專題09 閱讀理解長難句及C篇考點揭秘（解析版） -【高頻考點解密】2024年高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)高頻考點追蹤與預(yù)測（上海專用）

專題09閱讀理解長難句及C篇考點揭秘01專題網(wǎng)絡(luò)·思維腦圖02考情分析·解密高考03高頻考點·以考定法04核心素養(yǎng)·微專題05創(chuàng)新好題·分層練高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英語閱讀C篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外．就是文中句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，攙雜了大量的長難句，對長難句的理解會直接影響我們的閱讀水平。那么如何破解閱讀理解中的長難句？長難句構(gòu)成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)帶有較多成分的簡單句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多個從句的復(fù)合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒裝句、強調(diào)句考點一：簡單句中包含有復(fù)雜的修飾成分【考例】Swimmingpools，winetasting，andpinksunsets（atnormaleveninghours，not4intheafternoon）filledtheweekend，butthebestpart—particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables—wasa7a.m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmersmarketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall.分析：第二個分句的主語“thebestpart”后帶修飾成分“particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables”，表語“a7a.m.adventure”后，帶修飾成分“totheSarasotafarmersmarket和thatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall”?？键c二：.兩個句子成分之間被插入語等分隔。【考例】DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight，myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrownsGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty，anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton，where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.分析：先行詞JackDusty和定語從句“where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight”之間插入同位語“anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton”?？键c三：從句套從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣?！究祭縄twascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint，thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons—anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates，makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.分析：主語從句中包含一個主從復(fù)合句?？键c四：某些特殊句式或特殊語法現(xiàn)象?！究祭縏odayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess，givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.分析：本句考查了V-ing形式作狀語和虛擬語氣的用法。找謂語，定主語一般情況下，一個謂語形式的動詞對應(yīng)其動作的發(fā)出者（主語），我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞，則該句可以是并列句或復(fù)合句（并列謂語動詞的情況除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment---althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【簡析】此句中的謂語形式的動詞及其對應(yīng)的主語有：wasopposed--he;ordered--he;(should)notbeused---federal--funds;hadproposed---noone;asked--he(asked前面有and,說明asked與前面某個謂語動詞并列，根據(jù)邏輯意義asked應(yīng)與ordered并列)。這一句的主干為“heordered...asked....”,“Declaringthat...”作狀語。句意：他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的蓄牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類，并下令不準聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗——盡管還沒有人建議這么做——他還請一個普林斯頓大學(xué)校長HaroldShapiro為首的獨立專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。提主干，去枝葉（從句等）一般情況下，一個句子中的主句所表達的信息為主要信息，從句所表達的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導(dǎo)致思維混亂，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【簡析】本句夾雜分詞短語、動名詞及兩個定語從句。“FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFormatinthe17thcentury”為過去分詞短語作狀語;“including...”為介詞短語作狀語;“whomade...andwhohadto...”為兩個并列的定語從句，修飾aFrenchwomanscientist。所以句子的主干為thetheoremhadbaffled

andbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds此為主要信息。句意：這個定理，先是由十七世紀法國數(shù)學(xué)家PierredeFormat提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難，其中包括一個法國女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進展。為了能夠在Eco-labPolytechnique理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)她曾女扮男裝。尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復(fù)合句。而這些并列句或復(fù)合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果我們找準這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長句就容易對付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【簡析】“whereas”提示前后對比;notunusual=usual;not...until...直到……才……。句意：一個女人最親密的女性朋友最可能是第一個告訴她離開一次失敗的婚姻的人;而聽見一個男人說，直到他的朋友一天晚上問他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，這是很平常的事?？创钆?，防隔離有時一個長句或難句是由一個或多個搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對句意的理解就會發(fā)生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【簡析】其實本句是一個“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語”句型“make+賓語+賓補”，即“使……成為……”，只不過賓語和賓補被“tosomedegree”隔開而已。句意：一些公司把生產(chǎn)的衛(wèi)生的、安全的產(chǎn)品，從某種程度上說，當(dāng)作他們的賣點，并在廣告中強調(diào)這一點。關(guān)鍵詞，抓線索有時某些句子句意模糊，讀者理不清頭緒，這時讀者只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意。總之，在碰到長句和難句時，要根據(jù)實際情況靈活運用上述方法，在平時閱讀過程中要加強對長句和難句的句法分析訓(xùn)練。有時要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【簡析】本句夾雜多種語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而且包含對比。句子的主干為“Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods，meatinparticular”;“dependingon...”為分詞短語作狀語;“whetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked”作dependingon的賓語;“which”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句指代上述內(nèi)容“thefact”后為其同位語，即同位語從句說明fact的具體內(nèi)容。句意：我們甚至對某些食物用不同的單詞表達，特別是肉類，這取決于它是長在田野時，還是在家里準備煮著吃，這就表明一個事實，即薩克森農(nóng)民在農(nóng)田干活，而上層階級的諾曼人在大口地吃。長難句分析除障礙---結(jié)構(gòu)分析法高考閱讀理解和完形填空文章一般會有一些結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子，增加了句子的長度和難度，干擾了學(xué)生正常的閱讀速度和思維方式，其實，長難句并不可怕，在正確劃分句子成分的基礎(chǔ)上，運用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁為簡、化長為短。一、長難句的常見形式1．復(fù)合句這些句子往往較長，一個從句套著另一個從句。其實，不管句子有多長、多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)(如：Iwantaticket.)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(如：Themanisateacher.)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。應(yīng)通過仔細分析，將每個修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。Iurgeyoutocontactyourstatelegislatorstomovethislegislationforwardsothatthisweekendwillbeoneofthelasttimeswhenwehaveto“fallback”．分析此句的主語為I，謂語是urge,sothat引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。在結(jié)果狀語從句中when引導(dǎo)定語從句。2．分隔結(jié)構(gòu)高考試題中出現(xiàn)較多的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象?！癟heresultsareprettyexciting—stronglevelsofreductions—butthereclearlyaregoingtobethingstobelearnedfromtheareaswherethereductionsarenotasgreat.”saidPennStateUniversityprofessorElizabethMcGraw.提醒分析長難句時務(wù)必注意這些非限制性修飾成分，它們打斷了原來的行文邏輯，插入補充了一些額外的信息。3．成分省略或倒裝在英語句子中，用詞簡潔是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。有時為了強調(diào)句子表達的重心，對句子進行倒裝。Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.分析此句正常語序為：Bytheendofthecentury,ifitisnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.二、長難句突破策略通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握句子的基本框架的基本步驟是：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子的附屬成分。方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法——找主謂語，即找主干成分較復(fù)雜單句在高考試卷中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，所以應(yīng)引起同學(xué)們的足夠重視。Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence,acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.分析主語是Akeyskill，謂語是is，表語是persistence,acharacteristic是同位語，解釋說明persistence。that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋名詞characteristic。方法二：并列復(fù)合句的處理方法——找并列連詞Therewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid,butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.分析句中的but是并列連詞，連接兩個并列單句。方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法——找從屬連詞Akeyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.分析該句主語是Akeyfinding,that引導(dǎo)表語從句，從句中含有which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，修飾名詞persistence。方法四：并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法——先讀懂并列復(fù)合句，再看主從復(fù)合句“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecoloroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”分析but引導(dǎo)兩個并列的主從復(fù)合句，but前的主從復(fù)合句中是before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，該從句中show后是that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句；but后的主從復(fù)合句中，主語是thechange，謂語是willbe,that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，解釋說明名詞signals的內(nèi)容?！鹃L難句】1.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為簡單句。主干為Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'ability。目的狀語todistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressions，方式狀語byshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimages，后置定語totallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining修飾名詞images.【翻譯】研究人員隨后測試了狗辨別人類面部表情的能力，方法是在與訓(xùn)練時使用的圖像完全不同的圖像上向狗展示人的另一半面部表情。2.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句。主句為Theresearchersfound，that往后都是賓語從句。在賓語從句中thedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyface為主干，bytouchingapictureofit為方式狀語，withtheirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance為伴隨狀語?！痉g】研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，狗能夠通過用鼻子觸摸照片來挑選憤怒或快樂的面孔，比人們隨機預(yù)期的要多。3.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句，showed后是省略that的賓語從句，在賓語從句中howtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage做figuredout的賓語，此句中whattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtraining是apply的賓語，是applyAtoB的結(jié)構(gòu)?！痉g】這項研究表明，這些動物已經(jīng)學(xué)會了如何在測試階段將他們在訓(xùn)練中學(xué)到的關(guān)于人臉的知識應(yīng)用到新面孔上。4.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句。此句為復(fù)合句，it做形式主語，真正的主語是why引導(dǎo)的主語從句whydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans。suggest后面的that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，其中thesuccessfuldogsrealized是主干，thatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes共同做realized的賓語，and連接兩個并列賓語，分別是asmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes和thesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes?！痉g】目前，尚不清楚為什么狗似乎具備識別人類不同面部表情的能力。相反，我們的研究結(jié)果表明，成功的狗意識到微笑的嘴和微笑的眼睛的意思是一樣的，同樣的規(guī)則也適用于憤怒的嘴和憤怒的眼睛的意思是一樣的。5.DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，從句用了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表語前置；when引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句；在時間狀語從句中包含了由where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，修飾先行詞restaurant?！痉g】眼前的西紅柿令我欣喜不已，當(dāng)我聽說布朗的格魯夫農(nóng)場是杰克達斯蒂餐廳的供應(yīng)商之一時，我更加高興了。杰克達斯蒂餐廳是薩拉索塔麗思卡爾頓酒店新開張的一家餐廳——我感到很幸運——那天晚上我計劃去那吃晚飯。6.Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】此句為復(fù)合句，主句為themostlikelyexplanationappearstobe，表語從句thatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans，其中which非限制性定語從句指代theirlivingwithhumans?！痉g】對我們來說，最可能的解釋似乎是，它們與人類生活在一起，這讓它們有機會接觸到人類的面部表情。7.Sciencecan'texplainthepowerofpets,butmanystudieshaveshownthatthecompanyofpetscanhelplowerbloodpressureandraisechancesofrecoveringfromaheartattack,reducelonelinessandspreadall-roundgoodcheer.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是由表轉(zhuǎn)折but連接的并列句。前一分句是一個簡單句，but的后一分句中，主干是manystudieshaveshownthat,that引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，而這個賓語從句又是由一個較為復(fù)雜的簡單句構(gòu)成：動詞help后面接的是四個省略to的并列賓語lower…andraise…,reduce…andspread…?！痉g】科學(xué)無法解釋寵物的力量，不過很多研究表明，有寵物的陪伴能幫助降低血壓和增加心臟病發(fā)作后康復(fù)的機會，減少孤獨感，并向周圍傳遞喜悅的心情。8.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中“oncelessrecognized”為省略句，省略了itwas；此外還含有一個withsth.on結(jié)構(gòu)，on在此處意為“上演”，“itlast”是定語從句，修飾先行詞21days?！痉g】曾經(jīng)不被怎么人們認可的“藝穗節(jié)”如今的規(guī)模已經(jīng)遠遠超越了藝術(shù)節(jié)，在藝為期21天的活動中，每天要上演約1500場戲劇、音樂和舞蹈。9.Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句在“Itbe+過去分詞+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)；從句中含有when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句；3billionpassengerpigeons和anumberequal…是同位關(guān)系。此外，還有一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語“making…”作結(jié)果狀語?！痉g】據(jù)統(tǒng)計，當(dāng)旅鴿數(shù)量達到最多時，曾超過了30億只，這個數(shù)量相當(dāng)于美國鳥類總數(shù)的24%-40%，使旅鴿成為世界上數(shù)量最為龐大的鳥類。10.Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest,thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftconfusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句中because引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語從句，從句中while引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句；此外，which引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作about的賓語；who引導(dǎo)賓語從句，修飾先行詞people。【翻譯】這讓我陷入無休無止的煩惱之中，因為當(dāng)所有的專家們都在忙著辯論哪個選擇最好時，那些想改善自己生活的人們卻被所有這些矛盾的信息弄得困惑不堪。【閱讀C篇】1.【上海市楊浦高級中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期3月月考英語試題】Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?It’saquestionthatthelateecologistDonellaMeadowswouldaskherstudentsatDartmouthCollegebackinthe1970s.Shesetouttocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,networkscientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicalsandthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpowerandstatus.Butthefoodsystemisnotanequalone.TherehavebeencallsforaWorldFoodandNutritionOrganization,sothatlegallybindingpoliciescanbeappliedtoallitsmembers.AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Ateamofresearchershasdonejustthat,throughtheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram.Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseintacklingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandembraceasystemsapproach,astheeditorsofNatureFoodadvocateintheirlauncheditorial.Meadowsknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.43.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.howtoconductresearchefficiently B.howtobuildaworldfoodorganizationC.anapproachtosolvingreal-worldproblem D.anapproachtoapplyingscientificfindings44.Accordingtoparagraph3,thestudyconductedbynetworkscientistsrevealedthat________.A.artificialintelligenceismoreusefulthantraditionalmethodsB.achievingsystemsthinkingrequiresidentifyingmorecomponentsC.weareunabletogainthoroughunderstandingofournutritioussystemD.somebiochemicalsarerelatedwiththeoccurrenceofcommondiseases45.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowabouttheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram?A.Itistheonlywayofsolvingimbalanceinourfoodsystem.B.Itaimstourgethegovernmentstocarryoutitsfoodpolicies.C.ItseekstosolvetheoreticalissuesaboutfoodandnutritionD.Ithascultivatedmanyinterdisciplinarytalentssinceitslaunch.46.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?A.Resultscan’tbeproduced. B.Visionbringsaboutchange.C.Actionmattersmorethansaying. D.Systemsthinkingistoodifficulttorealize.重點長難句：1."Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety."【翻譯】系統(tǒng)思維對于實現(xiàn)零饑餓和更好的營養(yǎng)等目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要，因為它需要考慮食物的生產(chǎn)、加工、運輸和消費方式，并且關(guān)注這些事物與人類健康、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟和社會的關(guān)系?！痉治觥窟@句話是一個復(fù)合句，主要由兩個分句構(gòu)成。第一個分句是"Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutrition"，其中"Systemsthinkingiscrucial"是主語+謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，表示系統(tǒng)思維的重要性；"toachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutrition"是不定式短語作后置定語，修飾主句中的"crucial"。第二個分句是"becauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety"，其中"because"引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句；"itrequires"是主語+謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，表示系統(tǒng)思維的要求；"consideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety"是動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語，表示系統(tǒng)思維所需要考慮的內(nèi)容。2."Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases."【翻譯】以營養(yǎng)為例。聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織追蹤了食物和各種數(shù)據(jù)庫中的150種生化物質(zhì)，這些追蹤結(jié)果揭示了卡路里、糖分、脂肪、維生素與常見疾病之間的關(guān)系?！痉治觥窟@句話是一個復(fù)合句，由兩個分句構(gòu)成。第一個分句是"Takenutritionforexample"，其中"Take"是謂語動詞；"nutrition"是名詞，表示營養(yǎng)；"forexample"是介詞短語，表示引出例子。第二個分句是"TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases"，其中"TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization"是名詞短語，表示聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織；"tracked"是謂語動詞，表示追蹤；"150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases"是名詞短語，表示食物中的150種生化物質(zhì)和各種數(shù)據(jù)庫；"whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases"是非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的名詞短語，表示追蹤結(jié)果。3."AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach."【翻譯】解決權(quán)力失衡的另一種方式是更多的大學(xué)效仿梅多斯的做法，教導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何運用系統(tǒng)方法進行思考?！痉治觥窟@句話是一個復(fù)合句，由兩個分句構(gòu)成。第一個分句是"Anotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalances"，其中"Anotherway"是名詞短語，表示另一種方式；"toaddresspowerimbalances"是不定式短語作后置定語，修飾前面的名詞短語，表示解決權(quán)力不平衡。第二個分句是"formoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach"，其中"formoreuniversitiestodo"是不定式短語作主語；"whatMeadowsdid"是名詞性從句，作不定式短語的賓語，表示梅多斯所做的事情；"andteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach"是并列連詞連接的并列分句，其中"teachstudents"是謂語動詞；"howtothinkusingasystemsapproach"是不定式短語作賓語補足語，表示教導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何運用系統(tǒng)方法進行思考?！敬鸢浮?3.C44.B45.D46.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文，文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維?！?3題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第一段中“Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.(其結(jié)果——一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法——現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對重大全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵)”可知，文章主要介紹了系統(tǒng)思維對于實現(xiàn)零饑餓和改善營養(yǎng)等目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要，并以營養(yǎng)為例說明這種方法如何發(fā)揮作用。由此可知，本文主要是關(guān)于“一種解決現(xiàn)實問題的方法”。故選C項?！?4題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(這表明，在實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維的第一個目標(biāo)之前，我們還有一段路要走——在這個例子中，系統(tǒng)思維的第一個目標(biāo)是識別營養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的更多組成部分)”可知，這項研究表明實現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維需要識別更多的組成部分。故選B項?！?5題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseinaddressingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.(來自農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)學(xué)和經(jīng)濟學(xué)等學(xué)科的學(xué)生通過利用他們的集體專業(yè)知識來解決現(xiàn)實世界的問題，例如如何減少食物浪費，從而共同學(xué)習(xí)。自2015年啟動以來，該項目已經(jīng)培訓(xùn)了來自45個大學(xué)院系的1500多名學(xué)生)”可知，跨學(xué)科食品系統(tǒng)教學(xué)項目自啟動以來培養(yǎng)了很多跨學(xué)科的人才。故選D項?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段劃線部分前的“visionsalonedon’tproduceresults(只有遠見是不會產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的)”可知，光有遠見卓識無法產(chǎn)生結(jié)果，but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，所以后文強調(diào)遠見卓識的重要性，即雖然光有遠見卓識無法產(chǎn)生結(jié)果，但是不具有遠見卓識就永遠不會產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。由此推知，愿景帶來改變。故選B項。2.【上海市閔行區(qū)七寶中學(xué)2022學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期期中英語試卷】AsFransdeWaal,aprimatologist(靈長動物學(xué)家),recognizes,abetterwaytothinkaboutothercreatureswouldbetoaskourselveshowdifferentspecieshavedevelopeddifferentkindsofmindstosolvedifferentadaptiveproblems.Surelytheimportantquestionisnotwhetheranimalscandothesamethingshumanscan,buthowthoseanimalssolvethecognitive(認知的)problemstheyface,likehowtoimitatetheseafloor.Childrenandsomeanimalsaresointerestingnotbecausetheyaresmartlikeus,butbecausetheyaresmartinwayswehaven’tevenconsidered.Sometimesstudyingchildren’swaysofknowingcancastlightonadult-humancognition.Children’spretendplaymayhelpusunderstandouradulttasteforfiction.DeWaal’sresearchprovidesanotherinterestingexample.Wehumanbeingstendtothinkthatoursocialrelationshipsarerootedinourperceptions,beliefs,anddesires,andourunderstandingoftheperceptions,beliefs,anddesiresofothers—whatpsychologistscallour“theoryofmind.”Inthe80sand90s,developmentalpsychologistsshowedthatpre-schoolersandeveninfantsunderstandmindsapartfromtheirown.Butitwashardtoshowthatotheranimalsdidthesame.“Theoryofmind”becameacandidateforthespecial,uniquelyhumantrick.YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimps(黑猩猩)possessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships.Itturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee.Butexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext.Theevolutionaryanthropologist(人類學(xué)家)BrainHareandhiscolleaguesgaveajuniorchimpachoicebetweenpiecesoffoodthatadominantchimphadseenhiddenandotherpiecesithadnotseenhidden.Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen.Anyonewhohasgonetoanacademicconferencewillrecognizethatwemaybeinthesamesituation.Wemaysaythatwesignupbecausewe’reeagertofindoutwhatotherhumanbeingsthink,butwe’rejustasinterestedinwho’sontop.Manyofthepoliticaljudgmentswemaketheredon’thavemuchtodowithourtheoryofmind.Wemayshowourrespecttoafamousprofessorevenifwehavenorespectforhisideas.Untilrecently,however,therewasn’tmuchresearchintohowhumansdevelopandemploythiskindofpoliticalknowledge.Itmaybethatweunderstandthesocialworldintermsofdominance,likechimps,butwe’rejustnotusuallyaspoliticallymotivatedastheyare.Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics.43.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingshowsthatananimalissmart?A.Itcanbehavelikeahumankid.B.Itcanimitatewhathumanbeingsdo.C.Itcanfindasolutiontoitsownproblem.D.Itcanfigureoutthoseadaptiveproblems.44.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesour“theoryofmind”?A.Wetalkwithinfantsinawaythattheycanfullyunderstand.B.Wemakeguessesatwhatothersthinkwhileinteractingwiththem.C.Wehideouremotionswhenwetryestablishingcontactwithastranger.D.Wetrytounderstandhowkids’pretendplayaffectsourtasteforfiction.45.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Neitherhumannoranimalsdisplaytheirpreferencefordominance.B.Animalslivinginacompetitivepoliticalcontextaresmarter.C.Bothhumansandsomeanimalshavepoliticalintelligence.D.Humansaremoreinterestedinwho’sontopthananimals.46.Bytheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph,thewritermeansthat________.A.weknowlittleabouthowchimpsarepoliticallymotivatedB.ourpoliticalknowledgedoesn’talwaysdeterminehowwebehaveC.ourtheoryofmindmightenableustounderstandourtheoryofpoliticsD.moreresearchshouldbeconductedtounderstandanimals’socialworld重點長難句：1."Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen."翻譯：年幼的黑猩猩看著所有的藏匿過程，遠離了霸主黑猩猩看過的食物，但拿走了它沒看過的食物。分析：該句子為并列句，前半句為主句，后半句為并列分句。主語為“Thejuniorchimp”，謂語為“stayedaway”，賓語為“thefood”。后半句的主語為“but”，謂語為“took”，賓語為“thefood”。該句子使用了定語從句“whowatchedallthehiding”修飾主語“Thejuniorchimp”。2."Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics."翻譯：我們不應(yīng)該問我們是否擁有更好的日常心智理論，而應(yīng)該想知道他們是否擁有更好的日常政治理論。分析：該句子為并列句，前半句為主句，后半句為并列分句。主語為“We”