writer mainly tell us? 2)Which of the following can summar- ize the main idea of this text? 3)Which of the following best expresses

10、the main idea? 4)Which is the subject discussed in the text? 6)Whats the best title for this passage?,常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題形式有,如何做主旨大意題,1. 要搞清的是問(wèn)某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來(lái)把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。 2. 如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。 3.找到中心句。 4. 任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開(kāi)的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。,How to find the

11、topic sentence?,Example 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,

12、 eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,Q: Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?A. Some people like steak and others red meat.B. Vegetables are very healthy for you

13、.C. How food is prepared has a lot to do with how well a person may like it.D. Different people have different tastes in food.,（1）主題句在段首 一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開(kāi)頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。,Example2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Stil

14、l others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,(2)主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾 作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的主題。,Example 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to

15、 a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,(3)在短文中間主題句也可以安排在段中間, 此時(shí)前面只提出問(wèn)題， 文中的主題由其后陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或

16、合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 然后再作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支持或發(fā)展.,_,_,三、推理判斷題：,技巧：找出作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語(yǔ)，進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推理。 注意不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn) 解推斷題最主要的方法是根據(jù)詞義關(guān)系推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。,常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題形式有： (1) It can be inferred from the text that _. (2) From the text we know that _. (3) The story implies that _. (4) The paragraph following the passage will

17、most probably be _. (5) The writers attitude towardis _.,One day a man walked a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches（蟑螂） and two spiders（蜘蛛）.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im

18、 moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”,Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the apartment， it was _. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of

19、 insects ,四、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題: 主要考查學(xué)生 對(duì)閱讀材料中的 某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的主要事實(shí)的理解能力,問(wèn)題主要包括詢問(wèn)人(who)、物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(cause)、結(jié)果(effect)、文中的數(shù)據(jù)(data)等。新聞、說(shuō)明文、廣告信息等常?？季唧w細(xì)節(jié)。,1）Which of the following statement is true? 2）Which of the following is not mentioned in the text? 3）The author ( or the passage) states that_. 4）Acc

20、ording to the passage, when ( where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.)_?,常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題形式有：,細(xì)節(jié)理解應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題：,1）對(duì)應(yīng)性：,2）準(zhǔn)確性：,3）區(qū)分性：,正確答案應(yīng)與文中的細(xì)節(jié)一一對(duì)應(yīng),此類題更多地傾向于將題目中的信息與原文有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，在轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中，做題時(shí)易犯的錯(cuò)誤是未注意到轉(zhuǎn)換的準(zhǔn)確性，常常將細(xì)節(jié)信息中的范圍、程度、語(yǔ)義色彩等改變，從而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。,有時(shí)命題人會(huì)故意利用一些貌合神離的手段，比如給出與原文中一模一樣的字眼來(lái)迷惑考生，讓考生不加思索地選定答案，而實(shí)際上選項(xiàng)中的字眼與文中的相同字眼壓根就不是

21、對(duì)應(yīng)同一事情,選擇正確答案：,1. The teacher told his students to do the second and the third exercises, but they should leave the first exercise out. How many exercises should the students do ? One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Zero. 2. Jean and Mary asked Della to go out for a walk, but she didnt want to. Who probably d

22、id not go out ? A. Jean. B. Mary. C. Della. D. Jean and Mary.,其他類型題目： 理解作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題： 既考查學(xué)生對(duì)字面意思的理解，也考查學(xué)生對(duì)作者寫(xiě)作目的、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等的理解。,考題主要形式: (1)The writers purpose in writing this story is (2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that ,規(guī)律方法：,正確理解作者的寫(xiě)作意圖，所持的觀點(diǎn)及闡述文章主題時(shí)語(yǔ)氣或他對(duì)所論述的對(duì)象

23、的態(tài)度。 -假如你是作者，你為什么要寫(xiě)本文？,小技巧：辨認(rèn)三種作者使用的表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度及觀點(diǎn)的詞匯，以及承接上下文的連接詞。,表示貶義：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.,表示褒義: positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring,表示中立: indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.,六 理解文章基本結(jié)構(gòu),說(shuō)明文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：Descriptive writing,Definition,(Introduction),Description,(Explanation),Example,Comparison,Classification,Conclusion,議論文的基本結(jié)構(gòu) (Argumentation),Topic,(Opinion),Arguments,(Support