大學英語四級考試模擬卷二（帶答案）

大學英語四級考試模擬卷二

（總分：32.00,做題時間：130分鐘）

一、問答題（總題數(shù)：2,分數(shù)：2.00）

l.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents

無（分數(shù)：1.00）

正確答案：(高分范文

IheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents

Eachyearthereareagrowingnumberofcollegestudentscommittingsuicidewhen

confrontedwithsetbacksandfrustration,whichsuggeststhatfrustrationeducationis

extremelyimportantforcollegestudents.

Firstofall,whatcannotbeignoredisthatmostcollegestudentswhoarefarawayfrom

theirfamiliesneedtofacechallengesaloneandmayeasilygetconfusedandfrustrated.Thus,

strengtheningfrustrationeducationcanhelpthembecomestrong-mindedandteachthem

howtodealwithsetbacks.Secondly,collegeguidanceonhowtocorrectlydealwithnegative

emotionsisbeneficialtostudents'mentalhealthandencouragesthemtotakeapositive

attitudetowardstheirschoollife.Moreover,frustrationisinevitableinourlives.lfcollege

studentsdonotlearnhowtocopewithitwhentheyareyoung,theymayencountermore

problemsintheirfuturecareers,suchaslackofconfidence,difficultiesingettingalongwell

withothersandunwillingnesstotrynewthings,whichcertainlywiIIbecomeobstaclesto

theirsuccess.

Inshort,frustrationeducationcanbringgreatbenefitstostudents,whichshouldnotbe

neglectedatcollege.)

解析：

2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的

歷史。幾百年來，昆曲在上海及長江三角洲下游地區(qū)發(fā)展繁榮。從16世紀到18世紀，

昆曲一直主宰著中國戲曲。此外，昆曲還影響了許多其他的中國戲曲形式。例如，在京

劇里，我們可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，聯(lián)合國教科文組織宣布昆曲為“人類口述

和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作”。

無(分數(shù):1.00)

正確答案：(參考譯文

KunquOperaisoneofthemostveneratedformsoftraditionalChineseoperawitha

historyofmorethan600years.Forhundredsofyears,ithasprosperedinShanghaiand

aroundthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.KunquOperadominatedChineseopera

fromthe16thtothe18thcentury.lnaddition,KunquOperahasalsoexertedinfluenceon

manyotherformsofChineseopera.Forexample,Kunquelementsarestilldiscerniblein

PekingOpera.In2001,UNESCOdedaredKunquOperaamasterpieceoftheoraland

intangibleculturalheritageofhumanity.)

解析：

二、單選題(總題數(shù)：30,分數(shù)：30.00)

3.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod——makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處26.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.techniqueV

解析：空格前出現(xiàn)了不定冠詞和形容詞，故應填入名詞。由上文可知，行為激活療

法是針對抑郁癥的一種治療方法，且第二段也出現(xiàn)了approach“方法”，故填入O)

technique”方法，技巧”。

4.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition*Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處27.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

□,collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linkedJ

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于系動詞之后，從語法上來說填入名詞、形容詞和動詞分詞形式都說

得通，但空格前出現(xiàn)了由and連接的平行結構，由此推測文章是在講人的行為和感受之

間的關系。由下文可知，治療師可以利用患者重視的事物對其行為進行干預和修正，

可知行為和感受之間是相互聯(lián)系的，故填入G)linked。

5.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily?for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處28.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.scheduleV

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格前出現(xiàn)了encourage和to,由此可知需要填入動詞原形構成不定式，作

賓語補足語。結合空格后的adailywalk“每天散步”可推測，這里應填入L)schedule

“安排，計劃”。H)range用作動詞時，放在此處雖然也符合語法，但它指的是按照一定

位置或順序給某物進行位置上的排列或排序，放在這里不符合句意，故排除。

6.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards>a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處29.應填

無(分數(shù):1.00)

A.access

B.altemativeV

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于不定冠詞之后，應填入名詞?？崭窈蟪霈F(xiàn)了negativepastimes”消

極的消遣方式”，而空格所在從句中的引導詞which代指的是前面主句的內(nèi)容，即“治

療師可能鼓勵病人安排每天都和孫兒一起去公園散散步”，這是一種積極的消遣方式，

由此可知，前后是兩種完全不同的選擇，故填入B)alternative,它可以搭配介詞to,

表示“可供選擇的事物”。A)access"進入權，使用權”雖然也能和介詞to搭配使用，

但放在這里意思就變成了“接觸更消極的消遣方式”，不符合語境，故排除。

7.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處30.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

