英語專業(yè)本科詞匯學(xué)教師課件chapter-4

Word-formationTheMinorProcessesofWord-formationTheminorprocessesofword-formation:AcronymyBlendingClippingWordsfrompropernamesBackformationReduplicationNeoclassicalformationsAcronymy—InitialismsandAcronymsInitialisms:Definition:Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstletterofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,orphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.Spelling:Theusualpracticeinthepastwastoputaperiodaftereachletterofaninitialism,butthetendencytodayistoomitperiods,especiallyforinitialismsoftechnicaltermsandorganizations.Typesofinitialisms:Thelettersrepresentfullwords.Thisisthemaintype.UN,WTO,VIP,PCThelettersrepresentelementsinacompoundorjustpartofaword.TV,ID,TB,St.VsAletterrepresentsthecompleteformofthefirstword,whilethesecondwordisinfullform.

N-bomb,H-bomb,G-man,V-dayAcronyms:Definition:Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.butpronouncedasnormalwords,e.g.NATO,OPEC,UNESCO.Spelling:Mostacronymsarespelledwithcapitalletterslikeinitialisms,buttheyrarelyappearwithperiods.Whentheybecomeverycommon,theyareusuallyspelledinsmallletters,e.g.radar(radiodetectingandranging).Iftheyarepropernames,theyretaintheinitialcapital,e.g.Laser(lightwave

amplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation).ClippingDefinition:Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword,e.g.exam,math,bike.Typesofclipping:Backclippings:Thedeletionoccursattheendoftheword.dorm,ad,auto,memo,homoFrontclippings:Thedeletionoccursatthebeginningoftheword.phone,quake,plane,copterFrontandbackclippings:Thedeletionoccursatbothendsofaword.fridge,fluPhraseclippings:Thisinvolvestheshorteningofaphrase.pub,popBlendingDefinition:Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,e.g.newscast=news+broadcast.Typesofblending:Head+tail:smog,autocide,motelHead+head:comsat,Amerind,sitcomWord+tail:lunarnaut,slimnastics,factionHead+word:medicare,EurasiaBack-formationDefinition:Back-formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage,e.g.edit(editor),lase(Laser).Somepointsaboutback-formation:Manyback-formationsarecreatedbyanalogy,e.g.edit(editor),donate(donation),beg(beggar).Someback-formationsinEnglishcomefromwordsendingin–sthatweresingularbutweremistakenforplurals,e.g.sherry(sherries).Back-formationisalsousedtoproducenoncewords,e.g.pensable(indispensable),gainly(ungainly).Themajorityofback-formedwordsareverbs,forverbshaveapeculiarpropertytodeveloparoundthemanumberofde-verbalnouns,suchastheagentnounandthenounofaction,e.g.edit(editor),donate(donation),beg(beggar),emote(emotion),loaf(loafer),baby-sit(baby-sitter),burgle(burglar).ReduplicationDefinition:Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition(1)ofonewordlikeso-so;(2)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowelssuchaspingpong;(3)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonantsasinteenyweeny.Functionsofreduplication:Toimitatesoundstick-tick(ofawatch)quack-quack(ofducks)Tosuggestalternatingmovementsseasaw(up-and-downorto-and-fromotion)zigzag(alinewhichturnsrightandleftalternativelyatsharpangles)Toexpressone’scontemptofthecharacter,appearanceandbehaviorofapersonclever-clever(ostentatiouslyclever)hocus-pocus(playtricks)Todisparagebysuggestingthatsomethingisindisorder,orofsmallvalueorofinferiorqualityfiddle-faddle

(triflingmatters)topsy-turvy(upsidedown)Toshowone’sapprovalsuperduper(extremelygreat,impressive)tip-top(best)WordsfromProperNamesWordsfromthenamesofpeople:sandwich;watt,volt,ohm,ampere;Nicotine,McCarthyism;cherub,protean許國(guó)璋，毛澤東思想，鄧小平理論Wordsfromthenamesofplaces:china,japan,champagne,BerlinWall香格里拉Wordsfromtrademarks:kodak,xerox,kleenex,Mr.Clean,deep-freeze,nylon,orlon,dacron,rayon卡瑪斯，多樂士Wordsfromliterature:quixotic,Judas,Solomon,Utopia,

Odyssey林妹妹，武大郎，陳世美NeoclassicalformationDefinition:Neoclassicalformationdenotestheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfr