八年級英語下冊Unit 1 Past and present Period 3 Grammar

Unit1PastandpresentPeriod3GrammarPresentperfecttenseWeusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutanactionthatstartedinthepastandcontinuestothepresent.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutanactionthathappenedinthepastandhasaconnectionwiththepresent.EddiehasjusteatenHobo’sfood.(Eddieatethefood,andnowHobohasnothingtoeat.)TIPWecanusethesetimeexpressionswiththepresentperfecttense.alreadyyeteverneverjustrecentlysinceforWealsousethepresentperfecttensetotalkabouthowmanytimesanactionhashappenedtillnow.Ihavealreadyreadthisbookmanytimes.Wemakepositivestatementsinthepresentperfecttenselikethis：I/You/We/Theyhavearrived.He/She/IthasWemakenegativestatementsinthepresentperfecttenselikethis:Weaskandanswerquestionsusingthepresentperfecttenselikethis:I/You/We/Theyhavenotarrived.He/She/IthasHaveI/you/we/theyarrived?Hashe/she/itYes,I/you/we/theyhave.he/she/ithas.No,I/you/we/theyhaven’t.he/she/ithasn’t.TIPhavenot＝haven’thasnot＝hasn’tWeformthepastparticiplesofregularverbsbyadding-ed,justaswhatwedotoformthesimplepasttenseoftheseverbs.Mostverbs＋ed

finish→finishedVerbsendingin-e＋dchange→changedVerbsendinginaconsonant＋y-y＋ied

carry→carriedShortverbsendinginavowel＋aconsonantdoubletheconsonant＋edstop→stoppedWeformthepastparticiplesofirregularverbsdifferently.Herearesomeexamples.Nochangecome→comehurt→hurtChangethevowelhold→heldwin→wonChangetheconsonantlend→lentbuild→builtChangethevowel(s)andtheconsonant(s)catch→caughtkeep→keptforget→forgottentell→toldOthersbe→beenhave→hadfall→fallenfly→flowndraw→drawnsee→seenTIPTurntopages122and123formorechangesofirregularverbs.Thetablebelowshowsmoreexamplesofthepastparticiplesofverbs.RegularverbsIrregularverbsBaseformPastparticipleBaseformPastparticiplevisitvisitedhithitrepairrepairedputputlivelivedmeetmetRegularverbsIrregularverbsmovemovedmakemadetrytriedsellsoldstudystudiedgivegivenfitfittedwritewrittenplanplannedthinkthoughtAshorttestA.MrWuwantsthestudentstopractiseusingthepresentperfecttense.Helpthemwritethepastparticiplesoftheverbsbelow.1.borrow___________

2.hope___________3.make___________

4.get___________5.plan___________

6.cry___________7.send___________

8.watch___________9.say___________

10.grow___________11.hit___________

12.enjoy___________borrowedhopedmadegotplannedcriedsentwatchedsaidgrownhitenjoyedB.MrWuasksthestudentstocompletethesentencesbelowusingthepresentperfecttense.Helpthemcompletethesentences.1.They_____________(finish)theirhomeworkalready.2.Johnnever_____________(visit)China.havefinishedhas;visited3.MrLi_____________(repair)overtenbicyclessinceMonday.4.We_____________(notsee)eachotherforyears.5.Myparents_____________(notcome)backyet.①6.Ourteacher_____________(teach)usalotaboutthehistoryofChina.hasrepairedhaven’tseenhaven’tcomehastaught溫馨提示：此符號表示“考點精講點撥”鏈接。ChattimeC.MillieandSandyaretalkingaboutafilmaboutthehistoryofBeijing.Completetheirconversationwiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.Millie:(1)___________you(see)anyfilmsrecently,Sandy?②

Sandy:No,Ihaven’t.Whataboutyou?Have;seenMillie:I(2)___________(see)onelastSaturday.Sandy:What’sitabout?Millie:It’saboutthechangesinBeijingoverthepastcentury.Fromthisfilm,I(3)_____________(learn)moreaboutBeijing’spastandpresent.Sandy:Oh,IthinkI(4)___________(hear)aboutthefilm.Doyouplantoseeitagain?Millie:Yes,I’dliketo.sawhavelearnedhaveheard①Myparents_______(notcome)backyet.yet/jet/adv.還，仍考點1yet為現(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志詞，談?wù)撋形窗l(fā)生但可能發(fā)生的事。用于否定句和疑問句中。對應(yīng)詞是already，意為“已經(jīng)”，用于肯定句中。e.g.Thetrainhasn’tarrivedyet.火車還沒有到達(dá)。Hehasn’tcomeyet.Whatdoyouthinkhashappenedtohim?他還沒有來。你認(rèn)為他發(fā)生了什么事？Mymotherhasalreadyfinishedthehousework.我媽媽已經(jīng)做完了家務(wù)活。Isit10o’clockalready？已經(jīng)十點鐘了？用于疑問句時表示驚奇、懷疑。yet一般用在疑問句或否定句中。在疑問句中意為“已經(jīng)”；在否定句中意為“還”，通常放在句末。—Haveyoufoundthebookyet？你已經(jīng)找到那本書了嗎？—Notyet.還沒找到。still意為“仍然；還”，表示某事正在進(jìn)行中，可用于各種句式，一般只位于句子中間。Doyoustillteachinthatschool？你還在那所學(xué)校教書嗎？辨析：yet與still考題1：[青島]Hollyhas______fedthedog,butshehasn’twateredtheplants______.A.still;alreadyB.already;yetC.yet;stillD.yet;already【點撥】already通常用在肯定句中，yet通常用在否定句或疑問句中B返回溫馨提示:可返回原文②_______you_______(see)anyfilmsrecently,Sandy?recently/'ri?sntli/adv.近來，最近e.g.Peterhasmadeprogressinmathrecently.彼得最近在數(shù)學(xué)方面取得了進(jìn)步。Therehavebeenmanychangesinrecentyears.近幾年發(fā)生了許多變化。考點2現(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志詞adj.最近的考題2：Ihavebeenasbusyasabee___________(recent)becausethemid-termexamiscoming.recently小貼士：recently也可與一般過去時連用。e.g.Wereceivedaletterfromhimrecently.我們不久以前收到了他的一封信。返回現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時定義現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，或者表示從過去某時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。①構(gòu)成肯定形式：助動詞have/has+動詞的過去分詞②否定形式：在have/has后直接加not③疑問形式：將have或has提前④肯定回答是“Yes，主語+have/has.”否定回答是“No，主語+haven’t/hasn’t.”此符號鏈接下面詳細(xì)講解、例句和考題現(xiàn)在完成時變化規(guī)則⑤用法表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。⑥表示動作或狀態(tài)在過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還要持續(xù)下去，常和for，since連用。表示持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)，多用延續(xù)性動詞。⑦標(biāo)志詞常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞或結(jié)構(gòu)有already，never，ever，just，yet，recently，sofar，overtheyears，for+時間段，since+過去的時間點/一般過去時的句子等。⑧1.e.g.Ihavealreadyseenthefilm.我已經(jīng)看過這部電影了。（我已經(jīng)知道這部電影的內(nèi)容了）Wehavelivedheresincelastyear.自從去年以來我們就住在這兒。（表示從去年一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作）2.e.g.HehaslivedinNanjingsince2010.自從2010年以來他就住在南京。返回3.e.g.Ihaven’treadthebookyet.我還沒讀過這本書。4.e.g.—Haveyoufinishedtheworkyet?你已經(jīng)做完這項工作了嗎？—Yes,Ihave./No,Ihaven’t.是的，我已經(jīng)做完了。/不，我還沒有做完。返回考題1：[天水]—HaveTomandJerryseenthismoviebefore?（補全否定回答）—No,________________.【點撥】問句為現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句，其肯定回答為“Yes,I/we/you/theyhave.”其否定回答為“No,I/we/you/theyhavenot/haven’t.”Tom與Jerry是兩個人，因此作否定回答時主語應(yīng)用they。theyhaven’t考題2：[云南]—______you______aboutNaxiAncientMusicyet?—Yes,Ihave.ItisapartofNaxiculture.A.Has;heardB.Have;heardC.Did;hearD.Do;hear【點撥】考查動詞時態(tài)。句意：——你聽說過納西族古代音樂嗎？——是的，我聽說過。它是納西族文化的一部分。根據(jù)“Yes,Ihave.”和“yet”可知問句也是現(xiàn)在完成時，且主語是you，助動詞用have。B返回5.（1）規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞變化規(guī)則：變化規(guī)則示例a.一般直接在詞尾加-edwork—workedopen—openedb.以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的詞直接加-dlive—livedskate—skatedc.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,先變y為i,再加-edstudy—studiedhurry—hurried變化規(guī)則示例d.以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,直接加-edplay—playedstay—stayede.以“一個元音字母+一個輔音字母”結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-edstop—stoppedplan—plannedprefer—preferred（2）不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞需牢記課本上的不規(guī)則動詞表。返回6.e.g.Hehaslosthisbook.他已經(jīng)丟了他的書。（過去丟的,現(xiàn)在還沒找到）Hehaseatennothingtoday.他今天什么也沒吃。（現(xiàn)在一定餓了）Ihavealreadypostedthephotos.我已經(jīng)寄了照片。（照片不在我這里了）考題3：[無錫]What_______you_______(do)tomycomputer?It’sdead!【點撥】句意：你對我的電腦做了什么？它死機了！分析句子可知，電腦現(xiàn)在死機了，過去對電腦做的事情，對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時，結(jié)構(gòu)是has/havedone，主語是第二人稱you，助動詞用have。havedone返回7.e.g.HehastaughtEnglishfor20years.他已經(jīng)教了20年英語了。Wehaveknowneachothersincetenyearsago.我們十年前就互相認(rèn)識了?？碱}4：[北京]Jim_____alotaboutChineseculturesincehebegantostudyinourschool.A.learnsB.learnedC.willlearnD.haslearned【點撥】考查現(xiàn)在完成時。句意：自從吉姆開始在我們學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)以來，他懂得了許多關(guān)于中國文化方面的知識。由since可知用現(xiàn)在完成時。D特別提醒注意：對Hehaslivedheresincetenyearsago./Hehaslivedherefortenyears.這兩個句子中的畫線部分提問應(yīng)用howlong。即“Howlonghashelivedhere?他在這里生活多久了？”。考題5：[連云港]—______haveyoubeenamemberoftheYouthLeague?—Forthree