Rjunior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorousJ

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于more之后、名詞短語scientificevidence之前，最有可能填入形容

詞。根據(jù)句意“雖然行為激活療法已經(jīng)存在了幾十年……但我們需要更……的科學證據(jù)

去評估其作為一種獨立方法的相對優(yōu)勢。”修飾“科學證據(jù)”，填入K)rigorous“嚴謹?shù)模?/p>

嚴格的”最為合適，故為答案。

8.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy>a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處31.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaborationJ

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于冠詞和介詞之間，應填入名詞。后面出現(xiàn)了18researchers,故推測

填入D)collaboration”合作，協(xié)作”,表示這項研究是由18名研究人員共同完成的。arange

of表示“一系列的”，側(cè)重強調(diào)范圍廣，種類多，不用來修飾人，故排除H)。

9.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterlfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began,As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處32.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assignedV

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于代詞they之后，且這句話缺少謂語，故應填入動詞。因為研究已

經(jīng)完成了，故進一步明確應填入動詞的過去式，且該動詞可以和介詞to搭配使用，符

合這些要求的只有C)assigned,assignsb.tosth.表示“把某人分配到某個任務或崗位”,

放在這里符合句意，意為“將440名抑郁癥患者分配到為期16周的兩種治療方法中”。

E)involved一般和介詞in搭配使用，故排除。

lO.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition;Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處33.應填

無(分數(shù)：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

□.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealedV

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：as當連詞使用時可引導非限制性定語從句，代指前面或后面的一整句話，這

種從句中通常會把it和系動詞省略，而直接寫成“as+過去分詞”的形式?？崭窈竺娉?/p>

現(xiàn)了團隊的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由此可知這里的as代指的是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，故填入間/ealed,

這句話的完整版本是"AsitwasrevealedinapaperpublishedintheLancet.…"，意為“正

如發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》上的一篇論文顯示的那樣……

ll.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily?for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處34.應填

無(分數(shù):1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.juniorJ

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于名詞短語healthworkers之前，應填入形容詞。由本段破折號后的

內(nèi)容可知，行為激活療法比認知行為療法成本低得多，因為認知行為療法需耍高度專業(yè)

的治療師，由此推測行為激活療法并不需要特別專業(yè)的人員。根據(jù)空格后面的內(nèi)容可知,

這些醫(yī)療，作者還需要接受短期的培訓，由此可知他們是資歷比較淺的或者沒看什么經(jīng)

驗的，符合此意思的只有F)junior,表示“(地位、職位、級別)較低的

12.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began,As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白處35.應填

無(分數(shù):1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantlyV

□.technique

解析：空格位于形容詞比較級cheaper之前，應填入副詞來修飾。根據(jù)句意可知，

這里需要填入一個程度副詞來修飾cheaper,表示“便宜得多"，故填入N)significantly

“顯著地，極大地”。全文并未提及行為激活療法只在特定的時間或情況下成本低于認

知行為療法，故排除I)regularly"定期地，有規(guī)律地”。

13.UniversalHealthCare,Worldwide,IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000the

numberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf,tO5.6m.Life

expectancyhasreached71,againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverare

vaccinated.Malaria,TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffers

hasperhapsneverbeenwiderAtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorld

HealthOrganizationdeemsessentialjndudingantenatal,(產(chǎn)前的)care,insecticide-treated

bednets,screeningforcervicalcancer(子宮頸癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白

喉)，tetanus(破傷風)andwhoopingcough.Safe,basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bn

people.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800m

peoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180m

spendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.Instudiesof

consultationsinruralIndianclinics,just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.That

isaterriblewasteAsthisweek'sspecialreportshows,thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcare

issensible,affordableandpractical,eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit,thepotentialof

modemmedicinewillbesquandered.

(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat,say,universalbasiceducation

issensible一becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarters

theveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure,becauseitsuggests

paternalism(家長式統(tǒng)治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealth

insuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor,theyoungtosubsidisetheoldand

thehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeople

topay>throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.

(E)Butthereisaprincipled,liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthis

somethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfull

individualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsof

inaccessible?expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetan

educationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullof

disease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudiestconfidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.

(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary,treatment.Healthcareisa

labour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,paidrelativelylittlecompared

withdoctorsandnurses,canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadya

lotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria,for

example,morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.More

servicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney-andtheriskoffallingill-werepooled.

(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjotted

onthebackofprescriptionpads.ltissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.Chileand

CostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhave

similarlifeexpectancies.ThaiIandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,andyethas

outcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy,forexample,

isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealth

insuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000live

birthsin2000tounder3Ulastyear

(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.ltisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassing

onthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexam