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Lesson17WearableComputingFAQ
(第十七課可穿戴計算機(jī))
Vocabulary(詞匯)ImportantSentences(重點(diǎn)句)QuestionsandAnswers(問答)Problems(問題)ReadingMaterial(閱讀材料)
1Introduction
Wearablecomputersarecomputersthatarewornonthebody.Thistypeofwearabletechnologyhasbeenusedinbehavioralmodeling,healthmonitoringsystems,informationtechnologiesandmediadevelopment.Wearablecomputersareespeciallyusefulforapplicationsthatrequirecomputationalsupportwhiletheuser’shands,voice,eyes,armsorattentionareactivelyengagedwiththephysicalenvironment.“Wearablecomputing”isanactivetopicofresearch,withareasofstudyincludinguserinterfacedesign,augmentedreality,patternrecognition,useofwearablesforspecificapplicationsordisabilities,electronictextilesandfashiondesign.Manyissuesarecommontothewearables,mobilecomputing,Pervasivecomputing,Ambientintelligenceandubiquitouscomputingresearchcommunities,includingpowermanagementandheatdissipation,softwarearchitectures,wirelessandpersonalareanetworks.
Oneofthemainfeaturesofawearablecomputerisconsistency.Thereisaconstantinteractionbetweenthecomputeranduser,ie.thereisnoneedtoturnthedeviceonoroff.Anotherfeatureistheabilitytomulti-task.Itisnotnecessarytostopwhatyouaredoingtousethedevice;itisaugmentedintoallotheractions.Thesedevicescanbeincorporatedbytheusertoactlikeaprosthetic.Itcanthereforebeanextensionoftheuser’smindand/orbody.
WhilethisFAQpresentsaveryMIT-centeredviewofwearablecomputing,ithopestoactasanintroductionintothefield.Moreinformationandpointerstoothersimilarprojectscanbefoundonthewebpage.
/wearables/index.html.2WearableComputingOverview
2.1What’saWearableComputerAnyway?
Thefuzzydefinitionofawearablecomputeristhatit’sacomputerthatisalwayswithyou,iscomfortableandeasytokeepanduse,andisasunobtrusiveasclothing.However,this“smartclothing”definitionisunsatisfactorywhenpushedinthedetails.Amorespecificdefinitionisthatwearablecomputershavemanyofthefollowingcharacteristics:
Portablewhileoperational:Themostdistinguishingfeatureofawearableisthatitcanbeusedwhilewalkingorotherwisemovingaround.Thisdistinguisheswearablesfrombothdesktopandlaptopcomputers.
Hands-freeuse:Militaryandindustrialapplicationsforwearablesespeciallyemphasizetheirhands-freeaspect,andconcentrateonspeechinputandheads-updisplayorvoiceoutput.[1]Otherwearablesmightalsousechordingkeyboards,dials,andjoystickstominimizethetyingupofauser’shands.
Sensors:Inadditiontouser-inputs,awearableshouldhavesensorsforthephysicalenvironment.Suchsensorsmightincludewirelesscommunications,GPS,cameras,ormicrophones.
?“Attention-getting”:Awearableshouldbeabletoconveyinformationtoitsuserevenwhennotactivelybeingused.Forexample,ifyourcomputerwantstoletyouknowyouhavenewemailandwhoit’sfrom,itshouldbeabletocommunicatethisinformationtoyouimmediately.[2]
Alwayson:Bydefaultawearableisalwaysonandworking,sensing,andacting.Thisisopposedtothenormaluseofpen-based“PersonalDigitalAssistants”,whichnormallysitinone’spocketandareonlywokenupwhenataskneedstobedone.[BradRhodes]
2.2Whywouldyouusesomethinglikethat?
Manyofthedefiningfeaturesofwearablesaretherationalbehindwantingtowearthemfulltime:TheHMDallowsyoutolookatthescreenandalsoatsomethingintherealworld.Thisallowsyoutotakenoteswhilelookingattheprofessor,ratherthanconstantlyglancingbackandforthbetweenpaperandblackboard.Youcanbereadingemailandstillbeabletowalkdownthestreetwithoutrunningintopeople.Havingthewearablewithyouisequivalenttocarryinganentirereferencelibrarywithinstantaccess.Webster’sdictionaryandthesaurusarealwaysusefultohave,aswellasmapsandphonebooks.Withthejumpto5gigdrives,itwouldbetrivialtoputCompton’sencyclopediaontothewearableandhavereal-timeaccesstoatremendouswealthofinformation.[3]Allthenotesyouevertake-fromtrips,classes,businessmeetings—arealwayswithyou.Withafastsearchengine,youcanpullupneededinformationinseconds,ratherthanflippingthroughdustynotebooksstoredinyourattic.Youwillneverhavetogohuntingforapenorpieceofpaperagain,andneverworryaboutsearchingforthatmissingnapkinwiththenewsystemdesignscrawledonit.[4]InamannersimilartothedevelopmentofmultimediaPCs,allconsumerelectronics-MusicCDplayers,faxmachines,pagers,audiojournals—willbeintegratedintothewearabledesign.Onedevicewillbeabletohandleallformsofelectronicmedia,whetheritbeaudio,visual,orwirelessdigitalcommunication.Aseldomrealizedaspectofwearablecomputingisaugmentedreality:theseamlessintegrationofrealandvirtualworlds.Electronicallystoredinformationisextremelyusefulwhenoverlayedoveraviewoftheoutsideworld.Forexample:captionsdisplayedwithmuseumexhibits,namesoverfaces(viafacerecognition),wiringschematicsassociatedwiththecurrentproject.
2.3Howoftendoyouwearit?
Mostpeoplewithfunctionalsystemswearitabout16hoursaday,sevendaysaweek.Basically,allthetimeexceptduringsports,showers,sleep,andothersuchactivities.
2.4Wheredoyouuseit?
Sinceoneofthedefiningfeaturesofwearablecomputersistheirportability,wearablescanbeusedanywhereapersoncanworkcomfortably.With8-10hourbatterylifeanddigitalcellularmodemsprovidinginternetaccess,workingonawearableallowsthesamelevelofproductivityjustaboutanywhereasaconventionaldesktopstuckinanoffice.
2.5Whatdoyouuseitfor?
Mostofthetimespentusingthewearableisfoundinsideatexteditor—normallyemacs.Phonenumbers,schedules,classnotes,andprogramsallcanbemodifiedorsearched.WithInternetaccess,communicationbecomesveryeasy—everythingfromreal-timemessaging(zephyrs)tofullwebaccessusingNetscapeiscommonplace.Outsideofthis,thewearableisusedjustlikeyournormal(multimedia)desktopcomputer.Insomecases,thewearableisusedinsteadofhavinga‘main’computer.
2.6Whatdoyouuseforinput?
TextThestandardtextinputdeviceistheTwiddler,aone-handedchordedkeyboardandmousecombination.Itallowsfairlyrapidtyping(upto60wordsaminute)inanybodyposition.
VideoVideoinputhasbeenaccomplishedthroughawiderangeofvideocapturedevices.Forstillimages,theColorQuickCamhasbeenusedwithagreatdealofsuccess.Italsoworkswellforlowframe-ratemovie.
AudioMultipletypesofmicrophoneshavebeenusedforbothspeechandmusicalinput.
OtherAverydiversesetofinputdeviceshavebeenattachedtothewearables:GPSlocators,Affectivesensors(bloodpressure,GSR,heartbeat,EMG),infraredpositionalbeaconsandprobes,Digitalcellularmodems,Pilots&otherPDAs,etc.
2.7Whatdoyouuseforoutput?
DisplayThePrivateEye,madebyReflectionTechnology,isourprimarydisplay,abletohandle720x280monochromevideo.
AudioWehaveaSoundBlastercompatiblePC104board,andavarietyofspeakers.
OtherTonsofotheroutputdevicesarebeingplayedwith:Pilots,tactilefeedback,speech,justtonameafew.
2.8Whatspeedcomputerisit?Accessories?
Currently,thesystemsinuserangefrom486dx50’stoPentium133’s.ThenextgenerationthatisbeingtestedusesaPentium166processor.TheaccessoriesmostcommonlyusedaretheSierramodem,GPSsensor,andvideooraudioIO.3OperatingSystemsandSoftware
3.1Linux!
Foraresearch&developmentenvironment,Linuxwasanaturalchoicethatwouldtakefulluseofsystemresources.Notonlyisitefficientandflexible,butthesourceisavailableandwellsupported.
3.2Linux?!?WhynotWin95?
SomeofthesoftwearweuseisonlysupportedinWindowsNT/95.Ithasbeeninstalledononeofthewearablesandseemstobedealingwiththeunusualhardware.Formoreinformation,followthe“ChoosingandOS”undertheWindows95sectiononthemainwearablespage.4DisplayInformation
4.1PrivateEye
ThePrivateEye,manufacturedbyReflectionTechnology,isaLEDbaseddisplaythatcanproduceamonochromeimageat720-280resolution.Itusesavibratingmirrortocreatethisimage.
4.1.1Howcanyouseeadisplaythatclosetoyoureye?
WhenyoulookintothePE,youseetheequivalentofa15"monitoratabouttwofeetaway.
4.1.2Doesn’tthathurttouseforlongperiodsoftime?
ThePEisactuallyverycomfortabletouseforextendeddurations.Thefocuscanbeadjustedfrom10“toinfinity,allowingalmostidealviewingfocus.
4.1.3ThePEvibrates;doesn’tthisgetannoying?
AfterwearingthePEforafewhours,thenoiseandvibrationreallyisn’tnoticed.It’sequivalenttothehumofmostcomputermonitorsandthefannoise-youstopbeingawareofthemafterawhile.
4.1.4Howlonghaveyoubeenwearingthis?
Ouroldestsystemhasbeenwornfor5years.
4.1.5Haveyounoticedanyvisionproblems
No.Notafter5yearsofheavyuse.5InputInformation
5.1Twiddler
TheTwiddler,madebyHandikey,isaone-handedchordedkeyboardandmousecombination.Itallowsfairlyrapidtyping(upto60wordsaminute)inanybodyposition.
5.1.1Isn’titdifficulttolearntouse?
Ittakesaround5minutestolearnthealphabet,anhourtotouchtype,andaweekendtoreach10wordsaminute.Theentirekeymapiscompletelycon-figurable,givingtheusertheabilitytoaddaslittleasafewextramacrostoredefiningtheentiremappingofallthekeys.[5]
5.1.2Howcanyoutypequicklyusingonlyonehand?
TheTwiddlerisachordedkeyboard—thatis,itusesacombinationofkeyspressedatthesametimetoproduceagivenstringforinput.Thereareover4000suchcombinationsavailable,allowingforagreatvarietyofstringstobeencoded.ThestandardkeymappingontheTwiddlerincludeschordsforcommonlettercombinations:‘ing’,‘ed’,‘the’,‘ion’,etc.Thiscanbeexpandedtoallowasimplecombinationofkeystoreturncommonwords,yourentireemailaddress,ortheURLforyourwebpage.InadditiontotheshortcutsbuiltintotheTwiddlerkeymapping,manygoodtexteditingprogramsallowformacroandabbreviationexpansion.Mostofthetextinputdoneonoursystemsisdonethroughemacs,whichsupportswordcompletion(fromthefirstfewlettersofatypedword)andarbitrarylengthabbreviations(abbexpandstoabbreviation,orWHomeexpandsto/
projects/wearables)Takentogether,thisallowsone-handedtypingthatisfast.6So,youwanttobeacyborg.
6.1Iwanttobuildawearable—wherecanIgetthespecs?
FullspecsareonthemainMedialabwebpageat:
/projects/wearables)
6.2Isthereamailinglistforotherpeopledoingthis?
Yes.wear-hard@.Tosubscribe,pleasesendmailtowear-hard-request@withthetext“subscribe”includedinthebodyoftheemail.
6.3Howmuchdoesitcosttobuild?
Agoodstartingsystemcostsinthesamerangeasamediumtohigh-endlaptop.
1.?fuzzyadj.有絨毛的,模糊的,失真的。
2.?unobtrusiveadj.不唐突的,不多嘴的,客氣的,謙虛的。
3.?equivalentadj.相等的,相當(dāng)?shù)?同意義的n.等價物,相等物。
4.?thesaurusn.辭典。
5.?gign.旋轉(zhuǎn)物v.乘輕便雙輪馬車。
6.?encyclopedian.百科全書。Vocabulary
7.?tremendousadj.極大的,巨大的。
8.?flippingadj.討厭之極的。
9.?atticn.閣樓,頂樓,[解剖](耳的)鼓室上的隱窩。
10.?napkinn.餐巾,餐巾紙,<英>尿布,<美>月經(jīng)帶。
11.?zephyrs西風(fēng)的擬人格(希臘人認(rèn)為西風(fēng)是森林諸神中最溫柔者)。
12.?twiddlevt.捻起來,撫弄,玩弄,旋弄vi.玩弄n.捻。
13.?monochromen.單色,單色的。14.?compatibleadj.諧調(diào)的,一致的,兼容的。
15.?tactileadj.觸覺的,有觸覺的,能觸知的n.[心]觸覺型。
16.?durationn.持續(xù)時間,為期。
17.?vibratev.(使)振動,(使)搖擺。
18.?abbreviationn.縮寫,縮寫詞。
19.?arbitraryadj.任意的,武斷的,獨(dú)裁的,專斷的。
20.?specsn.眼鏡,規(guī)格。
21.?FAQ常見問題。
[1]Militaryandindustrialapplicationsforwearablesespeciallyemphasizetheirhands-freeaspect,andconcentrateonspeechinputandheads-updisplayorvoiceoutput.
軍用和工業(yè)用可穿戴計算機(jī)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)雙手自由,并且重視語音輸入和頭戴顯示器或語音輸出。ImportantSentences
[2]Forexample,ifyourcomputerwantstoletyouknowyouhavenewemailandwhoit’sfrom,itshouldbeabletocommunicatethisinformationtoyouimmediately.
比如說,若你的計算機(jī)想要你知道有一封新郵件和郵件的發(fā)送者,它應(yīng)當(dāng)能夠立即通知你。
[3]Withthejumpto5gigdrives,itwouldbetrivialtoputCompton’sencyclopediaontothewearableandhavereal-timeaccesstoatremendouswealthofinformation.
有著5千兆驅(qū)動器的支持,把康氏百科全書置于可穿戴計算機(jī)中就顯得微不足道了,并且能實(shí)時訪問到極大量的信息。
[4]Youwillneverhavetogohuntingforapenorpieceofpaperagain,andneverworryaboutsearchingforthatmissingnapkinwiththenewsystemdesignscrawledonit.
你將不再必須找一支筆和一張紙,也不需要擔(dān)心找不到你在上面畫了新系統(tǒng)設(shè)計草圖的那張餐巾紙了。
[5]Theentirekeymapiscompletelyconfigurable,givingtheusertheabilitytoaddaslittleasafewextramacrostoredefiningtheentiremappingofallthekeys.
整個鍵盤是完全可配置的,這就使用戶能夠增加幾個附加的宏來重定義整個鍵盤。
(1)?Themostdistinguishingfeatureofawearableis().
