畢業(yè)設(shè)計資料 對于單作用污水泵的研究

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Figure4-16.-機械的駕駛-Stratopower的泵.-機械的駕駛-Stratopower的泵.提高流動的力量-機械的駕駛-Stratopower的泵.提高流動的力量下一個第5章流動的線和配件
圖4-17.-流動的換置-Stratopower的泵.活瓣?何時?那?活塞?進步?到?它的?最初的位置.在圓筒中發(fā)生的低壓區(qū)域在活塞回返期間導致液體流動?從?那?水庫?進入?之內(nèi)那?圓筒.那??內(nèi)在的??特征????那??變數(shù)-換置?Stratopower?泵?是?舉例?在圖4-18.這一個泵同樣地對固定-換置Stratopower泵操作;然而,這?泵?提供?那?另外的?功能?自動地?改變?那?體積?輸出.這功能被水力的系統(tǒng)的壓力控制.舉例來說，讓我們拿在3000個psi是定格的一個泵,而且提供對一個3000psi系統(tǒng)的流程.當系統(tǒng)壓力接近,說2850個psi，泵開始卸貨(遞送對系統(tǒng)的比較少的流程)而且完全被卸貨(零流程)?在?3000?psi.那?壓力?規(guī)則?而且?流程?被控制?被?內(nèi)在的?旁路?哪一?自動地調(diào)整?液體?遞送?到?系統(tǒng)?要求.那?旁路?系統(tǒng)?是?提供?到?補給自我潤滑,特別地當泵在非流程的時候?操作.?那?戒指??旁路?洞?在活塞中每個被使旁路通道一致?時間?一?活塞?延伸?那?真正的?結(jié)束??它的向前?旅行.?這?泵?一?小的?量?液體離開旁路通道回到補給水庫?而且?提供?一?常數(shù)?變更?液體在泵中.旁路被設(shè)計為使用給水庫增壓的抽對抗相當多的后面壓力.Figure4-18.—InternalfeaturesofStratopowervariable-displacementpump.4-15Figure4-17.—Fluiddisplacement—Stratopowerpump.valve

when

the

piston

advances

to

its

foremostposition.Thelow-pressureareaoccurringin當閥的位置接近他的最主要位置時，低壓范圍內(nèi)柱塞返回汽缸內(nèi)引起流體流動是水進入汽缸的結(jié)果，國內(nèi)柱塞變量泵的特性如插圖4-18。泵的操作類似于定量的往復泵，然而，泵能提供自動的調(diào)節(jié)輸出量變化的額外功能。這個功能受水壓系統(tǒng)壓力的制約。例如：我們采用一個定量泵3000psi，提供流量為3000psi的系統(tǒng)。因為系統(tǒng)壓力接近，假定2850psi,泵開始卸載（系統(tǒng)的流量較小時）和完全卸載（零流量）在3000psi,壓力調(diào)節(jié)和流動被內(nèi)在的自動調(diào)節(jié)流量運輸?shù)南到y(tǒng)需求所控制。旁路系統(tǒng)用來提供自身的潤滑油，特別是當泵在快速運轉(zhuǎn)時，旁路活塞孔的響聲是每次活塞恰好到達最前端所傳播的聲響與旁路通道的聲響相結(jié)合。這種泵有少量的來自旁路通道的液體返回儲料器并且提供一個流量可持續(xù)變化的一種泵。次泵通道的設(shè)計是有意圖的，它可以阻止使用沖壓油箱過程中較大的背壓。thecylinderduringthepistonreturncausesfluidtoflow

from

the

reservoir

into

the

cylinder.The

internal

features

of

the

variable-displacementStratopower

pump

are

illustrated

infigure4-18.Thispumpoperatessimilarlytothefixed-displacementStratopowerpump;however,this

pump

provides

the

additional

function

ofautomatically

varying

the

volume

output.Thisfunctioniscontrolledbythepressureinthehydraulicsystem.Forexample,letustakeapumpratedat3000psi,andprovidingflowtoa3000psisystem.Assystempressureapproaches,say2850psi,thepumpbeginstounload(deliverlessflowtothesystem)andisfullyunloaded(zeroflow)

at

3000

psi.The

pressure

regulation

and

flow

arecontrolled

by

internal

bypasses

that

automaticallyadjust

fluid

delivery

to

system

demands.The

bypass

system

is

provided

to

supplyself-lubrication,particularlywhenthepumpisinnonflow

operation.

The

ring

of

bypass

holes

inthepistonsarealignedwiththebypasspassageeach

time

a

piston

reaches

the

very

end

of

itsforward

travel.

This

pumps

a

small

quantity

offluidoutofthebypasspassagebacktothesupplyreservoir

and

provides

a

constant

changing

offluidinthepump.ThebypassisdesignedtopumpagainstaconsiderablebackpressureforusewithpressurizedreservoirsFigure4-15.–Relationshipoftheuniversaljointinoperationoftheaxialpistonpump.Up

FluidPowerNext

Figure4-17.—Fluiddisplacement—Stratopowerpump.rods,

beyond

the

fixed

wheel,

and

insert

them

intocylinders.

The

rods

must

be

connected

to

thepistonsandtothewheelbyballandsocketjoints.Astheassemblyrotates,eachpistonmovesbackand

forth

in

its

cylinder.

Suction

and

dischargelines

can

be

arranged

so

that

liquid

enters

thecylinders

while

the

spaces

between

the

pistonheadsandthebasesofthecylindersareincreasing,andleavesthecylindersduringtheotherhalfofeach

revolution

when

the

pistons

are

moving

inthe

opposite

direction.The

main

parts

of

the

pump

are

the

driveshaft,pistons,cylinderblock,andvalveandswashplates.

There

are

two

ports

in

the

valve

plate.These

ports

connect

directly

to

openings

in

thefaceofthecylinderblock.Fluidisdrawnintooneport

and

forced

out

the

other

port

by

thereciprocating

action

of

the

pistons桿必須與活塞和輪子被球窩接頭相連。由于旋轉(zhuǎn)裝配，每個活塞在它的缸體內(nèi)來回運動。吸入和排出的路線已經(jīng)計劃好，所以當活塞頭和缸體之間的空間逐漸增大時液體進入汽缸內(nèi)，當活塞向反向移動時汽缸的另一部分在旋轉(zhuǎn)。泵的主要部分包括傳動軸，活塞，汽缸體，閥和沖洗金屬板等。它們是二對端在閥體上，這些端口直接對著汽缸體。液體被活塞的往復運動使其從一端吸入從另一端口排出。同軸的變量的軸向柱塞泵—當傳動軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時，它的活塞和汽缸體也一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤傾斜放置當活塞桿，活塞，缸體，和旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤一起旋轉(zhuǎn)時引起活塞在液缸體中的來回移動。（活塞桿、氣缸體、旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤的組合有時會涉及到由于旋轉(zhuǎn)式組合或者裝配）由于活塞在氣缸體內(nèi)的互換，液體從一端吸入從另一端排出。如圖4-13所示，活塞A在其底部。當活塞A旋轉(zhuǎn)到活塞B的位置時，它將在它的氣缸內(nèi)繼續(xù)向上移動，在整個行程過程中強迫液體從廢液排出口排出，當其他的旋轉(zhuǎn)回到其原始位置時，活塞的行程在汽缸內(nèi)是向下的IN-LINE

VARIABLE-DISPLACEMENTAXIALPISTONPUMP.—Whenthedriveshaftisrotated,itrotatesthepistonsandthecylinderblockwithit.Theswashplateplacedatananglecausesthepistonstomovebackandforthinthecylinder

block

while

the

shaft,

piston,

cylinderblock,

and

swash

plate

rotate

together.

(The

shaft,piston,

cylinder

block,

and

swash

plate

togetherissometimesreferredtoastherotatinggrouporassembly.)

As

the

pistons

reciprocate

in

thecylinderblock,fluidentersoneportandisforcedout

the

other.Figure4-13showspistonAatthebottomofits

stroke.

When

piston

A

has

rotated

to

theposition

held

by

piston

B,

it

will

have

movedupwardinitscylinder,forcingfluidthroughtheoutletportduringtheentiredistance.Duringtheremainder

of

the

rotation

back

to

it

originalposition,

the

piston

travels

downward

in

thecylinder.Thisactioncreatesalow-pressureareain

the

cylinder.

The

difference

in

pressure

betweenthe

cylinder

inlet

and

the

reservoir

causes

fluidto

flow

into

the

inlet

port

to

the

cylinder.

Sinceeach

one

of

the

pistons

performs

the

sameoperationinsuccession,fluidisconstantlybeingtakenintothecylinderboresthroughtheinletportand

discharged

from

the

cylinder

bores

intothe

system.

This

action

provides

a

steady,nonpulsating

flow

of

fluid.Thetiltorangleoftheswashplatedeterminesthedistancethepistonsmovebackandforthintheir

cylinders;

thereby,

controlling

the

pumpoutput.Whentheswashplateisatarightangletotheshaft,

and

the

pump

is

rotating,

the

pistons

donot

reciprocate;

therefore,

no

pumping

actiontakesplace.Whentheswashplateistiltedawayfrom

a

right

angle,

the

pistons

reciprocate

andfluid

is

pumped.Sincethedisplacementofthistypeofpumpisvariedbychangingtheangleofthetiltingbox,somemeansmustbeusedtocontrolthechangesofthisangle.Variousmethodsareusedtocontrolthis

movement—manual,

electric,

pneumatic,

orhydraulic.這種情況在汽缸內(nèi)引起了一個低壓區(qū)域。汽缸的進口處和儲層兩者間在壓力上的差異致使液體從進口端流入汽缸。因為每個活塞都在連續(xù)的執(zhí)行一樣的操作，所以液體在不斷的被吸入腔膛穿過入口然后被釋放從腔膛進入系統(tǒng)。這一動作提供了一個穩(wěn)定的沒有規(guī)律的流動的液體。知道旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤的傾斜或角度能確定活塞在汽缸內(nèi)往復移動的距離，因此，可以控制泵的排量。當旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤在桿的垂直位置時，泵的活塞不能進行互換旋轉(zhuǎn)，因此不可能有抽吸動作的發(fā)生。當旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤傾斜到遠離直角的位置時，活塞開始互換液體可以來回的抽取。自從這種類型的各種各樣的泵被角度式的擺動箱體所替換后，必須要采取一些措施去控制這種角度式的替換。各種各樣的方法被采用去控制這種動作—手動的，電動的，氣動的或水力的。另一種典型的軸向活塞泵，有時提到作為一種同軸的泵，通常被提到作為一種能量泵，？？？？？這種泵是可用的不論是在定排量的還變排量型式的。兩個主要的功能均能被這種定量型式的泵的內(nèi)在部分所體現(xiàn)出來。這些功能是指機械驅(qū)動和流動的置換。這個機械的驅(qū)動機構(gòu)如圖4-16所示。在這種型式的泵中，活塞和滑塊不能旋轉(zhuǎn)?；钊\動導動由每個活塞桿旋轉(zhuǎn)期間凸輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)取代每個活塞全部的凸輪傳動所引起?；钊哪┒烁郊右粋€通過一個自由中心支點和變化無常的凸輪表面接觸的一個搖晃的盤支撐。當旋轉(zhuǎn)導動凸輪高的一側(cè)壓低一側(cè)的搖晃盤時，另一側(cè)的搖晃盤將被壓縮到同等的數(shù)量，活塞也跟著一起移動。STRATOPOWERPUMP.—

Anothertypeofaxial

piston

pump,

sometimes

referred

to

as

anin-line

pump,

is

commonly

referred

to

as

aStratopower

pump.

This

pump

is

availablein

either

the

fixed-displacement

type

or

thevariable-displacement

type.Two

major

functions

are

performed

by

theinternal

parts

of

the

fixed-displacement

Strato-power

pump.

These

functions

are

mechanicaldrive

and

fluid

displacement.Themechanicaldrivemechanismisshowninfigure4-16.Inthistypeofpump,thepistonsandblock

do

not

rotate.

Piston

motion

is

caused

byrotatingthedrivecamdisplacingeachpistonthefullheightofthedrivecamduringeachrevolutionoftheshaft.Theendsofthepistonsareattachedtoawobbleplatesupportedbyafreedcenterpivotandareheldinconstantcontactwiththecamface.As

the

high

side

of

the

rotating

drive

camdepressesonesideofthewobbleplate,theotherside

of

the

wobble

plate

is

withdrawn

an

equalamount,movingthepistonswithit.兩個爬行盤被用來減少凸輪的慢慢旋轉(zhuǎn)。一個流體排水量的示意圖如圖4-17所示。流動被活塞的軸向運動所取代。當活塞在各自的液缸體內(nèi)徑移動時，壓力打開止回閥，一些液體在壓力的作用下流過去。組合的后部壓力和止回閥的彈簧壓力的強度要接近。Thetwocreepplates

are

provided

to

decrease

wear

on

therevolving

cam.A

schematic

diagram

of

the

displacement

offluid

is

shown

in

figure

4-17.

Fluid

is

displacedby

axial

motion

of

the

pistons.

As

each

pistonadvances

in

its

respective

cylinder

block

bore,pressureopensthecheckvalveandaquantityoffluid

is

forced

past

it.

Combined

back

pressureand

check

valve

spring

tension

close

the

checkFigure4-16.—Mechanicaldrive—Stratopowerpump.4-14igure4-12.—Nine-pistonradialpistonpump.Up

FluidPowerNext

Figure4-15.–Relationshipoftheuniversaljointinoperationoftheaxialpistonpump.AxialPistonPumpsIn

axial

piston

pumps

of

the

in-line

type,wherethecylindersandthedriveshaftareparallel(fig.4-13),thereciprocatingmotioniscreatedbyacamplate,alsoknownasawobbleplate,tiltingplate,

or

swash

plate.

This

plate

lies

in

a

planethatcutsacrossthecenterlineofthedriveshaftand

cylinder

barrel

and

does

not

rotate.

In

afixed-displacement

pump,

the

cam

plate

will

berigidlymountedinapositionsothatitintersectsthecenterlineofthecylinderbarrelatanangleapproximately

25

degrees

from

perpendicular.Variable-delivery

axial

piston

pumps

are

designedsothattheanglethatthecamplatemakeswithaperpendiculartothecenterlineofthecylinderbarrelmaybevariedfromzeroto20or25degreestooneorbothsides.Oneendofeachpistonrodisheldincontactwiththecamplateasthecylinderblockandpistonassemblyrotateswiththedriveshaft.ThiscausesthepistonstoreciprocatewithinthecyIinders.Thelengthofthepistonstrokeisproportionaltotheanglethatthecamplateissetfrom

perpendicular

to

the

center

line

of

thecylinder

barrel.A

variation

of

axial

piston

pump

is

thebent-axistypeshowninfigure4-14.Thistypedoesnothaveatiltingcamplateasthein-linepumpdoes.

Instead,

the

cylinder

block

axis

is

variedfrom

the

drive

shaft

axis.

The

ends

of

theconnectingrodsareretainedinsocketsonadisc軸向活塞泵軸向活塞泵是一種典型的同軸的泵，它的汽缸和傳動軸是平行的（如圖4—13），它的往復運動被一個平板形凸輪帶動，也叫擺動盤，傾斜盤，或旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤。這個盤位于一個平面穿過主動軸和汽缸筒的同一軸線所以不能旋轉(zhuǎn)。在定量泵中，凸輪盤必須要嚴格的安裝在合適的位置上結(jié)果它與汽缸筒的中心線以垂線方向傾斜25度的角度交叉。變量傳輸?shù)妮S向柱塞泵的設(shè)計是有意圖的所以凸輪盤與汽缸筒中心線的正交處角度的變化范圍在0o到20o或25o到一或兩側(cè)。每個活塞桿的末端被用來與凸輪盤相接觸因為汽缸體和活塞的裝配同傳動軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。這引起了活塞在汽缸內(nèi)的互換?；钊拈L度是與角度成比例的這個角度是凸輪盤的位置與汽缸筒中心線垂直方向的角度。一個變化的軸向柱塞泵是一個傾向軸的類型如圖4-14。這種型式的泵沒有傾斜的凸輪盤類似于同軸的泵。取而代之，汽缸體軸不同于傳動軸。連桿的末端保留在圓盤上面的孔內(nèi)這樣與傳動軸一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。氣缸體隨傳動端一起旋轉(zhuǎn)在傳動軸與汽缸體活塞桿的通用交叉點的帶動下。為了去改變泵的排量，氣缸體和閥盤被連接好并且整個裝置是搖動的在一對裝備樞軸的周圍放在泵房上。軸向活塞泵的動作是由萬向接頭或鏈接促成的。that

turns

with

the

drive

shaft.

The

cylinder

blockisturnedwiththedriveshaftbyauniversaljointassemblyattheintersectionofthedriveshaftandthecylinderblockshaft.Inordertovarythepumpdisplacement,thecylinderblockandvalveplateare

mounted

in

a

yoke

and

the

entire

assemblyis

swung

in

an

are

around

a

pair

of

mountingpintles

attached

to

the

pump

housing.Thepumpingactionoftheaxialpistonpumpis

made

possible

by

a

universal

joint

or

link.Figure4-13.—In-lineaxialpistonpump.4-12Figure

4-15

is

a

series

of

drawings

that

illustrateshowtheuniversaljointisusedintheoperationof

this

pump.First,arockerarmisinstalledonahorizontalshaft.

(See

fig.

4-15,

view

A.)

The

arm

is

joinedtotheshaftbyapinsothatitcanbeswungbackandforth,asindicatedinviewB.Next,aringisplacedaroundtheshaftandsecuredtotherockerarm

so

the

ring

can

turn

from

left

to

right

asshown

in

view

C.

This

provides

two

rotarymotionsindifferentplanesatthesametimeandin

varying

proportions

as

may

be

desired.

Therockerarmcanswingbackandforthinonearc,and

the

ring

can

simultaneously

move

from

lefttorightinanotherarc,inaplaneatrightanglesto

the

plane

in

which

the

rocker

arm

turns.Next,atiltingplateisaddedtotheassembly.圖4-15是一系列的圖那些是舉例說明在泵的操作過程中怎樣使用萬向接頭。首先搖桿臂被安裝在水平桿上（看圖4-15.圖片A）臂被一個銷釘連接在桿狀物上所以能來回的搖動，就象圖B所示。接下來，一個環(huán)放在桿狀物的周圍來保護搖桿臂，所以環(huán)可以左右來回轉(zhuǎn)如圖C所示。這樣可以提供你可能需要的在同一時間不同位面變化比例時的兩個旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。搖桿臂能在一弧形內(nèi)來回搖擺并且環(huán)能同時在另一弧形內(nèi)前后的搖擺，在平面內(nèi)以一個恰當?shù)慕嵌冗@個平面使搖桿臂旋轉(zhuǎn)。下一個在總裝中增加一個傾斜的平面。這個傾斜的平面放在桿狀物軸心傾斜的位置上，象圖4-15中圖D描述的那樣。搖桿臂在這時傾斜的位置與傾斜盤是同一位置，所以基本上是與傾斜盤上平行的。這個環(huán)也是平行的，它與傾斜盤相接觸。環(huán)的位置與搖桿臂是有關(guān)聯(lián)的而且是無法改變的，從圖4-15C和4-15E中可知，桿體裝完以后，仍然在一水平位置，使其直角轉(zhuǎn)彎旋轉(zhuǎn)。搖桿臂仍然和傾斜盤在同一位置上而且正交于桿狀物的軸線。環(huán)可以在搖桿銷上旋轉(zhuǎn)，與搖桿臂相比它能改變自己的位置，但是他必須要保持平行，并且要與傾斜盤相接觸。圖4-15F所示桿狀物在另一個直角拐彎處被旋轉(zhuǎn)。這些零部件處于同一位置如圖D所示，但是同搖桿臂的末端一起翻轉(zhuǎn)。環(huán)仍然承擔著反向的傾斜盤。當桿繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)時，伴隨各自相互關(guān)聯(lián)的變化和環(huán)總是對盤施加壓力使搖桿臂和環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)變它們的支點。圖4Thetiltingplateisplacedataslanttotheaxisof

the

shaft,

as

depicted

in

figure

4-15,

view

D.Therockerarmisthenslantedatthesameangleasthetiltingplate,sothatitliesparalleltothetilting

plate.

The

ring

is

also

parallel

to,

and

incontactwith,thetiltingplate.Thepositionofthering

in

relation

to

the

rocker

arm

is

unchangedfrom

that

shown

in

figure

4-15,

view

C.Figure4-15,viewE,showstheassemblyaftertheshaft,stillinahorizontalposition,hasbeenrotatedaquarterturn.Therockerarmisstillinthesamepositionasthetiltingplateandisnowperpendicular

to

the

axis

of

the

shaft.

The

ringhas

turned

on

the

rocker

pins,

so

that

it

haschangeditspositioninrelationtotherockerarm,butitremainsparallelto,andincontactwith,thetiltingplate.ViewFoffigure4-15showstheassemblyaftertheshafthasbeenrotatedanotherquarterturn.Thepartsarenowinthesamepositionasshownin

view

D,

but

with

the

ends

of

the

rocker

armreversed.Theringstillbearsagainstthetiltingplate.As

the

shaft

continues

to

rotate,

the

rockerarmandtheringturnabouttheirpivots,witheachchangingitsrelationtotheotherandwiththeringalways

bearing

on

the

plate.Figure4-15,viewG,showsa