第13講-非謂語動(dòng)詞之過去分詞(原卷版)(人教版2019)

第13講非謂語動(dòng)詞之過去分詞知識點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)+習(xí)題跟蹤訓(xùn)練【知識講解】一、過去分詞作定語1．過去分詞作定語時(shí)的位置(1)前置定語一般情況下，單個(gè)過去分詞作前置定語，即放在所修飾詞之前。Thepollutedwaterwastoblameforthespreadofcholera.被污染的水造成了霍亂的傳播。[名師點(diǎn)津]①有些過去分詞表示特定含義時(shí)，單獨(dú)作定語也放在所修飾的名詞之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所給的)，concerned(有關(guān)的)等。Therearefewtigersleft.Itistimeforthedepartmentsconcernedtotakemeasurestoprotectthemfromdyingout.剩余的老虎不多了，是相關(guān)部門采取措施保護(hù)它們免遭滅絕的時(shí)候了。②如果被修飾的詞是由every/some/any/no與body/one所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞或指示代詞those等，單個(gè)分詞放在被修飾詞的后面。Isthereanythingunsolved？還有沒有未解決的問題？Heisoneofthoseinvited.他是那些被邀請的人之一。(2)后置定語過去分詞短語作定語時(shí)往往作后置定語，即放在所修飾詞之后，它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。LastTuesdayinamountainousarea，therewereatotalof173sheepkilledalmostimmediately(＝whichwerekilledalmostimmediately)whenlightningstruck.上周二在一個(gè)山區(qū)，有173只羊在被閃電擊中時(shí)即刻死亡。2．過去分詞作定語時(shí)的意義(1)及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語，在語態(tài)上表示被動(dòng)；在時(shí)間上，常表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成，有時(shí)也不表示時(shí)間性。Heisateacherrespectedbyall.他是一位人人尊敬的老師。(teacher和respect之間是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系)Thehighbuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.去年建的那座高樓是我們的圖書館。(built表示被動(dòng)和完成)(2)不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語，它不表示被動(dòng)意義，只強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成。Thegroundiscoveredwiththefallenleavesinautumn.秋天，地面被落葉覆蓋。3．過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別意義形式語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)過去分詞被動(dòng)完成現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行Asweallknow，Chinaisadevelopingcountry.眾所周知，中國是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家。Thevisitorcamefromadevelopedcountry.這位游客來自一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國家。4．過去分詞(done)、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(beingdone)與動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(tobedone)作定語的區(qū)別意義形式語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)done被動(dòng)完成beingdone被動(dòng)進(jìn)行tobedone被動(dòng)尚未發(fā)生Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourclassroombuilding.去年建造的樓是我們的教學(xué)樓。Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisourclassroombuilding.現(xiàn)在正在建造的樓是我們的教學(xué)樓。Thebuildingtobebuiltnextmonthisourclassroombuilding.下個(gè)月將要建造的樓是我們的教學(xué)樓。二、過去分詞作狀語過去分詞或過去分詞短語作狀語，表示被動(dòng)/完成的動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，修飾謂語，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、讓步、伴隨情況等。一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語，與句子的主語之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。１、表示時(shí)間，作時(shí)間狀語，相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語從句。從太空上看，地球是藍(lán)色的．Whenitisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.=Seenfromthespace,theearthlooksblue.２、表示條件，作條件狀語，相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句。這類句子的謂語動(dòng)詞往往用將來時(shí)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。留在冰箱里，這些蔬菜會保持新鮮的．Iftheyarekeptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.=Keptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.３、表示原因，作原因狀語，相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句。被這故事所感動(dòng)，孩子們哭了起來．Astheyweredeeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.=Deeplymovedbythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.４、表示讓步，作讓步狀語，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語從句。盡管被敵人打敗，他還是拒絕泄露秘密．Althoughhewasbeatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.=Beatenbytheenemy,herefusedtoletoutthesecret.５、表示行為方式或伴隨情況，相當(dāng)于并列復(fù)合句。她走出了房子，她的小女孩跟在后面Shewalkedoutofthehouse,andshewasfollowedbyherlittledaughter.=Shewalkedoutofthehouse,followedbyherlittledaughter.【注意1】過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，從句的邏輯主語，一般與主句的主語保持一致,其前面可以帶有相應(yīng)的連詞。連詞+主語+謂語+(賓語)，主語+謂語+(賓語)→（連詞）+非謂語+(賓語)，主語+謂語+(賓語)Whenyouaregivenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.=(When)givenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.主語一致：區(qū)別Seeingfromthehill,youwillfindthecitylookslikeabiggarden.Seenfromthehill,thecitylookslikeabiggarden.過去分詞作狀語的位置：過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，則要放在句首；如果它表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后，則要放在句尾。逗號隔開。Greatlymovedbythehero,shedecidedtostudyhard.(表示時(shí)間,原因,條件,讓步等的分詞短語多放句首)Tomwenthome,findingthedoorlocked.(表示結(jié)果，伴隨的分詞短語多放在句尾)【注意2】過去分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，如果不能和主句中的主語保持一致，該過去分詞必須有自己的邏輯主語，擔(dān)任獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。過去分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語中，常用作：狀語，用來表示時(shí)間，條件，原因，伴隨情況等。△ 連詞+主語+謂語+(賓語)，主語+謂語+(賓語)→主語+非謂語+(賓語)，主語+謂語+(賓語)Herushedintotheroom,andhisfacewascoveredwithsweat.=Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.(獨(dú)立主格表伴隨,保留其邏輯主語hisface)Asalltheirsavingsweregone,thecouplestartedlookingforjobs.=Alltheirsavingsgone,thecouplestartedlookingforjobs.(獨(dú)立主格表原因，保留其邏輯主語alltheirsavings)Whenthiswasdone,wewenthome.=Thisdone,wewenthome.(獨(dú)立主格表時(shí)間，保留其邏輯主語this)△分詞作狀語時(shí),如果其邏輯主語與整個(gè)句子的主語不一致時(shí),需要獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來替代。(此時(shí),也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。)with+賓語+過去分詞完成作業(yè)后，孩子們出去踢足球了。狀語從句：Aftertheirhomeworkwasfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.Afterthechildrenfinishedtheirhomework,theywentouttoplayfootball.介詞+動(dòng)名詞：Afterfinishingtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.現(xiàn)在分詞完成形式：Havingfinishedtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：Theirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Withtheirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)區(qū)別：Givenherinterestinchildren,teachingseemstherightjobforher.(given作介詞,考慮到;鑒于)Giventhatthepatientshavesomedisabilities,weshouldtryourbesttohelpthem.(giventhat作連詞，考慮到)Providedthatthepriceisright,wecanbuyeverythingyouproduce.(providedthat作連詞，只要，如果)注：在語言的發(fā)展過程中，有一些過去分詞(短語)在使用的過程中成為了固定結(jié)構(gòu)，當(dāng)使用這些固定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不需要分析它們與主語的關(guān)系(也就是其邏輯主語并不一定要與主句的主語一致)，就可以直接使用，如：providedthat...(只要，如果)，giventhat...(考慮到)?？谠E：分詞作狀語，主語是問題；逗號前后兩動(dòng)作，共用一主語；主語找出后，再來判關(guān)系；主動(dòng)-ing，被動(dòng)用-ed;havingdone/havingbeendone表先后三、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下三類：1.表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如：see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,notice,think等。(1)IheardthesongsunginEnglish.我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。(2)Hefoundhishometowngreatlychanged.他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。2.表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞。如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。(3)I'llhavemyhaircuttomorrow.明天我要理發(fā)。(4)Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.他昨天把牙拔了。(5)Don'tleavethosethingsundone.要把那些事情做完。3.表示“希望”、“要求”意義的動(dòng)詞。如：like,order,want,wish等。(6)Iwouldlikethismattersettledatonce.我希望此事立刻得到解決。(7)Iwishmyhomeworkfinishedbeforefiveo'clock.我希望5點(diǎn)前完成我的作業(yè)。過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示的意義。1.過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，其動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作。如例句(1)，過去分詞sung的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作heard；例句(2)，過去分詞changed的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作found。2.過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如例句(4)，動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是pullouthistooth；例句(6)，動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是settlethismatter。過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，要注意幾種情況。1.使役動(dòng)詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況。第一，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人完成。如：Hehadhismoneystolen.他的錢給偷了。（被別人偷去了）第二，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷。如：Hehadhislegbroken.他的腿斷了。（自己的經(jīng)歷）2.過去分詞在原句中作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，如果原句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，那么過去分詞就在新句中作主補(bǔ)了。如：Thebigfireisreportedcontrolled.據(jù)報(bào)道這場大火已經(jīng)得到控制。Themeetingroomwasfoundthouroughlycleanedandeverythingarrangedingoodorder.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)會議室被徹底打掃了，一切都布置得井井有條。四、過去分詞作表語（1）過去分詞作表語時(shí)，總是在連系動(dòng)詞之后，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受。分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子的主語構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。連系動(dòng)詞包括：①狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞be;②持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞：keep,leave，remain,stay,lie,stand等；③像系動(dòng)詞seem,appear,look等；④感官系動(dòng)詞：feel,smell,sound,taste等；⑤變化系動(dòng)詞：become,grow,turn,fall，get,go，come，run等；⑥終止系動(dòng)詞：prove，turnout等。e.g.Everyoneisveryinspiredathisspeech.Hegotlostintheforest.（2）過去分詞作表語時(shí)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別:“be+過去分詞”作表語時(shí)，表示狀態(tài)，是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，此時(shí)分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化；“be+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)，是被動(dòng)語態(tài)（主語為動(dòng)作承受者），且常常帶有時(shí)間狀語,方式狀語,或引出邏輯主語的“by”短語。Thedoorislocked(系表).ButIdon’tknowwhenitwaslocked(被動(dòng)).Thebookiswellwritten(系表).Thebookwaswrittenbyafamousactor(被動(dòng))。（3）那些形容詞特征明顯的過去分詞常?？梢杂米鞅碚Z，例如:amused愉快的，delighted高興的，disappointed失望的，worried擔(dān)憂的，interested感興趣的，tired疲勞的，pleased高興的，satisfied滿意的，excited興奮的，surprised吃驚的，broken破碎的，closed關(guān)閉的，crowded擁擠的，experienced有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，lost丟失的，gone遺失的，married已婚的（4）表示“感覺狀態(tài)”的v-ing和v-ed作表語時(shí)和定語時(shí),在用法上是有區(qū)別的。一般來說表示“令人感到…的”都是動(dòng)詞-ing形式;表示“感到…”都是用動(dòng)詞-ed形式。常見的有：interesting令人感到有興趣的；有趣的;astonishing令人吃驚的exciting令人興奮的interested感到有興趣的astonished感到吃驚的excited感到興奮的frightening令人害怕的puzzling令人迷惑的satisfying令人滿意的frightened感到害怕的puzzled感到迷惑的satisfied感到滿意的moving令人感動(dòng)的pleasing令人高興的worrying令人擔(dān)心的moved受到感動(dòng)的pleased感到高興的worried感到擔(dān)心的試比較：Thenewsyoutoldmeisverydisappointing.Iwasdisappointedatthenewsyoutoldme.e)注意：修飾人的音容笑貌(voice,look,smile,expression)，并說明本人感到…的內(nèi)心感覺的，用v-ed.e.g.Shehasapleasedlookonherface.（她感到高興，呈現(xiàn)出高興的面容，而不是令人滿意的面容）Theteachergaveusasatisfiedsmile.(老師感到滿意，呈現(xiàn)出滿意的微笑，而不是令人滿意的微笑)【真題演練】1．(2022全國甲卷)InspiredbytheBeltandRoadForumforInternationalCooperation___________(hold)inBeijing,Caodecidedtocovertheroutebyhikingasatribute(致敬)totheancientSilkRoad.2．（2022年全國乙卷）"Itcanhelptobuildacommunitywitha________（share）futureformankind,"hesaid.3．(2021年北京卷)Therehavebeenadramaticriseinthenumberofextremeweathereventsoverthepast20years,________(cause)largelybyrisingglobaltemperatures,accordingtoanewreportfromtheUnitedNations.4．(2020年北京卷)Apieceofstone__________(find)onaDutchbeachsuggeststhatourextincthumanrelatives,knownasNeanderthals,wereclevererthanpreviouslythought.5．Livinginrooms________（equip）withairconditioners,manypeopledon'tevenfeelthechangesintheseason.6．________(paint)byLeonardodaVinciintheyears1503-1506,theMonaLisaisamysteriousmasterpiece.7．____________(lose)indeepthought,hisheadhitagainstatree.8．_________(adapt)fromMama'sBankAccount,theshortstorydescribesamother'sloveforherchildren.9．________（bury）inthesandwasanancientvillage.10．When________(ask)aboutthesecretofhissuccess,StevenSpielbergsaidthatheowedmuchofhissuccessandhappinesstohiswifeandchildren.11．________(give)moreattention,theaccidentcouldhavebeenavoided.12．________(shock)bythebadnews,shebrokeintotears.13．________(see)fromthetopofthehill,theschoollookslikeabiggarden.（所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空)14．Stevearrivedandsatinthefrontrow,________（surround）byhisfamily.15．________(affect)byahighfever,hecontinuedwithhiswork.16．________（bite）bytheoldman'sdog,heisafraidtoapproachhishouse.17．________(leave)aloneathome,Jennydidn’tfeelafraidatall.18．________(criticise)bytheteacher,thegirlwasveryupset.19．Time,________(use)correctly,ismoneyinthebank.20．________(follow)byhisstudents,theteacherwentintothelab.21．Witheverything________(arrange)forhisfamily,hewenttothefronttoprepareforsettingupaman-madesatellite.22．________(decorate)withbeautifulChristmasgifts,thetreelooksmorebeautiful.23．Thehospital________(attach)tothemedicalcollegenearbyisbeingbuilt.24．Amajorsearchisunderwaytofindthe________(escape)prisoners.25．Ifyouhavesomething________(want),Iwillbuyitforyou.26．________(occupy)inlookingafterherthreechildren,shehasnoleisureactivities.27．Wespenthoursreading,________(seat)onthestore’soldbutcomfortablefurniture.28．Withtheattention________(focus)onthetask,theyhadnotimetogototheparty.

29．________(base)ondifferentconditions,differentruleshavebeenmadeinthisschool.30．Thereport________(publish)todaysayspoorcountrieswillexperiencemoreflooding,decliningfoodproductionandmorediseases.31．Harryatetwocookiesandkepthiseyes________（fix）onmineuntilIgavehimhalf.32．Rescuersfoundvictims________(trap)severalfeetunderground.33．MydoctorsaidIshouldhavemyeyes________(test)every2years.34．Heneededtohavesomepaperwork__________(deliver)acrossthecountrythenextday.35．MrSmithsuggestedagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglish__________(improve)inashortperiod.36．Hebelongstoateam________(make)upof15members.37．________(inspire)bytheteachersfromsmallvillages,ZhangTianappliedforandbecameavolunteerteacher.38．________（compare）withotherpeople,youareluckyenough.39．________(accompany)byhisdog,theoldmaniswalkinginthepark.40．Thedog,________(train)properly,willbemadeagood