A.?itisalwayswithyou
B.?itcanbeusedwhilewalkingorotherwisemoving
around
C.?itiscomfortableandeasytokeepanduse
D.?itisasunobtrusiveasclothingQuestionsandAnswers
(2)?Whichofthefollowingisnotthefactthatsuppliesthetechnologyof“handsfree”?()
A.?Speechinput.
B.?Heads-updisplay.
C.?Voiceoutput.
D.?Facialmovement.
(3)?“Attention-getting”means().
A.?awearableshouldhavesensorsforthephysicalenvironment
B.?awearableshouldbeabletoconveyinformationtoitsuserevenwhennotactivelybeingused
C.?awearableisalwaysonandworking,sensing,andacting
D.?noneofabove(4)?TheHMDissomethinglike().
A.?TMD(TacticalMissileDefense)
B.?NMD(NationalMissileDefense)
C.?Heads-up-display
D.?Hand-Mastering-Dog
(5)?Thewearablecanactlike().
A.?aServer
B.?aClient
C.?aRouter
D.?aMulti-MediaComputer
(6)?AccordingtotheFAQ,augmentedrealitymeans().
A.?thevirtualworlds
B.?therealworlds
C.?therealandvirtualworlds
D.?theseamlessintegrationofrealandvirtualworlds
(7)?“namesoverfaces(viafacerecognition)”inthisarticlemeans().
A.?everypersonwritesthenameonhisface
B.?everyoneknowsthenameofeachothers
C.?namescanbewrittenonthefaceininkviafacerecognition
D.?thenameisvirtualdisplayontheface
(8)?Insection3,“OS”means().
A.?operatingSystem
B.?ofcourseSuccess
C.?officialService
D.?offlineSupply
(9)?Havingthewearablewithyou,youcancarryallthenotesyouevertakefrom().
A.?trips
B.?classes
C.?businessmeetings
D.?allabove(10)?PEinthepaperisnot().
A.?ALEDbaseddisplay
B.?thathurttouseforlongperiodsoftime
C.?thatusesavibratingmirrortocreateimage
D.?thatmanufacturedbyReflectionTechnology
Howtodefinewearablecomputer?Whatisthedifferencebetweenembeddedsystemandwearablecomputer?Problem
Wearablecomputersinaloosesensearecomputerspeoplecanweareffortlessly.Inastrictersense,wearablecomputersshouldruncontinuouslyandbeoperatedhands-free.Thisstricterdefinitionhelpsdistinguishwearablecomputersfromportableones.Forinstance,pocketwatchesarenotwearablecomputersinasensethatpeopleneedatleastonehandtoholdthemandsometimesanotherhandtoopenthecovers.Wristwatches,incontrast,canbeeasilyflippedoverandreadwhenbothhandsareengagingotheractivities.ReadingMaterial
Manysmalllaptops(Fig.1,left[5]),arenotwearablecomputerseither.Theydonotlastlongenoughtomeetthecontinuousrunrequirement.WearablecomputerslikeMIT’sLizzy(Fig.1,middleleft)canrunmuchlongerbecauseofcarefullyselectedpower-conservativecomponentsandefficientbatteries.
ThewearablesandsmalllaptopsdifferinI/Ofeaturesaswell.Tooperatehands-free,wearablesareusuallyequippedwithhead-mountoreyeglass-baseddisplays(Fig.2,left)andone-handkeyboards(Fig.2,middleleft)ormicrophonewithspeechprocessingsoftware.TwopicturesontherightofFig.1showaprototypeofIBMThinkPad560Xshrunkto10.5oz(300gram)andtoasizesmallenoughtofitintoregularpockets.Thisprototype,introducedinSeptember1998,consistsofa233MHzPentiumCPU,64MBDRAM,340MBIBMmicroharddisk,amicrohead-mountdisplay,andamicrophonewithspeechprocessingsoftware.
RelationshipwithUbiquitousComputing.Ubiquitouscomputers,inthepurestformofdefinition,arecomputersinvisiblyembeddedintheenvironmentandwirelesslycommunicatingwitheachother.S
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