專(zhuān)題11-上海高考英語(yǔ)概要寫(xiě)作(一)(解析版)(上海專(zhuān)用)

?專(zhuān)題11上海高考英語(yǔ)概要寫(xiě)作（一）______________________________________________________________________________考點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)精考點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)精講【考情鏈接】定義:Itisabrief,thoroughandobjectiverestatementofthemainideaandkeypointsofalongercomposition.讀者在正確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上,在不改變?cè)闹行乃枷?、體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下，用簡(jiǎn)明、精練的語(yǔ)句高度濃縮文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)。11評(píng)分要點(diǎn)1）理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)2）準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯3）有效使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊4）完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言22RequestsofSummaryWriting寫(xiě)作要求a60-wordsummaryuseyourownwordsinthethirdpersonwithabriefsentenceconnectionbetweensentences(句子銜接)33StepsofSummaryWritingStep1.Determinethetypeofwritingandidentifythetopicaswellastheauthor’spurpose確定體裁，明確主題Step2.Dividethepassage&summarizethemainideaofeachpartStep3.HighlightthekeyinformationofeachpartStep4.MakeanoutlineofthepassageStep5.WritethefirstdraftStep6.Revisethesummary44SkillsofSummaryWriting如果是議論文，那么作者必然會(huì)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。又是如何論證自己的觀點(diǎn)的。如果是說(shuō)明文（解釋一個(gè)理論，一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)等），主要信息就應(yīng)該包括：作者介紹了什么？他所介紹的理論或?qū)嶒?yàn)有什么特點(diǎn)；如果是理論，那么這個(gè)理論的特點(diǎn)和實(shí)際用途是什么？如果是實(shí)驗(yàn)，那么實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的、對(duì)象、結(jié)果分別是什么？如果是記敘文，主要信息應(yīng)包括：人、時(shí)、事等?！疽c(diǎn)梳理】要點(diǎn)整合要點(diǎn)整合提煉同義轉(zhuǎn)換同義轉(zhuǎn)換:近義詞、同義詞等替換句子重構(gòu):調(diào)整詞類(lèi)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等語(yǔ)言銜接（照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接）【典例剖析】（A）各種文體的寫(xiě)作技巧1、記敘文(Narration)：找出時(shí)間(when),地點(diǎn)(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),為什么做(why),結(jié)果怎么樣(how)六要素。其中,最重要的要點(diǎn)是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夾敘夾議的文章,還要加上作者的看法、觀點(diǎn)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)或感悟。

1）敘事性的記敘文(Narration)。

敘事性的記敘文的主要內(nèi)容的概括主要抓住記敘文的幾個(gè)要素：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件和影響或后果。

2）寫(xiě)人的記敘文（Description）。

寫(xiě)人的記敘文總結(jié)要點(diǎn)主要抓住人物的主要特點(diǎn)或事跡，劃出關(guān)鍵詞（所謂關(guān)鍵詞是文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的體現(xiàn)主題或關(guān)聯(lián)的詞）。2、議論文（Argumentation）。

找出議論文的三要素，即論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和結(jié)論。其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。而這種文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)多數(shù)為總分結(jié)構(gòu)、分總結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。因此，我們通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找論點(diǎn)。若文中有一分為二(即對(duì)立觀點(diǎn))的觀點(diǎn)，兩種觀點(diǎn)都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點(diǎn)。

3、說(shuō)明文（Exposition）

抓住關(guān)鍵句：文章第一段和各段第一句。說(shuō)明文一般有三種：描寫(xiě)某事物的性質(zhì)功能；針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出解決方法或措施；介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因、結(jié)果。（B）各文體例文展示說(shuō)明文Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

(2017普陀一模)TeachingIs“OneoftheLeastPopularJobsintheUK”TheUKgovernmenthasjustpublishedareportonthefutureofsecondaryschoolteaching,andtheconclusionofthereportisthatmanysecondaryschoolsnowfacegreatdifficultiesinfindingpeoplewhowanttobeteachers.Sincethe1980s,thenumberofgraduateswhowould“seriouslyconsider”teachingasacareerhasfallensharply,from64%in1982tojust17%today.Thereportsuggeststhaturgentactionneedstobetakeninordertoencouragemoreintelligentyounggraduatesintoteaching.①Themaindrawback（缺點(diǎn)）ofsecondaryteaching,accordingtothereport,isthelowsalary.Earningsinteachingaremuchlowerthaninmanyotherjobs.JoanneManners,24,isagoodexample:“Igraduatedinmathslastyear,andIwasthinkingofdoingateacher-trainingcoursetobecomeamathsteacherbutIsawIcouldearntwiceasmuchifIworkedinmarketingoradvertising,soIdecidednottobecomeateacher.”②It'snotjustaboutthemoney,however.Thesurveyconcludedthatanotherreasonwhypeopledon’twanttobeteachersisthatsometeenagersbehaveverybadlyinschool.Alotofschoolshaveproblemswithdiscipline,anditseemsclearthatchildrendonothavethesamerespectforteachersasinthepast.③Here’stheviewofDaveHallam,anaccountantfromLondon:“Ithinkparentsaretoblame.Theyshouldhavestricterruleswiththeirchildrenathomeandalsoteachtheirchildrentohavemorerespectforteachers.”④Thereportisclearthattheproblemofteachershortageisaveryseriousone.Itsaysthatthegovernmentshouldraiseteachers’paysignificantly,tocatchupwithworkersinotherprofessions.Italsoindicatesthatthegovernmentcouldlaunchanationwidepublicitycampaign,withsomeadvertisementsonTVandinthenewspapers,toshowthepositivesidesofteachingtoyoungpeople.⑤做題步驟：Step1：細(xì)讀全文，明確主題。本文主要是描述教師是英國(guó)最不受歡迎的工作。Step2：劃分要點(diǎn)。本文分5個(gè)要點(diǎn)，已在文中標(biāo)出。提出主題——兩點(diǎn)原因——兩點(diǎn)建議。②和③要點(diǎn)可以合并。Step3：標(biāo)主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。已在文中用橫線標(biāo)出每段主題句。Step4：概括。Asisreported,secondaryschoolsinUKexperienceddifficultiesrecruitingyoungteachers.Thereasonsarelowsalaryandkid’sbadbehaviors.Therefore,poorlybehavedstudentsneedtoobeystricterrulesandparentsneedtodisciplinethemathome.Also,governmentshouldincreaseteachers’incomeandpromoteateachingcampaigntodisplayteaching’sbrightside.(55words).議論文Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.(2017長(zhǎng)寧嘉定一模)TheadvantagesofsocialnetworkingWhydomostpeoplesignuptosocialnetworkingsites?①Themainreasonistostayintouchwithotherpeople.Thesesitesalsohelppeopletofindtheirchildhoodfriendsthattheyhavelosttouchwith.Renewingtheselong-lostfriendshipsisjustaclickaway.Itisveryexcitingtobeabletocatchupwithfriendsandkeepupwiththeirnewsonanalmostdailybasisthankstofrequentupdates.②Keepup-to-date,however,doesn’thavetoberestrictedtofriendsandacquaintances(相識(shí)的人）.Whatmanypeopletendtoforgetisthattheycanalsousenetworkingsitesforprofessionalreasons.Itisactuallyagreatwayoffindingoutaboutupcomingjobopportunities.Friendsmightknowaboutjobvacanciesthatmaynotbeadvertisedelsewhereortheycanevenrecommendtheirfriendsforcertainjobs.Evenpeoplealreadyemployedcanpromotetheirbusinessonline.Thisisparticularlyimportantforartists,actorsandmusicianswhocancreatepagesdevotedtotheirbandortheatrecompany,andinformfansabouttheirgigs(現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演唱會(huì)）orlatestexhibitions.Inaddition,thesitescanbeusedtoallowthepublictogiveinstantfeedbackontheartists’workandtointeractwiththeirfavouriteartist.③Anothergreatadvantageofsocialnetworkingsitesishoweasyitistoorganiseaneventwithyourfriends.Thankstodifferentsettingspeoplecanorganisetheirfriendsbydifferentcriteria(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）.Thesecriteriacouldbehowclosefriendstheyare,commoninterestsandhobbiesorwheretheylive.Thismeansifacertaineventtakesplace,forexample,anopen-airconcertorafootballmatch,alltheyhavetodoisinvitetherightgroupoffriendstoattend.Somenetworkingsitesofferarangeofquizzesandgames,sofriendslivingonoppositesidesoftheglobecaninviteeachothertoparticipateandcompeteinavarietyofgameswithoutleavingtheirhomes.④做題步驟：Step1：細(xì)讀全文，明確主題。本文主要是社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Step2：劃分要點(diǎn)。本文分4個(gè)要點(diǎn)，已在文中標(biāo)出。Step3：標(biāo)主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。已在文中用橫線標(biāo)出每段主題句。Step4：概括。Socialnetworkingsitesbenefitpeopleinseveraldifferentways.Notonlydotheyallowpeopletokeepinclosetouchwithfriendsoldornew,buttheyprovidepotentialjobopportunitiesandencourageonlinebusinesspromotionplusinteraction.Moreover,theyfacilitatetheorganizationofvariousevents,connectingpeoplewithsimilarhobbiesorpreferencesglobally.(54words)記敘文Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

MeetTheMemberWhoQuitSugarWhenIwas15,Iweighed100kg.Iwasasize20+andhatedthewayIlooked.Iwasaserialbigeaterandquitedepressed.Iwouldsitinfrontofthefridge,eatsomething,movetothecupboard,eatapacketofchips,andmovebacktothefridge.Itwasaheartbreakingcycleofhateandfood.Ididn’tfeelconfident,pretty,orworthwhile.Shoppingmademecry,Iavoidedmirrors,andmysociallifecametoanend.IactuallylostfriendsbecausetheytoldmeIwasantisocial.ItbecamesobadthatIwantedtoabusemyself;myskinandmymindbecamemyenemy.Butthen,Iturnedmylifearound.Iquitsugar.Itstartedwithmymum.Shestagedanintervention(干預(yù))thatmademecry.Iwantedtochange-I

needed

tochange-andshecouldseehowunhappyIwas.Sheputmeontoadietthatmostlyaimedtoschedulemeals,and-tomyshockhorror-cutoutallprocessedsugar.Itwassohardatfirst.Iremembertheshameofsneakingchocolateandcandieswhenthethreeo’clockhungerhits.Buttheweekskeptcominganditjustgoteasier.Istoppedeatingsugar,andIstoppedlovingit;simpleasthat.Isubstitutedchipsandbiscuitsforfruitandnuts,andhadcup-of-soupsafterschoolwhenIwashitbythedesire.Ialsohadmoreenergy,havinga20-minutewalkwithmydogintomyeverydayroutine;Ibegantolovethatpersonaltime.Cuttingoutsugargavemesomuchmorecontrolovermybody,andmyoutlookonlifeimproved.Somanypeopleareintimidatedbythewords“quitsugar”.It’snottrue.Fruit,honey,etceteraarenaturalsugars,andbelieveme,theyfuelyoubetterthanchocolatebarsevercould.NowI’m17,turning18,andIweigh70kg.Istillstrugglewithmyweight,butthisiswhereIsitnaturally,andIamveryproudofmyself.IneverthoughtIwouldbeconfidentenoughtoweardressesorskirts,andtakeleadershiprolestoputmyselfoutthereanddevelopmysocialskills.Icouldneverhavedoneitwithoutthesupportofmyfriendsandfamily,andIurgeeveryonewhowantstodorightbythemselvesandchangetheirdiet-quittingsugarorotherwise-tosharetheirdecisionwithpeople.Developasupportnetwork,onlineoroffline,whichcanofferyouadviceorpickyouupwhenyou’redown.AndIcanassureyou,frommyownpersonalexperience,yourbodywillthankyou,andyouwillthankyourselftoo.做題步驟：Step1：細(xì)讀全文，明確主題。本文主要是關(guān)于作者如何戒糖和減肥。Step2：劃分要點(diǎn)。記敘文注意是找who/what/when/where/why/howwho：theauthorwhat:quitsugar,loseweightwhen/why:文中劃線處where:無(wú)需強(qiáng)調(diào)how:withhermother’shelpandchangeherdietStep3：標(biāo)主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。已在文中用橫線標(biāo)出每段主題句。Step4：概括。Afterexperiencingalotofheartbreakingmomentsduetoheroverweight,theauthormadeuphermindtogodietbyquittingsugar.Sheturnedtohermotherandhealthyfood.Afterstrugglingwithherweightandsugar-eatinghabit,nowshehaslost30kgandfeelsmuchbetterthaneverbefore.Herexperienceistotakeactionandsupport._____真題優(yōu)選操真題優(yōu)選操練2017年1月高考真題Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

ShynessIfyousuffershyness,youarenotalone.Itisnotsurprisingthatsocialscientistsareexploringitsenvironmentalcauses.The

firstenvironmental

cause

of

shyness

many

be

a

child’s

home

and

family

life.Today’schildrenaregrowingupinsmaller

and

smaller

families,

with

fewer

and

fewer

relatives

living

nearby.Growingupinhomes

in

which

both

parents

work

full

time,childrenmaynothavethesocializingexperienceoffrequentvisitsbyneighboursandfriends.Becauseoftheirlackofsocialskills,theymaybegintofeelshywhentheystartschool.Asecondenvironmentalcause

of

shynessinanindividualmaybeone’sculture.InalargestudyconductedinJapan,57percentofparticipantsratedthemselvesasshy.ResearchersLynneHendersonandPhilipZimbardosay,“OneexplanationisthatinJapan,anindividual’sperformancesuccessiscreditedexternallytoparents,grandparents,teachers,coaches,andothers,whilefailureisentirelyblamedontheperson.”Therefore,Japaneselearnnottotakerisksinpublicandrelyinsteadongroup-shareddecisions.Technologymayalsopayarole.IntheUnitedStates,thenumberofyoungpeoplewhoreportbeingshyhasrisenfrom40percentto50percentinrecentyears.Duetoourhugeadvancesintechnology,watchingtelevision,playingvideogames,andsurfingtheWebhavereplacedrecreationalactivitiesthatinvolvesocialinteractionformanyyoungpeople.Adults,too,arebecomingisolatedasaresultoftechnology.Facetofaceinteractionwithbankclerks,gasstationattendantsarenolongernecessarybecausepeoplecanusemachinestodotheirbanking,filltheirtheirgastanks,andordergoods.Inshort,theybecomeshy.Itappearsthatmostpeoplehaveexperiencedshynessatsometimeintheirlives.Therefore,ifyouareshy,youhavelotsofcompany. Shynessiscommonandithasenvironmentalcauses,includinghomeandfamilylife,cultureandtechnology.Firstly,withsmallerfamiliesandworkingparents,childrenlacksocialinteractions.Secondly,blamingfailureonindividualscausespeopleinsomeculturetobeshyinpublic.Finally,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,peoplehavefeweropportunitiestosocializeinperson.2017年6月高考真題Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

LearningbyRoteintheDigitalAge Rotelearninghadbecomeseenasanoutdatedmethodofteaching.Thedictionarydefineslearning‘byrote’as:‘frommemory,withoutthoughtofthemeaning;inamechanicalway’.Thedeclineofrotelearninghasbeenquickenedbytechnology.Nooneneedstomemorizefriends’phonenumbersoremailaddressesbecausesuchdataisconvenientlystoredandaccessibleelectronically.AndwhyrememberwhenandwhereWorldWarⅡbrokeoutwhenyoucanfindtheanswerontheinternetinaboutsixseconds?Butnowtherearevoicesforaneedtoreturntorotelearning.Infact,memorizingkeydataisessentialtolearninganyskill.Doctoringrequiresknowledgeofmedicineandlawyeringrequiresknowledgeofcasesandlaws.Ofcourse,beingabletorecallthingswillnotfurtheryourunderstandingofthosethings,butwithoutmemorizingthesefoundationelements,youcannotprogresstoadeeperunderstandingofasubject.Whiletheinternetandcomputershaveweakenedtheneedforustorememberthings,itmaywellbethatmobilelearningcanhelpbringthisstyleoflearningbacktolifebymakingitmoreconvenientandmorefun.Drillingyourself——withflashcardsorbyrepetition——isusuallyhardandboringwork,whichiswhymostpeopleneedtheirmultiplicationtablestobedrilledintothembyteachersorparents.Rotelearningwithoutawillingthirdpartycanbeabattleofdisciplineandmotivation.Butmobilelearningcanmakethoseflashcardsanddrillsmoreappropriatetoindividualstudy;ourdigitaldevicescanchallengeandinformusatthesametimeandalsokeepsmotivated,whetherthroughgame-likestructuresorrecordingourprogress.Onceyou’verequiredtheessentialsofasubjectbyrotelearningyouwillfinditeasiertogodeeperintheapplicationofknowledgewhichisimportant.Rotelearningmeansmechanicalmemorization.Althoughtechnologymakesitlessneeded,itsvalueisbeingrediscovered.Rotelearninghelpspeopleacquirebasicknowledge,layingafoundationforfurtherunderstanding.Infact,technologymakesmobilelearningpossible,whichmotivateslearnersinrotelearningandmakesmemorizationmoreinterestingandindividualized.2018年1月高考真題Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

ToLaughIsHumanMostofusdon’tknowwhywelaughatsomejokesandnotatothers.Scientistsknowthatweareabletolaughatbirth.Babiesbegintolaughatthreetofourmonthsofage,wellbeforetheyproducetheirfirstwords.Whatscientistsareinterestediniswhywelaugh.Scientistsbelievehumanslaughwithothersprimarilybecauseitmakesusfeelconnectedwithoneanother,whichinturngivesusasenseoftrustandcomfort.Toscientists,laughterisanunconsciousreaction;consequently,whenwelaugh,otherscanbecertainthatitisanhonestreaction,andhonestyiskeywhenbuildingandmaintainingfriendships.Sincelaughterisseenasasocialsignalthatwesendtoothers,itcanalsohelpexplainwhyitissoinfectious.Studieshaveproventhatwhenpeopleseeorhearsomethingfunny,theyare20timesmorelikelytolaughwhentheyarewithothersthanwhentheyarealone.Wantingtobeacceptedbyothersispartofhumannature.Andmirroringotherpeople’slaughterisawaytosignaltoothersthatyoufeelthewaytheydo,whichmakesusfeelmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Humanshavenotalwayslaughedjustsotheycanfeelclosertoothers,however.Scientistspointoutthatthissocialfunctionoflaughterwasbornoutofanevenmorefundamentalhumanneed.Laughter,theybelieve,cameaboutbecauseitcontributedtoourverysurvivalasaspecies.Scientistsassumethatsharinglaughterensuredourancestorsahighersurvivalratebecauseitledtogreatercooperationbetweenindividuals.Humanslearnedquicklythatgreatercooperationledtosurvival,andthebraininturnrealizedthatlaughingwithothersincreasedoutchancesoffindingpeopletocooperate,hunt,eat,live,andeventually,survivewith.參考答案：Scientiststhinkhumansarebornwiththeabilitytolaugh,butwhydowelaugh?Welaughtofeelclosertooneanother.Laughterhelpsustoberecognizedsowelaughmoreingroupsthanwhenalone.Laughteralsoevolvedfromamorebasicneedtosurviveasitpromotedcooperation,enablinghumanstosurvivebetter.

(59w)(bebornwith=beinborn/accepted=recognized=identified/bebornoutof=evolvefrom=comefrom=originatefrom)Laughterisunconscious,infectiousandbasic.Itbringsusatrustworthy,comfortableandhonestfeeling,thusbettermaintainingfriendships.Chancesarethatwelaughmorewithothersaround,contributingtopromptingrecognitionandfeelingmoreconnectedwithoneanother.Scientistsassurethatlaughterresultedingreatercooperationbetweenindividualsinancienttimes,asbettercooperationleadstosurvival.(58w)Wewerebornwiththeabilityofhelpingandscientiststhinkthereasonwhywelaughisthatwefeelconnectedwithothersandwewanttoberecognizedbyothers.Besides,laughterhelpspeopletocooperatetosurvivewith.(40w)_____名校好題必名校好題必測(cè)1.上師大附屬外國(guó)語(yǔ)中學(xué)高三第二學(xué)期四月線上診斷Ⅳ.SummaryWriting(10%)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicofsleepinessinthenation.“Ican’tthinkofasinglestudythathasn’tfoundAmericansgettinglesssleepthantheyoughtto,”saysDr.David.Evenpeoplewhothinktheyaresleepingenoughwouldprobablybebetteroffwithmorerest.Thebeginningofoursleep-deficitcrisiscanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.Fromdiaryentriesandourpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavereachedtheconclusionthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9.5hoursanight.”Thebestsleephabitsoncewereforcedonus,whenwehadnothingtodointheeveningdownonthefarm,anditwasdark.”Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.“Peoplecheatintheirsleep,andtheydon’tevenrealizethey’redoingit,”saysDr.David,”Theythinkthey’reokaybecausetheycangetbyon6.5hours,whentheyreallyneed7.5,8orevenmoretofeelideallyvigorous.”P(pán)erhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,family,friendsandcommunityincrease,manypeopleconsidersleeptheleastexpensiveitemontheirprogram.”Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouneedonly5.5hours’sleep.Ifyou’vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleep-deficitresearchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicalandperformancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumnsofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David,”Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】Sleep-deficit,acommonphenomenoninAmerica,iscausedbyseveralfactors.Firstly,theinventionofthelightbulbhaschangedpeople’slifestyleandshortenpeople’ssleeptimebyabout2hours.Secondly,variouspressuresandmisleadingsocialconceptsalsocontributetosleep-deficit.Researchershavefoundoutthatsleep-deficitwouldinfluenceusintellectually.【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了美國(guó)人睡眠缺乏的原因，以及睡眠不足會(huì)帶來(lái)的影響?！驹斀狻?.要點(diǎn)摘錄①Judgingfromrecentsurveys,mostexpertsinsleepbehavioragreethatthereisvirtuallyanepidemicofsleepinessinthenation.②Thebeginningofoursleep-deficitcrisiscanbetracedbacktotheinventionofthelightbulbacenturyago.③Bythe1950sand1960s,thesleepschedulehadbeenreduceddramatically,tobetween7.5and8hours,andmostpeoplehadtowaketoanalarmclock.④Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,isthecomplexityoftheday.⑤Inoursociety,you’reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouneedonly5.5hours’sleep.Ifyou’vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdriveandambition.”⑥“We’vefoundthatifyou’reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers,”saysDr.David,”Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilitiestomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate.”2.縝密構(gòu)思將要點(diǎn)1、6精簡(jiǎn)，將要點(diǎn)2、3，要點(diǎn)4、5進(jìn)行整合3.遣詞造句Sleep-deficit,acommonphenomenoninAmerica,iscausedbyseveralfactors.Firstly,theinventionofthelightbulbhaschangedpeople’slifestyleandshortenpeople’ssleeptimebyabout2hours.Secondly,variouspressuresandmisleadingsocialconceptsalsocontributetosleep-deficit.Researchershavefoundoutthatsleep-deficitwouldinfluenceusintellectually.【點(diǎn)睛】[高分句型1]Firstly,theinventionofthelightbulbhaschangedpeople’slifestyleandshortenpeople’ssleeptimebyabout2hours.（運(yùn)用了and連接并列句）。[高分句型2]Researchershavefoundoutthatsleep-deficitwouldinfluenceusintellectually.（運(yùn)用了that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句）2.上海第三女中2021-2022學(xué)年第二學(xué)期四月線上教學(xué)評(píng)估Ⅳ.SummaryWriting(10%)51.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Coco-Cola’sInnovativeSolutiontoPlasticPollutionPlasticpollutionhasbecomeoneofthemostpressingproblemofthe21stCenturywithplasticwastealmosteverywhere.Itisestimatedthatjustin2016,theworldproducedover320milliontonsofplastic,andthisnumberissettodoubleby2034.Plasticwasteevenmakesitswayintoouroceanswith8millionpiecesofplasticpollutionperdaypollutingourwatersanddestroyingthehabitatforhundredsofspecies.Itisnowbelievedthattheremaybearound5.25trillionpiecesofplasticintheoceanweighingintotalupto269,000tons.It’sbeencrystalclearforalongtimethatthesituationishorribleandsomethingneedstobedone,andfast.Luckily,Coca-Colasteppeduptothechallengeandcameupwithoneinnovativeandrathereffectivesolution.ThefirmisreplacingitsplasticwrappinginEuropewithanewpaperboardtechnology.ThisnewtechiscalledtheKeelClipanditisafirstforthenon-alcoholready-to-drink(NARTD)industry.UsingKeelClips,Coca-Colaaimstoremoveallplasticwrapfromitscanmultipacksinall?EuropeanUnionmarketsbytheendof2021.Thefirmisoptimisticthatthemovewillsave2,000tonsofplasticand3,000tonsofCO2annually.“InnovationisakeyprincipleofoursustainablepackagingworkandtheapplicationofthisfullyrecyclablepaperboardKeelClipTM,whichiscomposedofatopboardthatthecansclipintoandcentralcardboard‘keel’—similartoaship’skeel—thatstabilizesthepack,isanotherexampleofhowwearedeliveringonourcommitmenttoremoveallunnecessaryandhardtorecyclesingle-useplasticfromourproducts.Wehopethiseco-friendlyinitativeisaconsciousapproachtodealingwithplasticpollution,”saidJoeFranses,VicePresident,SustainabilityatCoca-ColaEuropeanPartners.【答案】Withplasticwastesinvadingtheoceanandthreateningmarinelives,plasticpollutionisamongthemostseriousproblemsontheearth.Todealwiththesituation.Coca-ColathinksofacreaivesolutioncalledKeelClip,whichsubstitutespaperboardforplasticwrapping,thussavinglotsofplasticandCO2annually.ThecaseshowsinnovationbehindCoca-Cola’scommitmenttosustainableeco-friendlypackaging.【解析】【分析】這是一篇概要寫(xiě)作?！驹斀狻窟@篇概寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言精練，從三方面概括了文章要點(diǎn)。根據(jù)第一段中Plasticpollutionhasbecomeoneofthemostpressingproblemofthe21stCenturywithplasticwastealmosteverywhere.(塑料污染已經(jīng)成為21世紀(jì)最緊迫的問(wèn)題之一，塑料垃圾幾乎無(wú)處不在)可知，Withplasticwastesinvadingtheoceanandthreateningmarinelives,plasticpollutionisamongthemostseriousproblemsontheearth.(隨著塑料垃圾進(jìn)入海洋，威脅著海洋生物，塑料污染是地球上最嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題之一)；根據(jù)第二段中Luckily,Coca-Colasteppeduptothechallengeandcameupwithoneinnovativeandrathereffectivesolution.(幸運(yùn)的是，可口可樂(lè)公司接受了這一挑戰(zhàn)，并提出了一個(gè)創(chuàng)新且相當(dāng)有效的解決方案)和第三段中Thefirmisoptimisticthatthemovewillsave2,000tonsofplasticand3,000tonsofCO2annually.(該公司樂(lè)觀地認(rèn)為，此舉每年將節(jié)省2000噸塑料和3000噸二氧化碳)可知，Todealwiththesituation.Coca-ColathinksofacreaivesolutioncalledKeelClip,whichsubstitutespaperboardforplasticwrapping,thussavinglotsofplasticandCO2annually.(來(lái)處理這種情況?？煽诳蓸?lè)公司想出了一種名為KeelClip的creaive解決方案，用紙板代替塑料包裝，從而每年節(jié)省大量的塑料和二氧化碳)；再根據(jù)最后一段中InnovationisakeyprincipleofoursustainablepackagingworkandtheapplicationofthisfullyrecyclablepaperboardKeelClipTM,(創(chuàng)新是我們可持續(xù)包裝工作的關(guān)鍵原則，這種可完全回收的紙板KeelClipTM的應(yīng)用)可知，ThecaseshowsinnovationbehindCoca-Cola’scommitmenttosustainableeco-friendlypackaging.(這個(gè)案例展示了可口可樂(lè)公司對(duì)可持續(xù)環(huán)保包裝的承諾背后的創(chuàng)新)3.華東師大二附中2021-2022學(xué)年第二學(xué)期四月在線階段檢測(cè)Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

ChacoGreatHousesAsearlyasthe12thcenturyA.D.,thesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheir“greathouses,”massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologists（考古學(xué)家）havebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whilethereisstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingtheories.One