專題09 閱讀理解長難句及C篇考點揭秘（原卷版） -【高頻考點解密】2024年高考英語二輪復習高頻考點追蹤與預測（上海專用）

專題09閱讀理解長難句及C篇考點揭秘01專題網(wǎng)絡(luò)·思維腦圖02考情分析·解密高考03高頻考點·以考定法04核心素養(yǎng)·微專題05創(chuàng)新好題·分層練高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其上海高考英語閱讀C篇除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外．就是文中句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復雜，攙雜了大量的，對長難句的理解會直接影響我們的閱讀水平。那么如何破解閱讀理解中的長難句？長難句構(gòu)成特征如下：EQ\o\ac(

,●)帶有較多成分的簡單句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有多個從句的復合句EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有插入成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有省略成份的句子EQ\o\ac(

,●)含有倒裝句、強調(diào)句考點一：簡單句中包含有復雜的修飾成分【考例】Swimmingpools，winetasting，andpinksunsets（atnormaleveninghours，not4intheafternoon）filledtheweekend，butthebestpart—particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold-weatherrootvegetables—wasa7a.m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmersmarketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake-upcall.考點二：.兩個句子成分之間被插入語等分隔?！究祭緿elightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight，myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrownsGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty，anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton，where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.考點三：從句套從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣。【考例】Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint，thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons—anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates，makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.考點四：某些特殊句式或特殊語法現(xiàn)象?！究祭縏odayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess，givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.找謂語，定主語一般情況下，一個謂語形式的動詞對應其動作的發(fā)出者（主語），我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞的意義來確定其主語。而且，如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞，則該句可以是并列句或復合句（并列謂語動詞的情況除外）。如Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment---althoughnoonehadproposedtodosoandaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.【簡析】句意：提主干，去枝葉（從句等）一般情況下，一個句子中的主句所表達的信息為主要信息，從句所表達的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導致思維混亂，主次不分。如：First

put

forward

by

the

French

mathematician

PierredeFormatinthe17thcentury，thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds，includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem，andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobe

able

to

study

at

theEco-labPolytechnique.【簡析】句意：尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨邏輯一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復合句。而這些并列句或復合句之間需要一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞來連接。如果我們找準這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就能夠分辨出句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分別弄清主句的意義和從句的意義，則長句就容易對付得多了。要掌握此方法必須對英語中的常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞諳熟于心。Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage,itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriage

was

inserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecould

sleeponthesofa.【簡析】句意：看搭配，防隔離有時一個長句或難句是由一個或多個搭配構(gòu)成，而且這些搭配中常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。讀者若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目，則對句意的理解就會發(fā)生偏差。如：Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.【簡析】句意：關(guān)鍵詞，抓線索有時某些句子句意模糊，讀者理不清頭緒，這時讀者只能依靠關(guān)鍵詞來抓，從而在大體上搞清楚句意?？傊?，在碰到長句和難句時，要根據(jù)實際情況靈活運用上述方法，在平時閱讀過程中要加強對長句和難句的句法分析訓練。有時要幾種方法綜合使用才能正確理解句意。如：Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefood，meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,which

shows

thefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming,whiletheupperclassNormansweredoingmostoftheeating.【簡析】句意：長難句分析除障礙---結(jié)構(gòu)分析法高考閱讀理解和完形填空文章一般會有一些結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的句子，增加了句子的長度和難度，干擾了學生正常的閱讀速度和思維方式，其實，長難句并不可怕，在正確劃分句子成分的基礎(chǔ)上，運用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁為簡、化長為短。一、長難句的常見形式1．復合句這些句子往往較長，一個從句套著另一個從句。其實，不管句子有多長、多復雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)(如：Iwantaticket.)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(如：Themanisateacher.)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。應通過仔細分析，將每個修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。Iurgeyoutocontactyourstatelegislatorstomovethislegislationforwardsothatthisweekendwillbeoneofthelasttimeswhenwehaveto“fallback”．分析此句的主語為I，謂語是urge,sothat引導結(jié)果狀語從句。在結(jié)果狀語從句中when引導定語從句。2．分隔結(jié)構(gòu)高考試題中出現(xiàn)較多的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象?！癟heresultsareprettyexciting—stronglevelsofreductions—butthereclearlyaregoingtobethingstobelearnedfromtheareaswherethereductionsarenotasgreat.”saidPennStateUniversityprofessorElizabethMcGraw.提醒分析長難句時務(wù)必注意這些非限制性修飾成分，它們打斷了原來的行文邏輯，插入補充了一些額外的信息。3．成分省略或倒裝在英語句子中，用詞簡潔是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。有時為了強調(diào)句子表達的重心，對句子進行倒裝。Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.分析此句正常語序為：Bytheendofthecentury,ifitisnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.二、長難句突破策略通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握句子的基本框架的基本步驟是：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子的附屬成分。方法一：較復雜單句的處理方法——找主謂語，即找主干成分較復雜單句在高考試卷中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，所以應引起同學們的足夠重視。Akeyskillsetforsuccessispersistence,acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.分析主語是Akeyskill，謂語是is，表語是persistence,acharacteristic是同位語，解釋說明persistence。that引導同位語從句，解釋名詞characteristic。方法二：并列復合句的處理方法——找并列連詞Therewasabitofmethatdidn'twanttolovethiswheneveryoneelseontheplanetdid,butthehorrorstoryisbrilliant.分析句中的but是并列連詞，連接兩個并列單句。方法三：主從復合句的處理方法——找從屬連詞Akeyfindingisthatovertime,childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence,whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.分析該句主語是Akeyfinding,that引導表語從句，從句中含有which引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾名詞persistence。方法四：并列和主從復合句并存的處理方法——先讀懂并列復合句，再看主從復合句“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid,“butthechangeinthecoloroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”分析but引導兩個并列的主從復合句，but前的主從復合句中是before引導的時間狀語從句，該從句中show后是that引導的賓語從句；but后的主從復合句中，主語是thechange，謂語是willbe,that引導的同位語從句，解釋說明名詞signals的內(nèi)容?！鹃L難句】1.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________2.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________3.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________4.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________5.DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where—luckilyforme—Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________________翻譯：_______________________________________________________________________________6.Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________7.Sciencecan'texplainthepowerofpets,butmanystudieshaveshownthatthecompanyofpetscanhelplowerbloodpressureandraisechancesofrecoveringfromaheartattack,reducelonelinessandspreadall-roundgoodcheer.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________8.Todaythe“Fringe”,oncelessrecognized,hasfaroutgrownthefestivalwitharound1,500performancesoftheatre,musicanddanceoneveryoneofthe21daysitlasts.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________9.Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________10.Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest,thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftconfusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析：_______________________________________________________________________翻譯：__________________________________________________________________________【閱讀C篇】1.【上海市楊浦高級中學2022-2023學年高三下學期3月月考英語試題】Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?It’saquestionthatthelateecologistDonellaMeadowswouldaskherstudentsatDartmouthCollegebackinthe1970s.Shesetouttocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingbigglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,networkscientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicalsandthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking—which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpowerandstatus.Butthefoodsystemisnotanequalone.TherehavebeencallsforaWorldFoodandNutritionOrganization,sothatlegallybindingpoliciescanbeappliedtoallitsmembers.AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Ateamofresearchershasdonejustthat,throughtheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram.Studentsfromdisciplinesincludingagriculture,ecologyandeconomicslearntogetherbydrawingontheircollectiveexpertiseintacklingreal-worldproblems,suchashowtoreducefoodwaste.Sinceitslaunchin2015,theprogramhastrainedmorethan1,500studentsfrom45universitydepartments.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandembraceasystemsapproach,astheeditorsofNatureFoodadvocateintheirlauncheditorial.Meadowsknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.43.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.howtoconductresearchefficiently B.howtobuildaworldfoodorganizationC.anapproachtosolvingreal-worldproblem D.anapproachtoapplyingscientificfindings44.Accordingtoparagraph3,thestudyconductedbynetworkscientistsrevealedthat________.A.artificialintelligenceismoreusefulthantraditionalmethodsB.achievingsystemsthinkingrequiresidentifyingmorecomponentsC.weareunabletogainthoroughunderstandingofournutritioussystemD.somebiochemicalsarerelatedwiththeoccurrenceofcommondiseases45.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowabouttheInterdisciplinaryFoodSystemsTeachingandLearningprogram?A.Itistheonlywayofsolvingimbalanceinourfoodsystem.B.Itaimstourgethegovernmentstocarryoutitsfoodpolicies.C.ItseekstosolvetheoreticalissuesaboutfoodandnutritionD.Ithascultivatedmanyinterdisciplinarytalentssinceitslaunch.46.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?A.Resultscan’tbeproduced. B.Visionbringsaboutchange.C.Actionmattersmorethansaying. D.Systemsthinkingistoodifficulttorealize.重點長難句：1."Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsrelatewithhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety."2."Takenutritionforexample.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationtracked150biochemicalsinfoodandvariousdatabases,whichrevealedtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fat,vitaminsandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases."3."AnotherwaytoaddresspowerimbalancesisformoreuniversitiestodowhatMeadowsdidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach."2.【上海市閔行區(qū)七寶中學2022學年高三上學期期中英語試卷】AsFransdeWaal,aprimatologist(靈長動物學家),recognizes,abetterwaytothinkaboutothercreatureswouldbetoaskourselveshowdifferentspecieshavedevelopeddifferentkindsofmindstosolvedifferentadaptiveproblems.Surelytheimportantquestionisnotwhetheranimalscandothesamethingshumanscan,buthowthoseanimalssolvethecognitive(認知的)problemstheyface,likehowtoimitatetheseafloor.Childrenandsomeanimalsaresointerestingnotbecausetheyaresmartlikeus,butbecausetheyaresmartinwayswehaven’tevenconsidered.Sometimesstudyingchildren’swaysofknowingcancastlightonadult-humancognition.Children’spretendplaymayhelpusunderstandouradulttasteforfiction.DeWaal’sresearchprovidesanotherinterestingexample.Wehumanbeingstendtothinkthatoursocialrelationshipsarerootedinourperceptions,beliefs,anddesires,andourunderstandingoftheperceptions,beliefs,anddesiresofothers—whatpsychologistscallour“theoryofmind.”Inthe80sand90s,developmentalpsychologistsshowedthatpre-schoolersandeveninfantsunderstandmindsapartfromtheirown.Butitwashardtoshowthatotheranimalsdidthesame.“Theoryofmind”becameacandidateforthespecial,uniquelyhumantrick.YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimps(黑猩猩)possessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships.Itturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee.Butexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext.Theevolutionaryanthropologist(人類學家)BrainHareandhiscolleaguesgaveajuniorchimpachoicebetweenpiecesoffoodthatadominantchimphadseenhiddenandotherpiecesithadnotseenhidden.Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen.Anyonewhohasgonetoanacademicconferencewillrecognizethatwemaybeinthesamesituation.Wemaysaythatwesignupbecausewe’reeagertofindoutwhatotherhumanbeingsthink,butwe’rejustasinterestedinwho’sontop.Manyofthepoliticaljudgmentswemaketheredon’thavemuchtodowithourtheoryofmind.Wemayshowourrespecttoafamousprofessorevenifwehavenorespectforhisideas.Untilrecently,however,therewasn’tmuchresearchintohowhumansdevelopandemploythiskindofpoliticalknowledge.Itmaybethatweunderstandthesocialworldintermsofdominance,likechimps,butwe’rejustnotusuallyaspoliticallymotivatedastheyare.Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics.43.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingshowsthatananimalissmart?A.Itcanbehavelikeahumankid.B.Itcanimitatewhathumanbeingsdo.C.Itcanfindasolutiontoitsownproblem.D.Itcanfigureoutthoseadaptiveproblems.44.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestillustratesour“theoryofmind”?A.Wetalkwithinfantsinawaythattheycanfullyunderstand.B.Wemakeguessesatwhatothersthinkwhileinteractingwiththem.C.Wehideouremotionswhenwetryestablishingcontactwithastranger.D.Wetrytounderstandhowkids’pretendplayaffectsourtasteforfiction.45.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Neitherhumannoranimalsdisplaytheirpreferencefordominance.B.Animalslivinginacompetitivepoliticalcontextaresmarter.C.Bothhumansandsomeanimalshavepoliticalintelligence.D.Humansaremoreinterestedinwho’sontopthananimals.46.Bytheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph,thewritermeansthat________.A.weknowlittleabouthowchimpsarepoliticallymotivatedB.ourpoliticalknowledgedoesn’talwaysdeterminehowwebehaveC.ourtheoryofmindmightenableustounderstandourtheoryofpoliticsD.moreresearchshouldbeconductedtounderstandanimals’socialworld重點長難句：1."Thejuniorchimp,whowatchedallthehiding,stayedawayfromthefoodthedominantchimphadseen,buttookthefoodithadn’tseen."2."Insteadofaskingwhetherwehaveabettereverydaytheoryofmind,wemightwonderwhethertheyhaveabettereverydaytheoryofpolitics."3."YetdeWaal’sstudiesshowthatchimpspossessaremarkablydevelopedpoliticalintelligence—theyaremuchinterestedinfiguringoutsocialrelationships,butitturnsout,asdeWaaldescribes,thatchimpsdoinfersomethingaboutwhatotherchimpssee,andexperimentalstudiesalsosuggestthatthishappensonlyinacompetitivepoliticalcontext."3.【上海市華東師范大學第二附屬中學紫竹校區(qū)2022學年高三上學期開學考試】Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoftoughtrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticulargoodnessindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone.”WroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbage