Chapter7大學(xué)英語跨文化交際教學(xué)課件

CulturalPatternsChapter7LEARNINGOBJECTIVESUnderstandthedefinitionofculturalpatterns.Identifythecomponentsofculturalpatterns.Perceivethecross-culturaldifferencesinbeliefs,values,norms,andsocialpractices.Distinguishthevarioustheoriesconcerningculturalpatterns:EdwardT.Hall,KluckhohnandStrodtbeck,andHofstede.ChapterOutlineCulturalPatternsBeliefsValuesHumanNaturePerson-NatureComponentsEdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationDefinitionNormsSocialPracticesTimeActivityRelationalIndividualismandCollectivismUncertaintyAvoidancePowerdistanceMasculinity–FemininityHigh-contextLow-contextWaysofThinkingWaysofActingHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityCULTURALDIFFERENCESFOODCLOTHINGAPPEARANCEVISIBLECULTUREARABWOMENINDIANWOMENCHINESEWOMENCULTURALPATTERNSWAYSOFTHINKINGWAYSOFACTINGINVISIBLECULTURECHINESEVALUES:PATIENCEHONOURHARMONYAMERICANVALUES:EQUALITYFREEDOMACHIEVEMENTDIFFERENTWAYSOFTHINKINGReligiousbeliefsBuddhism:lifeissuffering/sufferingcomesfromdesire.Islam:Thereisoneandonlyonegod.Muhammadistheprophet.Koranisthesacredbookcoveringeverything.Christianity:JesusisthesonofGod.Hissalvationistosavepeople.PilgrimagetoMecca

CulturalpatternsSocialPractices

Norms

Beliefs

ValuesTextB:ComponentsofCulturalPatterns

Abeliefisanideathatpeopleassumetobetrueabouttheworld.

Forexample:1)awidelysharedbeliefdatesbacktothetimewhenEuropeansbelievedthattheearthwasflat2)abeliefformanyEuropeanAmericansisthatin“reality”thereisaseparationbetweenthephysicalandspiritualworlds.3)MembersoftheEuropeancultureseehumansasseparatefromnature.Basedonthissetofbeliefsabouttheworld,EuropeanAmericanshavesetouttocontrolnatureinsteadoflivinginharmonywithnatureliketheChinese.

BeliefsValues

Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.

Valuescanbeclassifiedasprimary,secondary,andtertiary.生命誠可貴，愛情價更高，若為自由故，二者皆可拋。Culturevaluesdefinewhatisworthwhiletodiefor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,andwhatpropersubjectstostudyandwhichdeserveridicule.Americansareencouragedtoexpresstheirfeelingsoutwardlyandtaughtnottobetimidaboutlettingpeopleknowyouareupset.Chinesearesocializednottoopenlyexpresstheirownpersonalemotions,especiallythestrongnegativeone.“Aharshworddroppedfromthetonguecannotbebroughtbackbyacoachandsixhorses.”Table8Schwartz’sValueTypesApplyingthetable8todifferentcultures,onecanseethatAmericansvalueachievement,Chinesevaluepower,Westernersvalueself-direction,Asiansvalueconformity.Valuesfromculturetocultureareseenaspositiveornegativeandtheirstrengthorimportancedifferaccordingly.Americansvalueyouthratherthanoldage.Koreans,Japanesepeople,etc.arguethatrespectsforeldersispositivevalueanditisveryintenselyheld.Itwouldbepossibleafterstudyinganyparticularculturetodetermineitsmostimportantvalues.NormsNormsarethesociallysharedexpectationsofappropriatebehaviors.Normsarelinkedtothebeliefsandvalueofaculture.Norms,likevalues,canvarywithinacultureintermsoftheirimportanceandintensity.Normsmaychangeoveraperiodoftime,whereasbeliefsandvaluestendtobemuchmoreenduring.Normsexistforawidevarietyofbehaviors.Becausepeopleareexpectedtobehaveaccordingtotheirculture’snorms,theythereforecometoseetheirownnormsasconstitutingthe“right”wayofcommunicating.SocialPracticesSocialpracticesarethepredictablebehaviorpatternsthatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow.Thus,socialpracticesaretheoutwardmanifestationsofbeliefs,values,andnorms.Informalsocialpractices,suchaseating,sleeping,dressing,working,etc.aresocommonplacewithinaculturethatthesubtledetailsabouthowtheyareaccomplishedareseldomnoticed.Formalsocialpractices,thatistosaytherituals,ceremonies,structuredroutines,suchassalutingtheflag,prayinginthechurch,etc.aretypicallyperformedpubliclyandcollectively.Allmembersofaculturedonotnecessaryfollowthatculture’s“typical”socialpractice,suchasthechangingofChinesetraditionalweddingceremony.CASE41GettingFrustratedThiscasecanreflectdifferentnormsindifferentcultures.Normsarethesociallysharedexpectationsofappropriatebehaviors.Inthiscase,muchofthebusinessdoneinSaudiArabiadependsonamiddlemanandhavingamiddlemanisanormthere.Inaddition,SaudisbelievethatGodgaveusmultifunctionalhands,andtheleftoneandtherightonehavedifferentfunctions.Whatismore,Saudishaveanumberofnormsrelatedtorestrictingmaleandfemaleinteractions.AlltheseabovemakeperfectsensetoSaudisbutnottoJay,anAmericanbusinessman.Westerners’normsconcerningthesearetotallydifferent.Thus,JayandSaudishadcommunicativeproblems.TextC:EdwardT.Hall’sContext-culturetheory1Thedefinitionofcontext:“theinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricably（無法擺脫地）boundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”2Categorizationofhigh-contextcultureandlow-contextculturedependingonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingsorfromthewordsbeingexchanged.Culturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysicalenvironmentoralreadysharedbypeopleortheonesinwhichmostofinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,arelabeledhigh-contextculture.High-ContextCultureTeaCeremony

HighcontextNativeAmericans,LatinAmericans,Japanese,Chinese,Koreansaretypicalexamplesofhighcontextculture.Peopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperience,informationnetworks,andthelike.manyofthemeaningsarenotconveyedbywords;aremoreoftenfoundintraditionalcultureswhichchangeverylittleovertime;meaningsareconveyedbynon-verbalcodes,gesturesorevensilence;spaceisalsousedincommunication.High-contextculturestendtobemoreawareoftheirsurroundingsandtheirenvironmentsandrelyonthem.HighcontextForinstance,statementsofaffection,suchas“Iloveyou”arerarebecausethemessageisconveyedbythecontext.Low-ContextCultureCulturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodeortheonesinwhichthemassofinformationisvestedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlow-contextculture.AnAmericanstandingonchairinrestaurantgivingspeechathisleavinghishometownlowcontextGermans,SwissandAmericansaretypicalexamplesofhighcontextculture.Peoplearelesshomogeneousandeachtimetheyinteractwithotherstheyneeddetailedbackgroundinformation.Verbalmessagescontainmostoftheinformationandverylittleisshowninthecontextortheparticipants.Low-contextpeoplefeeluncomfortablewithvaguenessandambiguityoftenassociatedwithlimiteddata.Americans’fascinationwithlanguageAmericansdependmoreonspokenwordsthanonnonverbalbehaviortoconveymessages.Theythinkitisimportanttobeableto“speakup”and“saywhatisontheirmind.”Theyadmireapersonwhohasamoderatelylargevocabularyandwhocanexpressherselfclearlyandshrewdly.ProblemsPosedHigh-contextpeopleareapttobecomeimpatientandirritatedwhenlow-contextculturepeopleinsistongivingtheminformationtheydon’tneed.ChinesecommunicatebynotstatingthingsdirectlywhileAmericansusuallydotheopposite----spellitout.ACTIVITY:

REFLECTIONWhereisthemisunderstanding?ChinesePoliceman:Sir?BritishSuperior:Yes,whatisit?ChinesePoliceman:Mymotherisnotverywell,sir.BritishSuperior:So?ChinesePoliceman:Shehastogointohospital,sir.BritishSuperior:Well,getonwithit. Whatdoyouwant?ChinesePoliceman:OnThursday,sir.BritishSuperior:Bloodyhell,man. Whatdoyouwant?ChinesePoliceman:Nothing,sir.Measurementstocompareculturalvalues

ValueorientationsCulturaldimensionsTextD:

KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’s

valueorientationHumannature

orientation

Person-natureorientationTime

orientationActivityorientationRelationalorientationa.HumannatureThehumannatureorientationdealswiththeinborncharacterofhumannature.(1)

evilbutperfectible(2)

amixtureofgoodandevil(3)goodbutcorruptible(易腐化的)(4)evilbutunchangeable(5)neutralwithrespecttogoodandevil(6)goodandunchangeableGood人之初，性本善，性相近，習(xí)相遠(yuǎn)，茍不教，性乃遷。EvilAdamandEve,theparentsofhuman,havecommittedsin,sohumansbornwithsin.EvilAmericansusedtobelievepeopleareintrinsically（從本質(zhì)上）evil.They(Middle-classAmericans)

nowbelievethattheyarethemixtureofgoodandevilandtheyare“perfectible”.Theymaygetsavedfollowingcertainrules,withconstanthardwork,control,education…b.Person-nature(1)subjugationtonatureNatureworshippingisauniversalpracticeinhumanchildhoodcivilization.Godofsun,moon,wind,rain,tree,flower……(2)harmonywithnatureMenliveinharmonywithuniverse.(3)masterywithnatureAdamwasorderedtomastertheotherbeings.HarmonyC.TimeorientationThetemporalfocusofhumanlifecanbedirectedtowardsthepast,thepresent,orthefuture.AmuchbroaderconceptoftimePeopleinanyculturealwayscherishoneovertheother.Value-pastOrientationPastorientationculturesbelievestronglyinthesignificanceofpriorevents.Pastshouldbetheguideformakingdecisionsanddeterminingtruth.以史為鑒忘記歷史等于背叛Historicalthemesareverypopularinpastorientationcultures.Value-presentOrientationPresentorientationculturesholdthatthemomenthasthemostsignificance.Forthem,thefutureisvague,ambiguous,andunknown,whatisrealexistsinthehereandnow.NavajoIndiansofnorthernArizona:hereandnowisreal;thefutureandthepasthavelittlereality.NavajoIndiansValue-futureOrientationFutureorientationcultures,suchastheU.S.,emphasizethefutureandexpectittobegranderthanthepresent.Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,try,try,andtryagain.Yesterdayisnotourstorecover,buttomorrowisourstowinorlose.FuturethemesarepopularinHollywood.D.ActivityOrientationValue-doingValue-beingValue-being-in-becoming

Value-doingOrientation（做事）Doingorientedculturesemphasizetheexternalaccomplishmentsandmaterialsuccess.Highvalueswasplacedon“actionandefficiency”.

Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.

Whathassheorheaccomplished?Value-doingOrientationValue-beingOrientation(做人)Being-orientedculturesemphasizedifferentrolesofthepeople.Thisisstaticandpeoplearesatisfiedwithwhattheyhave.中國人也是講究做人尤勝于做事。而做人，做好人是社會之期望。做人就是首先做個好父親，好母親，好丈夫，好兒子，好妻子，好女兒，之后才能成為社會上的棟梁之材……——賈玉新，《跨文化交際學(xué)》

嚴(yán)于利己，寬以待人。

己之不欲，勿施于人。

人敬我一尺，我敬人一丈。Value-beingOrientationValue-being-in-becomingOrientation(修心)Being-in-becomingorientedculturesemphasizewhoweare,notwhatwehaveaccomplished.Buddhistmonksspendtheirlivesinmeditationtodeveloptheselffully.Value-being-in-becomingOrientationE.RelationalorientationValue-IndividualismOrientation

Value-LinearityOrientation

Value-CollateralityOrientation

Value-individualismOrientationIndividualsgoalsandobjectivestakepriorityovergroupgoalsandobjectives.Individualsareseenasunique,separateentities.Value-individualismOrientationValue-linearityOrientationFocusonthegroup,withgroupgoalstakingpriorityoverindividualgoalsEmphasizethecontinuityofthegroupthroughtimeSpecificindividualsareimportantonlyfortheirgroupmembershipsAristocracy(貴族統(tǒng)治)inmanyEuropeancountriesValue-linearityOrientationValue-collaterality（關(guān)聯(lián)性）OrientationFocusonanindividual’smostimmediategroupmembershipThegoalsofthegrouptakeprecedenceoverthoseoftheindividual.TheidentificationofJapanesepeoplewiththecompanyforwhichtheyworkoruniversityfromwhichtheygraduatedTeamworkCASE43TheImprovementDoesNotWorkThiscasecanreflectoneofKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’svalueorientation----relationalorientation.Relationalorientationhasthreepotentialtypes:individualism,linearityandcollaterality.Inthiscase,followingtheirindividualisticorientations,Mr.PattersonandMr.Wymanwereperfectlycomfortablewiththeideaofcreatingteamleaderswithintheindividualsalesgroups.However,asParkYoungSammentions,doingsoupsettheharmonyofthegroups,whichinturnledtopoorperformance.IntheUS,workersareoftenmotivatedbytheopportunityforpromotionandadvancementasthisservestheindividualisticdriveforindividualachievement.Incollectivisticcultures,however,workersmaybemotivatedbybeingapartofacohesiveandproductiveteam.TextE:Hofstede’sculturaldimensionsIndividualism–Collectivism

UncertaintyavoidancePowerdistanceMasculinity–Femininity

1Individualism–Collectivism

Intheindividualisticculture,theinterestoftheindividualprevailsovertheinterestsofthegroup.Inthecollectivisticculture,theinterestofthegroupprevailsovertheinterestsoftheindividual.Onthecollectivistside,wefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardsareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups.Individualism:values&characteristicsTheindividualisthemostimportantunitIndependenceisvaluedratherthandependence.Personalgoalismoreimportantthangroups.Nospecialloyaltytoagivengroupandchangetheirmembershipeasily.Individualism-orientedculturesCanadaGreatBritainTheUnitedStatesAustraliaNewZealandCollectivism:values&characteristicstheviews,needs,andgoalofthein-groupratheroneselfsocialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasurebeliefssharedwiththein-groupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromin-groupgreatreadinesstocooperatewithin-groupmembersCollectivism:values&characteristicsGettingmorein-groupsupportHavingmoresenseofbelongtoagroupOnemaybeevaluatedbythegrouphebelongsto.Collectivism-orientedculturesMostAfricancountriesChinaPeruColombiaIndividualism:dominantU.S.cultureBenjaminFranklinGodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

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PoorRichard’sAlmanac《PoorRichard’sAlmanack》，又叫《窮查理年鑒》。它是由美國資本主義精神最完美的代表——本杰明·富蘭克林所寫，他作的年鑒是作為一個虛構(gòu)的理查德德．桑德斯(因此叫“窮理查德”)的著作從1733－1758年在費(fèi)城年年發(fā)表。這些年鑒在殖民地居民中極受歡迎。典型的年鑒包含有日歷、天氣預(yù)測，忠告、食譜以及其它許多有用的知識。窮理查德的諺語、格言和箴言有的是他自己創(chuàng)作的，有的不是。它們使富蘭克林實用、寬容和今人快活的妙語和哲學(xué)得到傳播普及。班本杰明．富蘭克林【1706－1790】是有史以來最杰出的美國人之一。他是作家、印刷商、政治家、外交家、教育家、發(fā)明家、哲學(xué)家、幽默大師、企業(yè)家、店主、公民領(lǐng)袖、科學(xué)家、自學(xué)成才者、公務(wù)員、民族英雄，富蘭克林嘗試了各種事業(yè)并在所有這些方面都取得輝煌的成就。ChineseProverbs眾人拾柴火焰高。三個臭皮匠頂個諸葛亮。在家靠父母，出門靠朋友。Americanheroes:

individualpowerLonelyheroes:Chineseheroes:

U.S.ChinaNameBillGatesLiJiachengBasicunitofthesocietyIndividualFamilyTypeoffamilyNuclearfamilyExtendedfamilyI-cultureI-lesscultureSenseofoneselfChildren

liveinaseparateroom

betrainedtomaketheirownchoiceBeencouragedto

“doityourself”earnmoneybythemselves

developuniquepersonality

encouragedtoleaveparentsat18

AmericanValue:equalityWeholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.我們認(rèn)為下面這些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。

---ThomasJefferson,TheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependence

AmericanValue:equality

Therighttovote

Equalopportunityofeducation

Allmenarecreatedequal.

Firstnamebasedaddress

ThecontroversialequalityDiscriminationRace:Minorities:blackpeople,AsianAmericansIndians

ArabicAmericans

Sex:family

violence

salary

Inferiorgroups:Aging

people,

AIDS

AmericanValue:materialism

Hewhodieswiththemosttoyswins.會玩的人死而無憾。

Labor-savingmachines

washingmachine,car,dishwasher,Vacuumcleaner,plane,robot,…AmericanValue:competitionEverythinginlifeisagametowin.Ahorseneverrunssofastaswhenhehasotherhorsetocatchupandoutpace.ThemilitarycompetitionbetweenU.SandtheformerSovietUnion.Americandreamdemocracy,freedom,justice,fairness,equalchance,equalrights,opportunitytogetsuccess,fameandwealthTheAmericandreamistheideaheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthroughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveprosperity.Itdealswithasociety’stoleranceforambiguity.CaseAnalysis:P236Itindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitheruncomfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredsituations.2Uncertaintyavoidance

(對不確定因素的回避程度)Highuncertaintyavoidance:alowertoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity,higherlevelsofanxiety,greaterneedforformalrulesandabsolutetruth,lesstoleranceforpeopleorgroupswithdifferentideasorbehaviors,tendingtodisplayemotionsLowuncertaintyavoidance:lowerstresslevels,acceptanceofdifferentideas,takingrisks2Uncertaintyavoidance:characteristicsHighuncertaintyavoidance

Whatisdifferent,isdangerous.

Greece,Portugal,Belgium,Japan,Yugoslavia,Chile,France,Peru,Spain,Argentina(1-10)Lowuncertaintyavoidance

Whatisdifferent,iscurious.

Canada,US,Philippines,India,GreatBritain,Ireland,HongKong,Sweden,Denmark,Singapore(31-40)

Tworoadsdivergedinawood,Itooktheonelesstraveledbyandthathasmadeallthedifference.

Interactionwithstrangersincultureshighinuncertaintyavoidancemaybehighlyritualisticand/orverypolite.（Greece,Portugal,Belgium,Japan,Yugoslavia,Chile,France,Peru,Spain,Argentina）

TreatingStrangersCASE44WhenShallWeMeetforDinner?ThiscasecanreflectoneofHofstede’svalueculturaldimensions----uncertaintyavoidance.Uncertaintyavoidanceindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitheruncomfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredsituations.Inthiscase,KellyandKeikoareinteractingaboutadinnerinvitation.Kelly,fromtheUS,possessesarelativelylowavoidanceindex,whileKeiko,fromJapan,comesfromaculturewitharelativelyhighavoidanceindex.Comingfromahighuncertainty-avoidantculture,Keikowouldprefertoplanaheadtoavoiduncertaintyandprepareherscriptfortheevening.Kelly,ontheotherhand,isperfectlycomfortablemakingplansbasedonhowtheeveningprogresses.Withoutaplan,howwillKeikoknowhowtoact?3Powerdistance(權(quán)利距離)Itdescribesthedistributionofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Itmeasureshowequalorunequalthepeopleinparticularculturethinkpeopleshouldbebutnothowunequalpeopleactuallyareinaparticularculture.Usefulinunderstandingstrangers’behaviorinrolerelationships,particularlythoseinvolvingdifferentdegrees