德國工業(yè)能效的監(jiān)管框架和工具中德能源轉(zhuǎn)型項目（英文版）

Germany’sRegulatoryFrameworkand

InstrumentsforEnergyEfficiencyinIndustry

Sino-GermanEnergyTransitionProject

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Imprint

Thereport“EnergyEfficiencyPolicyinGermany”introducestheimportanceofenergyefficiencyintheframeofclimateneutralityandthe

bestpracticemeasuresandpoliciesforenergyefficiencyinGermany.ThereportispublishedbyGIZintheframeworkoftheSino-German

EnergyTransitionProject.TheprojectsupportstheexchangebetweenChinesegovernmentthinktanksandGermanresearchinstitutionstostrengthentheSino-GermanscientificexchangeontheenergytransitionandshareGermanenergytransitionexperienceswithaChinese

audience.Theprojectaimstopromotealow-carbon-orientedenergypolicyandhelptobuildamoreeffective,low-carbonenergysysteminChinathroughinternationalcooperation,policyresearchandmodellingformutualbenefit.TheprojectissupportedbytheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateAction(BMWK)intheframeworkoftheSino-GermanEnergyPartnership,thecentralplatformforenergypolicydialoguebetweenGermanyandChinaonanationallevel.FromtheChineseside,theNationalEnergyAdministration(NEA)

supportstheoverallsteering.TheDeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbHleadstheprojectimplementationincooperationwiththeGermanEnergyAgency(dena)andAgoraEnergiewende.

Publishedby

Sino-GermanEnergyPartnership

commissionedbytheGermanFederalMinistryforEconomicAffairsandClimateAction(BMWK)

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100600Beijing,P.R.Chinac/o

DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH

TorstenFritscheK?thenerStr.2Berlin10963

ProjectManagement:

ChristophBoth

DeutscheGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH

Authors:

MartinAlbicker,denaLeonFl?er,dena

Design

edelman.ergo(commissionedbyBMWK)

Image:

BMWK/Cover

?Beijing,January2023

Thisreportinitsentiretyisprotectedbycopyright.Theinformationcontainedhereinwascompiledtothebestofourknowledge

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Contents

1Contents 3

2ExecutiveSummary 4

3Introduction 5

3.1Definitionofenergyefficiency 5

3.2Differencebetweenefficiency,sufficiencyandconsistency 6

3.3Energyefficiencyandreboundeffects 6

3.4Potentialofenergyefficiencytoreduceemissions 7

4RegulatoryFramework(EUandGermany) 8

4.1Europeanregulatoryframework 8

4.2RegulatoryframeworkinGermany 10

5BestPracticesinGermany 13

5.1Energyefficiencyincentivesandregulations 13

5.2Financialsubsidies 13

5.3Energyefficiencynetworks 14

5.4Energyaudits 15

5.5Energymanagementsystems 16

5.6Informationcampaigns 16

5.7Wasteheatuse/atlas 16

5.8Short-term“emergency”measures 17

6Conclusion 18

7Sources 19

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1ExecutiveSummary

1.EnergyefficiencyisincludedintheGermanandEuropeanlegalframeworkasanimportantmeasuretosecuretheenergysupplyandeconomiccompetitiveness.Inaddition,thelegalframeworkdefinesenergyefficiencyasanimportantpartofachievingclimateprotectiontargetsbyreducingabsoluteenergyconsumption.

2.NationalandEuropeanlawslinkenergyefficiencytargetstoprimaryandfinalenergyconsumptiontoguaranteeanabsolutereductioninconsumption.

InGermany,theprimaryenergydemandmustbereducedby40%by2030and50%by2050comparedto1990.TheEU’scurrentefficiencytargetsenvisionareductionof13%comparedto2020,whichcorrespondstoareductioninprimaryenergyconsumptionofjustover40%comparedto2007.

3.Sofar,lawsregardingenergyefficiencyarelimitedmostlytobuildings.Anenergyefficiencylawiscurrentlyinthelegislativeprocess.

EnergyefficiencyinGermanyismainlyregulatedbylawthroughthespecificationofreductiontargetsforprimaryenergyconsumptioninbuildings.Thereductiontargetsonlyapplytonewbuildingsandhaveledtoaconsiderablereductionintheheatdemandfornewbuildings(1970:>200kWh/m2a;2016:40kWh/m2a).Furthermore,alawobligeslargecompaniestocarryoutenergyaudits.Inaddition,companiesaresubsidisedthroughthefreedistributionofcertificatesintheemissiontradingsystemiftheirplantsareamongthebest10%inEuroperegardingenergyefficiency.AnEnergyEfficiencyLawisplannedforGermanytocombineandfurtherexpandthelegalregulationofenergyefficiency.Thislawwillcombinesomeofthemeasuresmentionedabove,formulatingmoreambitioustargetsforprimaryandfinalenergyconsumptionandincludingnewaspectssuchasthepromotionofwasteheat.

4.Theexistingmeasuresmainlyfocusonidentifyingefficiencypotentialsandexploitingthemincombinationwithpromotingthecontinualimprovementoftheenergyefficiencyofproductsandplantsviathepushandpullprinciple.

IntheEU,energyefficiencyissteadilypromotedbybanningparticularlyinefficientproductsandlabellingparticularlyefficientproducts.Asaresult,companieshaveaccesstoincreasinglyefficientproducts.Inordertoexploitthesenewefficiencypotentialsaswellastoprovideinformationonpreviouslyunusedpotentials,largecompaniesmustperformenergyaudits.Duringenergyaudits,potentialenergy-savingmeasuresareidentifiedwiththehelpofanexpertandarethendeveloped,takingcostsintoaccount.Companiescanalsouseenergymanagementsystemstointegratetheidentificationofpotential,thedevelopmentofstrategiesandtheimplementationofmeasuresintheircompany.ThisprocessisstandardisedinISO50001.Inadditiontomeasureslimitedtoonecompany,energyefficiencynetworksarepromotedinGermany.Inthesenetworks,agroupofcompaniesexchangeideas,experiencesandefficiencymeasurestoachieveaspecificreductiontargettogether.

5.Theuseofwasteheatoffersgreatpotentialfor

energyefficiencybuthasyettobefullyexploitedforvariousreasons.Alegalframeworkfortargeted

promotionisnotinplaceinGermany.

Fromanalyses,itisknownthatthereisawasteheatpotentialinGermanyforthetemperaturerangeabove140°C,correspondingto12%ofindustrialdemand.Forthisreason,thereisgreatinterestinpromotingtheuseofwasteheat,whichposesachallenge:wasteheatisoftensynonymouswithenergylossthatcanbereducedbyefficiencymeasures.Inaddition,informationonwasteheatpotentialinGermanyisnotsufficient.Forthisreason,wasteheatatlasesidentifyingwasteheatsourcesinanindustrialcomplex,regionorcountryhavebeencompiledforseveralyears.Nevertheless,thereisanadditionalhurdle:adetailedestimationisonlypossiblethroughaninsightanalysisofacompany.EspeciallyinChina,thereispotentialtointegratewasteheatintothedistrictheatingnetwork.

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2Introduction

EnergyefficiencyisanimportantpartofachievingclimateprotectiontargetsinGermany.As

energyefficiencyispartofasetofmeasures,thischapterdefinesandclassifiesenergyefficiency.

2.1Definitionofenergyefficiency

Definitionofenergyefficiency

“Energyefficiencygenerallydescribestheratioofacertainbenefit–forexample,theprovisionoflightorheat–toitsenergyinput.Thelessenergythat

hastobeused,themoreenergy-efficientaproductorserviceis”(Umweltbundesamt,2013).

Example:ALEDreplacesaconventionallightbulb;

bothproducelight,buttheLEDconsumes

considerablylesselectricity.Thedifferenceinelectricityconsumptioniscalledthesavingspotential.

Inthecontextofclimateprotectionandanenergytransitionthatfocusesonreducingenergydemand,thefocuscannotremainonenergyefficiencyalone.Instead,itmustbeonreducingtheabsoluteenergydemand.Forthisreason,efficiencytargetsareoftenlinkedtoprimaryandsecondaryenergyconsumption.Furthermore,materialefficiencyshouldbeconsideredinthecontextofclimateprotection.Inlinewiththedefinitionabove,materiallossisrelatedtomaterialinput.Ahighermaterialefficiencyleadsnotonlytoenergysavings(dependingontheproduct)butalsotoareductionofnegativeenvironmentalimpacts(pollutants,etc.).

Energyefficiencyplaysanimportantroleinindustryasmanycross-sectoraltechnologiessuchaspumps,motorsandothershavethepotentialtodecreasefinalenergyconsumption1bybeingmoreefficient.Newtechnologies(e.g.hightemperatureheatpumps)andtheuseofwasteheatcanleadtoincreasedefficiency

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consumption

regardingprimaryenergy(Umweltbundesamt,2021).

1Definitionoffinalenergyconsumption:Finalenergy

referstoformsofenergythathavealreadybeenconvertedfromprimaryenergysourcesintootherformsofenergy

throughconversionsteps.Theendconsumerdoesnotyetusetheenergy.Thisincludes,forexample,electricity,

districtheatingorpetrochemicals.

Theaimofenergyefficiencyistoreduceenergyconsumption,bothprimaryandfinal,reducecosts,increasethecompetitivenessofcompaniesandstrengtheninnovation.Furthermore,energyefficiencyshouldhelptoachievethegoalofgreenhousegasneutralitybyreducingenergydemand.

Energyefficiencycanbeincreasedbyoptimisingoperations,replacingcomponents,introducingnewprocessesoravoidingandusingwasteheat.

Wasteheatusage

Mostthermalprocessesinindustrygeneratesomelevelofwasteheat.Wherethiswasteheatcannotbe

avoided,e.g.throughbetterinsulation,itcanbere-usedwithinthesameplant,usedexternally(e.g.inotherplantsforlowertemperatureprocessesorindistrictheatingnetworks)orinsomecasesconvertedtoelectricity.Thebenefitsofusingwasteheatarereducedenergydemandandcosts,reducedenvironmentalimpact,reduceddependenceonexternalsupply,aswellaslowerexpensesforheatingandre-cooling.Potentialdrawbacksincludeadditionalexpensesandcomplexityforprocurement,maintenanceandoperation,includingpossiblelegalrequirementssuchasapprovalsandverifications.

Furthermore,theuseofwasteheatmightalsorequirereserveinfrastructureincaseofwasteheatnetworkpartfailureordivergentusagetimes.

Otherhurdles,suchaslongpaybackperiodsoralackofprioritisation,slowdowntheimplementationofenergyefficiency.

Efficiencygainsleadtoenergysavingsandoftentoemissionsavingsandareofteneconomicallybeneficial.Atthesametime,theimplementationofmostenergy

2Definitionofprimaryenergyconsumption:Primary

energyisaformofenergythatoccursinnatureandhasnotalreadybeenconvertedintoanotherformofenergy.Primaryenergycarriersarecrudeoil,naturalgas,coal,windandsolarenergy.

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Figure1:FinalenergyconsumptionandproductivityinGermanindustry

(Umweltbundesamt,2022a;BMWK,2021)

efficiencymeasuresrequiresnofundamentalchangestoexistingprocesses.

2.2Differencebetweenefficiency,

sufficiencyandconsistency

Theconsiderationofefficiencyrequiresclassificationin

thecontextofefficiency,sufficiencyandconsistencyin

ordertobeabletoclassifytheenergyefficiencypotential.Therefore,sufficiencyandconsistencyaredefinedbelow:

∞Sufficiency:Behaviourchangescanleadtoenergysavingsandreducedgreenhousegasemissions.Thisisoftenachievedbyreducingmaterialconsumption.Thisreductiondoesnotnecessarilyleadtootheractivitiesthatoffsetthesavings(“reboundeffects”).

∞Consistency:Replacingexistingprocesseswithothertechnologiesthatcontinuetodeliverthesameproduct(e.g.replacingpowergeneratedfromfossilfuelswithelectricityproducedbyrenewableenergysources).Thesechangesareoftenaccompaniedbyefficiencygains.

2.3Energyefficiencyandrebound

effects

Efficiencyisparticularlyimportantasitisthe“easiest”toimplementcomparedtotheothertwooptions.Thereisariskthatefficiencygainsleadtoeconomicprofits,which,whenreinvested,cannegatetheenergysavings(reboundeffect).Possiblereboundeffectsarepresentedbelow:

Directreboundeffect

Anincreaseinefficiencyleadstoincreaseddemandforthemoreefficientproductorservice.

Indirectreboundeffect

Energyconsumptionincreasesbecausethemoreefficientproductprovidesmorefinancialcapital,whichleadstoadditionalinvestments.

Macroeconomicreboundeffect

Technologicalefficiencyimprovementsleadtochangesindemand,productionanddistributionpatternsthatcanresultinincreasedtotaldemand(BMWK,2021).

ReboundeffectsareonepossiblereasonforthestagnationofemissionreductionsinGermanindustryforthepast20years.

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2.4Potentialofenergyefficiencyto

reduceemissions

IntheEIA’s2018report,theauthorsestimatethatproductimprovementsandenergylabelsbetween1990and2020haveledtosavingsof:

∞1,745TWhofenergy

∞3,559TWhofgreenhousegasemissionsplusextrarevenue

∞Ofε66billionforindustry,sellersandinstallers

Until2030,theauthorsestimateanincreaseforthesevaluesofaround60%(EIA,2020).

Energyefficiencyisanecessarypartoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°Candwellbelow2°CinaccordancewiththeParisagreement.However,energyefficiencyalone

isnotenoughtoachievethis(seeFigure1).Thereforesufficiencyandconsistencymeasuresarealsonecessary.

RoleofenergyefficiencyinChina

Withouttheenergyefficiencymeasuresimplementedsince2010,China’senergyconsumptionwouldhavebeen25%higherin2018.Between2014and2018,theenergysavingswere3,056TWh(IEA,2021).Furthermore,theWorldBanknotesthatbetween1980and2010,theGDPofChinaincreasedbyafactorof18,whereasenergyconsumptionincreasedbyonlyafactorof5.Despitethesepositivedevelopments,China’senergydemandperunitofGDPisstill82%higherthaninGermanyand15%higherthanintheUnitedStates(ColumbiaUniversity,2022).

ComparisonofenergyconsumptioninGermanyandChina

InChina,theindustrialsectorhasashareof66%oftotalprimaryenergyconsumption(Germany:30%).Thebuildingsectorhasashareof28%asopposedto40%inGermany.Becauseofthehighshareoftheindustrialsector,Chineseenergyefficiencypoliciesfocusonenergy-intensivesectorssuchassteel,cementandaluminium.

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3RegulatoryFramework(EUandGermany)

Thereisaneedfordifferentpoliciesandmeasurestoaddressthevariousbarrierssurroundingthe

implementationofenergyefficiencymeasures.Therefore,thesetofmeasuresisbasedonfour

pillars:regulatoryinstruments(command-andcontrol-typeregulations,workswithorderand/orbans(quotaobligations,etc.));economicinstruments(grantsandpreferentialloans,taxincentives,non-fiscalinstrumentswithmarketelements);information,motivation,advice;qualificationandqualityassurance.Thischapterhighlightstheregulatoryframework.Chapter4presentstheothernecessarymeasures.

3.1Europeanregulatoryframework

EuropeanEnergyEfficiencyDirective

DefinitionoftheEnergyEfficiencyDirective1

TheaimofthisdirectiveistoestablishaframeworkofmeasurestopromoteenergyefficiencywithintheEUinordertoachievespecifictargets.

AspartofthefirstEUEnergyEfficiencyDirectivefrom2012,thefollowingmeasureswerespecified:

∞Settingofnationalenergyefficiencytargetsfor2020

∞3%annualrenovationrateforcentralgovernmentbuildings

∞ObligatoryenergysavingsbytheMemberStatesfrom2014to2020of1.5%peryearonaverage

∞Combinedheatandpower(CHP):mandatorycost-benefitanalysisforthenewconstructionormodernisationofpowerplantsandindustrialinstallations

∞Long-termstrategyfortherenovationofthenationalbuildingstock

∞Mandatoryenergyauditsforlargecompanies(seechapter4.4)

∞Smartmetering/detailedbilling

In2018,theEnergyEfficiencyDirective3(27/2012/EU)wasupdatedwiththeaimofachievingenergyefficiencygains

3Directive:DirectivesmustbeconvertedintothenationalregulatoryframeworkbyEUmemberstatesinaspecificamountoftime.

of32.5%by2030comparedto2007,resultingin11,118TWhoffinalenergyconsumptionand14,805TWhofprimaryenergyconsumptionin2030.

Thesetargetsincreasedfurtheraspartofthe2021EuropeanGreenDeal,whichsetanadditional9%reductionofenergyconsumptionby2030comparedtothe2020referencescenarioprojections.This9%targetismeasuredagainstupdatedbaselineprojectionsmadein2020andcorrespondstoenergyefficiencytargetsof39%(11,897TWh)forprimaryenergyconsumptionand36%(9,153TWh)forfinalenergyconsumptioncomparedto2007(EuropeanCommission,2022a).

Aspartofthe2022REPowerEUPlan4,theEuropeanCommissionproposedtoraisethetargetto13%comparedtothe2020referencescenario,whichwouldresultin8,723TWhoffinalenergyconsumptionand11,397TWhofprimaryenergyconsumptionin2030.

Aspartoftheupdatedenergyefficiencydirectivein2018,everyEUcountryneedstoestablisha10-yearintegratednationalenergyandclimateplan(NECP)for2021–2030(underRegulation2018/1999ontheGovernanceoftheEnergyUnionandClimateAction),highlightinghowthetargetsforenergyefficiencyareintendedtobereached(EuropeanCommission,2022a).

4REPowerEU:TheEUproposedaplantoreacttotheglobalenergymarketdisruptionbysavingenergy,

producingcleanenergy,anddiversifyingenergysupplies(EuropeanCommission,2022b).

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EnergyefficiencypolicyinChina

Incomparisontomostothercountries,Chinahasrelativelyprogressiveandfar-reachingenergyefficiencypolicies.EnergyefficiencyisoneoftheprioritiesforChina’scarbonneutralitystrategy.Chinaaimstolargelyimprovetheenergyefficiencyrateofenergy-intensiveindustryby2025(TheStateCouncil,2022).Accordingtothe14thFive-YearPlan,Chinaaimstoreduceenergyintensityby13.5%by2025comparedto2020andCO2intensityby18%.Chinahasbeensettingprovince-specifictargetsforenergyintensityandtotalenergyconsumptionwithits“DualControlPolicy”sincethe13thFive-YearPlanperiod.Thisensuresthatnationalrequirementsaredirectlyreflectedatthelocallevelandinthemostenergy-intensivecompanies.

Thepolicygoalsformulatedinthefive-yearplancanbedividedintothefollowingfourcategories:

1.Annualtargets

2.Provincialtargets

3.Governmentspending

4.Regulationsandstandards

Buildingstandards

TheMinistryofHousingandUrban-Rural

Development(MOHURD)establishedenergy-savinggreenstandardsforallnewurbanresidentialand

publicbuildings(ColumbiaUniversity,2022).

EnergyConservationLaw

ThelegalbasisforenergyefficiencyinChinaisthe

EnergyConservationLaw.Inordertoachievethe

energyconservationtargets,financialincentivesareprovidedtofirms(TheStateCouncil,2022).

EUEcodesignDirective2009/125/EC

DefinitionoftheEUEcodesignDirective

TheEUEcodesignDirectivefrom2009definesminimumenergyefficiencystandardsforenergy-relatedproducts(withsubstantialmarketvolume).TheaimoftheEUEcodesignDirectiveistoachieveasustainablereductioninenergyconsumptionaswellasabasisforimplementingmeasuresorregulationsforindividualproductgroups.Thecurrentdirectiveincludesonlyenergy-consumingproducts.

Thisdirectivetargetsthefacilitationofthemarketpenetrationofenergy-efficientproducts5,e.g.throughtheEuropeanUnionenergylabel.Thecontinuousincreaseinenergyefficiencyisachievedthroughregularreviewsaswellasthepossiblerequirementofverificationoftheachievementandobjectivesthroughmarketsupervision.

Thisdirectiveisbasedmainlyonthe“pushandpull”principle,asenergy-relatedproductsmustfulfilspecificmeasurestobeplacedonthemarket(push).Theuseofenergylabelspromotestheuseofparticularlyefficientproducts(pull).

Infuture,theSustainableProductsInitiativeshouldbroadenthescopetoallkindsofproducts,includingtextiles,furniture,steel,cementandchemicals.Itshouldalsoaddressthepresenceofharmfulchemicalsinproductssuchaselectronics&ICTequipment,textiles,furniture,steel,cement&chemicals(EuropeanEconomicandSocialCommittee,2022).

Atthebeginningof2022,anewEcodesignDirectiveforregulatingsustainableproductswasproposed.Theproposalforthenewframeworkallowssettingperformanceandinformationrequirementsforalmostallcategoriesofphysicalgoods(exceptionsincludefoodandfeed).Thepossiblerequirementsrangefromproductdurabilityandreusabilitytothepresenceofsubstancesthatinhibitcircularity,energyandresourceefficiency,aswellascarbonenvironmentalfootprintsandinformationrequirements(EuropeanCommission,2022c).

Itisadvisabletosetrequirementsinsuchawaythatthefunctioningoftheproductsisnotimpaired,safetyandhealtharenotendangered,negativeenvironmentalimpactsareavoided,thecostoftheproductdoesnotincreaseinappropriately(lifecyclecosts),andcompetitionisnotimpaired.

5ProductgroupsincurrentEUCommissionwork

programmes:lighting,householdelectronics,whitegoods

EUETSDirective

ThecurrentpriceofCO2intheEUEmissionTradingSystem(ETS)isaroundε70/tofCO2buthaslongbeenaroundε10/tofCO2(2005–2018).AspartoftheEUETSsystem,theallocationoffreeallowancesisbasedonefficiencybenchmarksandtheriskofcarbonleakage.Thebenchmarksarebasedontheaveragegreenhousegasemissionsofthetop10%bestperforminginstallationsin

(freezer,dishwasher),motorsandmotor-drivendevices,ventilatingandair-conditioningsystems,heatgeneration,andothers(transformers,windows,etc.)

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Figure2:Developmentofprimaryenergydemand(kWh/m2a)foranewsemi-detachedbuilding(minimumrequirements)andthepossiblereductionaccordingtodemonstrationprojects,Source:FraunhoferIBP

theparticipatingstates.Ifinstallationsdonotmeetthebenchmarks,theyreceivefewerallowances.Therefore,theyhaveanadditionalincentivetoreducetheiremissions,lesttheyhavetobuyadditionalallowancestocovertheiremissions(EuropeanCommission,2022d).

EuropeanIndustrialEmissionsDirective

ThisdirectiveistheEU’smaininstrumentforregulatingemissionsinindustry.Itmakesrecommendationsforthebestavailabletechniquesforenergyefficiencybyprovidingguidanceonhowtodealwithenergyefficiencyinindustrialinstallations(EuropeanCommission,2022e;EuropeanCommission,2022f).

3.2RegulatoryframeworkinGermany

Germanyhasnospecificenergyefficiencylaw,asmostregulationsarepartoftheregulatoryframeworkforthebuildingsectororotherlaws.Aspecificlawaddressingenergyefficiency(withanavailabledesign)iscurrentlyinthelegislativeprocess.ThislawwillcontainspecifictargetsforprimaryandfinalenergyconsumptioninaccordancewiththeClimateProtectionAct.Inaddition,

6CO2pricesinGermany:InadditiontotheEUETSsystem

(Europeancertificatetradingsystemforemissionsintheen-ergysectorandpartsofindustry),aCO2priceappliestothetransportandheatingsectorsinGermany(BEHG).

existingregulationswillbeconsolidated.Theuseofwasteheatwillalsobeincluded,withafocusondatacentres.

NationalActionPlanforEnergyEfficiency(NAPE)

TheGermangovernmentformulatedanactionplanforenergyefficiencycalledNAPE.Thecurrent(2019)NAPE2.0setstargetsforreducingprimaryenergyconsumptionby40%by2030and50%by2045comparedto1990.TherevisionofNAPE(NAPE3.0)in2022willputmoreemphasisonthecirculareconomyandclimateneutrality.

ThecurrentNAPEcontainsmeasuresthatlinkenergyefficiencyandclimateprotectionlaw,suchastheCO2price6forheatingbuildings,taxincentivesfortheenergy-efficientrenovationofbuildingsandfurtherdevelopmentofexistingincentivesandregulations.

Measuresforthebuildingsector:

∞Taxincentivesforenergy-efficientrenovation

∞Federalsubsidiesforenergy-efficientbuildings

∞Promotionofserialrenovation

∞Furtherdevelopmentinareassuchasenergyconsulting

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Figure3:Legalrequirementsforprimaryenergydemandinnewbuildings(kWh/m2)

∞Furtherdevelopmentoftheinnovationprogramme

∞Conversionandexpansionofheatingsystemsandthedevelopmentofnewenergy-savingtechnologies

Industrialsector:

∞“Efficiencyfirst”astheleadprinciple

∞Useofwasteheat

∞Efficientuseofrenewableenergyforthe

productionofprocessheat(BMWi,2019)

BuildingEnergyAct(Geb?udeenergiegesetz–GEG)

TheBuilding