2025屆高考英語(yǔ)二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)與測(cè)試專題七概要寫作第二講定主體依邏輯精準(zhǔn)把脈

第二講定主體，依邏輯，精準(zhǔn)把脈一、文體意識(shí)解讀1．審題要素審題體裁說(shuō)明文議論文記敘文時(shí)態(tài)一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)混合時(shí)態(tài)主題主題句要點(diǎn)歸納段落大意2.不同文體運(yùn)用不同的概括方法(1)說(shuō)明文的文體特征說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物客觀說(shuō)明的一種文體，目的在于闡明原理、介紹知識(shí)和敘述事物。常見的寫作順序空間順序介紹事物空間結(jié)構(gòu)的順序(從上到下；從外到內(nèi)；從整體到局部)時(shí)間順序介紹事物發(fā)展的先后順序邏輯順序描述事物的性質(zhì)、功能針對(duì)現(xiàn)象提出解決方法或措施介紹現(xiàn)象及其原因常見的說(shuō)明方法下定義(definition)分類別(classification)舉例子(example)做比較(comparison&contrast)引用(quotation)打比方(metaphor)說(shuō)明文的結(jié)構(gòu)開頭段要說(shuō)明的對(duì)象中間段說(shuō)明事物、現(xiàn)象的性質(zhì)、功能或提出解決方法結(jié)尾段呼應(yīng)首段，對(duì)應(yīng)主題[概括方法]說(shuō)明文是高考英語(yǔ)概要寫作最常用的體裁。關(guān)注段首或段尾，找到中心句，并進(jìn)行精練概括；中間段落需針對(duì)被說(shuō)明對(duì)象的不同方面展開說(shuō)明。(2)議論文的文體特征議論文對(duì)事件、現(xiàn)象或問(wèn)題表達(dá)自己的看法、主張或觀點(diǎn)。常見的議論文：讀后感、演說(shuō)、序言、書評(píng)議論文的三要素：論點(diǎn)(topic)、論據(jù)(argument)、論證(demonstration)常見的論證方式：舉例論證(example)、道理論證(reason)、對(duì)比論證(comparison&contrast)、比喻論證(metaphor)、引用論證(quotation)、歸納論證(induction)、正反論證(prosandcons)[概括方法]首先要找出文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)與論證。然后畫出主題句或結(jié)論句，分析句際邏輯，提煉主次信息。議論文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的觀點(diǎn)，需注意不能漏掉其中任何一種觀點(diǎn)。(3)記敘文的文體特征記敘文往往敘述人物的經(jīng)歷或者事物的發(fā)展變化。記敘文的六要素：時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、過(guò)程(how)[概括方法]人物(who)與事件(what)是記敘文的重點(diǎn)。如果是夾敘夾議文，需注意在總結(jié)要點(diǎn)時(shí)，加上作者自己的觀點(diǎn)。3．解題方法(1)識(shí)別文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和主旨大意；(2)分析句際邏輯，提煉主次信息(主題句＋重要信息)；(3)使用自己的語(yǔ)言合并主次信息，使之成為要點(diǎn)句；(4)適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂镁溟g銜接詞。二、增分技巧展示三、解題方法呈現(xiàn)1．明問(wèn)題定時(shí)態(tài)2．抓主旨勾勒結(jié)構(gòu)eq\a\vs4\al(遞進(jìn)或并列式——,必寫信息)eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(各段落主旨大意,各段落主旨大意的支持句))eq\a\vs4\al(總·分,總·分·總,分·總)eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(\a\vs4\al(主要信息,（必寫）)\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(全文主旨大意,各段落主旨大意)),\a\vs4\al(次要信息,（選寫）)\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(支撐各段落主旨大意,的信息,選擇最主要、最容易,概括的信息))))3．篩主干提取關(guān)鍵詞4．替換表達(dá)變?cè)~性——轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~性進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述低變高——將普通表達(dá)變?yōu)楦呒?jí)表達(dá)長(zhǎng)變短eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(復(fù)合句變?yōu)楹?jiǎn)單句,短語(yǔ)變?yōu)閱卧~或句子變?yōu)槎陶Z(yǔ)))多變少——將詳細(xì)具體的描述變?yōu)楦爬ɑ\統(tǒng)的表達(dá)主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)——主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)5．連貫成文恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用過(guò)渡銜接詞(1)順序firstly...secondly...thirdly...finally；tobeginwith...then...further...finally；tostartwith...next...inaddition...finally；ontheonehand...ontheotherhand；foronething...foranother(thing)等(2)并列notonly...butalso...,either...or...,aswellas等(3)對(duì)比onthecontrary、nevertheless、however、comparedwith/to、incomparisonwith等(4)遞進(jìn)besides、what'smore、moreover、furthermore、inaddition、additionally、what'sworse、moreimportantly、mostimportantly等(5)因果thanksto、asaresult、resultfrom、becauseof/dueto/owingto等(6)總結(jié)inaword、inconclusion、inbrief、inshort、onthewhole、tosumup、toconclude、intheend等四、優(yōu)秀元素必背1．導(dǎo)入句①Asurvey/Anexperiment/Aninvention/Aresearch...finds/discovers/proves/shows...②Accordingtoarecentsurvey/experiment/invention...③Accordingtoexperts/specialists/Dr.White...④Experts/Specialists/Researchers...say...⑤Itisexpectedthat...⑥Hopefully...2．同義詞塊concentrateon—focusoninsteadof—ratherthanadifficultjob—achallengingjobatlast—eventuallysetoffhome—headhomeasurprisingpicture—anamazingsightgreatprogress—majorprogressbeveryinteresting—bealotoffunafewdays—acoupleofdayshaveanidea—comeupwithanideahaveagoodtime—haveajoyfultime3．過(guò)渡詞similarly、actually、meanwhile、ontheotherhand、besides/moreover/also、despite/inspiteof、becauseof/dueto/owingto/thanksto/asaconsequenceof...4．高級(jí)詞匯替換增分表原詞替換詞1about關(guān)于concerning、regarding、relatedto、relevantto2actually事實(shí)上infact、asamatteroffact、inreality3aimat旨在beaimedto、beaimedat、beintendedto、bemeantto4appear出現(xiàn)turnup、showup5approach靠近，臨近c(diǎn)omenear、drawnear6besides而且，另外additionally、inaddition、what'smore、moreover、furthermore7beproudof為……感到驕傲/自豪takepridein8energetic精力充沛的fullofenergy9havefun玩得開心enjoyoneself、haveagoodtime10hold舉行takeplace11honor/honour紀(jì)念inhonor/honourof12clever聰明的intelligent、wise、smart、bright、brilliant13inaword總之a(chǎn)llinall、inconclusion、inshort、toconclude、tosumup14intheend最后finally、eventually、attheendof15inthebeginning開始atthestartof五、解題流程示范閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal，”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.[解題流程]本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了如何有效表?yè)P(yáng)孩子的問(wèn)題。文章結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，論點(diǎn)明確。第1步：初讀語(yǔ)篇找主題句→全文主題句和段落主題句第2步：再精讀→抓關(guān)鍵詞，為組織語(yǔ)言保駕護(hù)航1．第一段要點(diǎn)：parents,gototheoppositeextreme,toomuchpraise2．第二段要點(diǎn)：not,praise,damaging3．第三段要點(diǎn)：focuson,nottheoutcome，givepraise，process4．第四段要點(diǎn)：praisehiseffort,regardlessof,theoutcome,theamountofeffort,putinto第3步：試改寫→不要全盤照抄原文句子，盡量用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)1．第一段指出：Thepastdecadeshavewitnessedtheshiftofparentingfrombeingtoostricttooverpraising．2．第二段指出：Yet,bothtoomuchandtoolittlepraisecanbeequallydamaging．3．第三段指出：Whengivingpraise,parentsshouldbesincereandconcentrateontheprocessinsteadoftheresult．4．第四段指出：Similarly,theyoughttogivepraiseforhowmuchefforttheirkidshaveinvestedintheworkthey'reinvolvedin.第4步：再修改→查看各段落要點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系和銜接情況，使語(yǔ)篇更連貫Howtopraiseourkidsisreallyasensitiveproblem.Expertsbelievethattoomuchpraiseorpraisingthekidsinawrongwaymayhaveoppositeeffectsonchildren.(要點(diǎn)1)However,nopraisealsodoesharmtokids'development.(要點(diǎn)2)Togainthebestresult,ourpraiseshouldfocusontheprocessratherthantheresult.(要點(diǎn)3)Similarly,theyoughttogivepraiseforhowmuchefforttheirkidshaveinvestedintheworkthey'reinvolvedin.(要點(diǎn)4)Writing1閱讀下面的短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Withthedevelopmentofthecomputer,virtualreality(虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí))stepsinourlife.Ifsomethingisvirtual,thenitiscreatedbycomputertechnologyandappearsasifitwerereal.VRisacomputersystemwithaspecialheadset(耳機(jī)).Whenyouputontheheadset,youwilllookattwotinytelevisionscreens.Theyaresoclosetoyoureyesasifyouseejustonepictureandyouwillbelievethatyouhaveenteredadifferentworld.Inmanysystems,youalsowearspecialgloves.Withtheglovesyoucanreachoutandtouchthingsintheunrealworld.ThefirstVRgames,whichhavealreadybeensoldaroundtheworld,enableyoutodriveasportscar,flyaplane,orfightanenemy.Inthefuture,itmaybedifficulttotellthevirtualworldofthegamesfromtherealworldoutside.However,VRisnotjustforentertainment.Oneday,delightedchildrenwillbeabletolearnhistorybyvisitingthepyramidsofEgypt.Inaddition,businesseswillbeabletouseVRformanytasks.Pilotwillbeabletopractiseflyingvirtualplanesbeforetheygointotheair.VRcanhelpusimprovetheworldinhundredsofways.However,somepeoplehavewarnedthattherecouldbedangers.Itmightbedangerousifwedosomethingwrong,orifpeopledonotwanttoreturntorealitybecauseitissaferthanreallife.Besides,wewillforgethowtoliveandworkwithrealpeople.TherewillbesomeproblemswithVR,asitisnewforus.However,onethingisforsure:VRisheretostay.Getreadytostepintoanotherworld!________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Virtualrealityisacomputersystemwithaspecialheadsetandspecialgloves,whichenablespeopletoenteranunrealworld.(要點(diǎn)1)Itcanbeappliedtomanyfields,suchas,entertainment,education,businessandtrainingpilots.(要點(diǎn)2)However,itmightbedangerousifpeopledon'tuseitproperly.(要點(diǎn)3)Inconclusion,nomatterwhatproblemsitbrings,itissuretobepartofpeople'slifeinthenearfuture.(要點(diǎn)4)Writing2閱讀下面的短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Somepeopledoubttheaccuracyandreliabilityofthefacialrecognitiontechnology.Theydon'tneedtoworryaboutthat，becausethetechnologyishighlyadvanced.Itcandistinguishahumanfacewithorwithoutglasses.Testsshowithasaprecisionrateofmorethan99percent.Somearguethatthefingerprintoriris(虹膜)recognitionsystemisperhapsmoreaccuratethanthefacialrecognitionsystem.True，butforirisrecognition，apersonhastoholdhisorherheadstillandlookatthecamera，whichistime-consumingandthusnotsuitableforpublicspacessuchassubwaystations.Andthefingerprintrecognitionsystemisnotsosecure，assomepeoplecancheatthesystembycopyingandusingthefingerprintsofotherpeopletoenterorexitastation.Facialrecognitionisarathermaturesystem.Afacialrecognitionsystemcollectspeople'sfacialimagesfromdifferentangles,insteadofone,andthereforeminimizesthechanceofcheating.Actually，itisalreadybeingappliedinmanyfieldssuchasunlockingsmartphonesandcomputers.Besides，facialrecognitiontechnologycanalsohelpthepolicetohuntescapedcriminalsinpublicspaces.However,thelawsaysacitizen'sphotoshouldnotbecollectedforcommercialusewithouthisorherpermission.Toavoidsuchlegalrisks，somemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethecollectionofpassengerinformation.First，companiesmustensurethecollectedfacialimagesareonlyforpublicconvenience，andwillneverbeusedforothercommercialpurposes，suchasadvertisements.Second，companiesmusttakenecessarymeasurestomakesurenotevenasingleoneisleakedorsoldtoanythirdpartywithoutthepassenger'spermission.Generally，advancedtechnologiesarewelcometobeusedinpublicspaces，butpeople'srightsmustberespected，atleasttoavoidlegalrisks.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Facialrecognitiontechnologyishighlyreliableandaccurate.(要點(diǎn)1)Comparedwiththefingerprintoririsrecognitionsystem，itwellsuitspublicspacesandismoresecure.(要點(diǎn)2)Themulti-angledimageslessenthepossibilityofcheating,andthesystemisefficientlyemployedinmanyfields,includingsmartphones,computersandcrime-solving.(要點(diǎn)3)However，toprotectprivacy,facialimagesmustbecollectedwithpermissionandwellprotected.(要點(diǎn)4)專題強(qiáng)化練(二十六)Writing1閱讀下面的短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2024·江門一模)Wateringiskeytogrowingplantswell,soherewelookathowtogetitjustright.Thismeansnotonlyprovidingthewaterourgardensneedbutusingitwisely.WaterisapreciousresourceandwatersuppliesintheUKareunderpressurefromtheeffectsofclimatechange,populationincreaseandtheneedtoprotecttheenvironment.Generally,severalaspectsneedtobeconsidered.WhentowaterWaterinthemornings,ifyoucan,asthisiswhenthesuncomesupandplantsstarttotranspire(蒸騰)insunlight,drawingwaterfromthesoil,throughtheirroots,uptheirstemsandtotheirleaves.Eveningwateringisalsofine,asthecoolerconditionsmeanlesswaterislosttoevaporation(蒸發(fā)).Wateringintheheatofthedayisnotagoodidea,asmuchwaterislostthroughevaporationfromthesurfaceofthesoil.Plantswillusewatermoreefficientlyifwateredinthecoolerpartsoftheday.HowtowaterWateringthoroughlymatters.Ithelpsgetthewaterdowntothedeeperroottipswhereit'sneeded.But,equallyimportant,thesoildoesn'thavetobereallywetallthetimebecauseplants'rootsneedairaswellaswatertogrowwell.Otherwise,theremightbenoflowerorfruit,andevenaworseresultmightcomealong.OthertipsTousewaterinthemosteconomicalway,it'sgoodtolearndifferentplants'wateringrequirements.Forexample,acontainerplantinhotsunnyweathermayneedwateringdaily,whereasamatureshrubmightonlyneedadrinkinextremedrought.Annualflowersandvegetablesproducedinthespringarelikelytoneedmorewateringthanself-sownorautumngrownplantsastheyhavenewandshallowrootsystems.So,don'ttreatalltheplantsinthesameway.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：Itisnecessarythatwewaterright,whichmeansprovidingthewaterourgardensneedandusingitwisely.(要點(diǎn)1)Youshouldwaterinthemorningwhenthesuncomesupandplantsstarttotranspireinsunlight,drawingwaterfromthesoil.(要點(diǎn)2)Youshouldwaterthoroughly,whichhelpsgetthewaterdowntothedeeperroottips.(要點(diǎn)3)Tousewaterinaneconomicalway,it'sgoodtolearndifferentplants'wateringrequirements.(要點(diǎn)4)Writing2閱讀下面的短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2024·廣州二模)Withtravelandtheenvironmentinthenewssomuchlately,you'veprobablyheardthewordecotourism.Astravelersbecomemoreawareoftheireffectontheplanetandwanttodotheirparttomakeadifference,ecotourismhasreallytakenoff.Whatisecotourism?Thedefinitionisn'tashardtodetermineasyoumightthink.AccordingtotheInternationalEcotourismSociety,itisdefinedas“responsibletraveltonaturalareasthatprotectstheenvironmentandsustainsthewell-beingofthelocalpeople”.Tobesimple,it'stravelthathasapositiveeffectonadestination'secologyandeconomy.Ecotourismletstravelersparticipateinactivitiesthatbenefittheenvironment.Forexample,travelerscanactascitizenscientistsinplacesaroundtheworld,includingnationalparksanddivesites,tohelpdoresearchandcollectdata.Meanwhile,ecotourismhelpslocalcommunitiestodowellandbecomesuccessfulandstrong.Th