2024斯洛伐克共和國能源報告（英）

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SlovakRepublic2024

EnergyPolicyReview

INTERNATIONALENERGY

AGENCY

TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrum

ofenergyissues

includingoil,gasandcoalsupplyand

demand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,

accesstoenergy,

demandside

managementand

muchmore.Throughitswork,theIEA

advocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethe

reliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits

31membercountries,

13association

countriesandbeyond.

Thispublicationandany

mapincludedhereinare

withoutprejudicetothe

statusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothe

delimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.

IEAmembercountries:

AustraliaAustria

BelgiumCanada

CzechRepublic

DenmarkEstonia

Finland

France

GermanyGreece

HungaryIreland

Italy

Japan

Korea

Lithuania

LuxembourgMexico

NetherlandsNewZealandNorway

Poland

Portugal

SlovakRepublicSpain

Sweden

Switzerland

RepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdom

UnitedStates

TheEuropean

CommissionalsoparticipatesintheworkoftheIEA

IEAassociationcountries:

ArgentinaBrazil

China

Egypt

India

IndonesiaKenya

MoroccoSenegal

Singapore

SouthAfricaThailand

Ukraine

Source:IEA.

InternationalEnergyAgency

Website:

SlovakRepublic2024Tableofcontents

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Tableofcontents

Executivesummary 4

1.Generalenergyandclimatepolicy 8

Increasingambitionsofenergyandclimatetargets 9

Energyefficiencyandrenewabletargetsto2030 12

Streamlineandacceleratepermitting 15

Justtransitionpoliciestosupporttheenergytransitionandmitigatedemographicchange16

Carbontaxationandfossilfuelpricestobettersupporttheenergytransition 18

Adedicatedresearch,developmentandinnovationstrategytounderpinthegreen

transformation 20

Keyrecommendations 22

2.End-usesectors 23

Buildings 23

Industry 33

Transport 42

3.Energysecurity 48

Energyinfrastructuremustberesilientandclimate-proof 48

Recommendations 49

Electricity 50

Naturalgas 66

Annexes 75

Acknowledgements 75

Abbreviationsandacronyms 77

Unitsofmeasure 78

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Executivesummary

TheIEApeerreviewoftheSlovakRepublictookplacefrom23to30October2023.ItcameatanopportunetimefortheSlovakRepublic,whichisfinalisingitsupdatedNationalEnergyandClimatePlanto2030towardsreachingcarbonneutralityby2050.TheupdatedPlanincreasesearliertargetsforemissionsreductionsoutsidetheEuropeanUnion’sEmissionsTradingSystemto20%comparedto2005,thereductionoffinalenergyconsumptionto12%comparedto2020andtoreachashareof23%ofrenewableenergysourcesingrossfinalenergyconsumptionby2030.Today,theSlovakRepublicisnotontracktomeetitsdraft2030emissionsreductionstarget.

Increasingambitionsofenergyandclimatetargets

TheIEAcommendsthegovernmentoftheSlovakRepublicforthepreparationofadraftnationalactonclimatechangewhichwouldenshrinecarbonneutralityby2050intolaw.Theproposedlawwouldalsorequirethepreparationofsectoralclimateplans,whichareusefultoolstoenableco-ordinationbetweenministries,andtheirimplementation.TheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttoacceleratethefinalisationofthelawandthesectoralplans.TheIEAalsoencouragesthegovernmenttoestablishmonitoringandevaluationsystemsfortheirimplementationandtoenableearlycorrectiveactionifneeded.

TheSlovakRepublic’senergyandclimatetargetsfor2030lackambition.Thecountryhasnotsetanationaltargetforeconomy-widegreenhousegasemissionsreductionsfortheperiodto2050orsectortargets.Thetargetsfor2030arealsonotreflectiveofthesubstantiallyincreasedambitionsoftheEuropeanUnion’s“Fitfor55”packageandtheREPowerEUplanandwilllikelyneedtoberevisedupwardsshortly.

TheSlovakRepublichasalargeuntappedpotentialforrenewables.TheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttodevelopaclearroadmapwithfirmactionstoexpandanddiversifythesupplyofrenewableenergysources.Thiswillnotonlyhelpmeetprojectedenergydemandbutalsocontributetothelarge-scaleelectrificationoftheindustryandbuildingsectors.

TheSlovakRepublic’sindustrysectorisdominatedbyenergy-intensiveindustriesthatarehighlyvulnerabletoenergypriceshocks.Since2021,thecountryhasseenreducedindustrialproductiondespitesubstantialenergyintensityimprovementsintheindustrysectorsince2005.Alow-carbontransitionintheindustrysectorwillrequiretheavailabilityofreliablelow-carbonelectricitysupply,

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whichthecountryiswellplacedtoprovide,andwhichshouldbestrengthenedbytheproactiveexpansionofenergyfromrenewableenergysources.

Deliveringonthecurrentandfutureclimateandenergytargetsrequiresthetimelyexpansionofrobusttransmissionanddistributionsystems.Whilesomeinfrastructurebottleneckshaverecentlybeenremoved,moreeffortisneededtosimplify,streamlineandaccelerateapprovalandpermittingprocesses.Moreover,theIEAencouragesthegovernmenttocloselymonitoriftherecentlypassedlegislationtoallowinnovativebusinessmodelsintheelectricitysectorisdeliveringtheexpectedoutcomes.

Nuclearambitionsbenefitfromalong-termroadmap

TheSlovakRepublichasaveryhighshareoflow-carbonelectricityat85%in2023,comparedtotheIEAaverageof50%.NuclearistheSlovakRepublic’smainsourceofelectricitygeneration,accountingfor63%in2023,followedbyhydropowerwith14%.Fossilfuelsonlyplayaminorroleintheelectricitygenerationmixat15%in2023.Thegovernmentiscommittedtomaintainingthecriticalroleofnuclearpowergeneration.Itispursuingplansfortheconstructionofadditionalnuclearpowerplantsandexploringtherolesmallmodularreactorscouldplayinthefuture.Thegovernmentisalsoassessinghowtobetterharnessthepotentialofnuclearenergytosupplyheatandtocontributetothedecarbonisationofhard-to-abateindustrysectors.

TheIEAcommendstheSlovakRepublicforhavingsuccessfullybroughtthe471megawattelectrical(MWe)Mochovce3unittoasuccessfulcompletionin2023.The471MWeMochovce4unitisexpectedtobecomeoperationalby2025.Mindfulofgeopoliticaldevelopments,itisimportantthattheSlovakRepublicdiversifysourcesofsafety-relatedcomponentsandfuelforalloperatingunits.

TheSlovakRepublicwillalsoneedtotrainanewgenerationofworkersfortheproposednewbuilddesign,whichwillbebuiltinthecountryforthefirsttime.TheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttodevelopalong-termstrategicroadmapcoveringallelementsofthevaluechainandassessindetailtherolenuclearcanplayinanetzerofuture.Thiswillalsogivevisibilitytoindustryandsetouttheenablingconditionstosupportitsnuclearambitions,includingtheroleofsmallmodularreactors.

Publicly-ownedbuildingsshouldleadbyexample

4.0.

ThebuildingsectoristheSlovakRepublic’slargestenergy-consumingsector,accountingfor39%oftotalfinalenergyconsumptionin2022.Naturalgasaccountsforthelargestshareat42%.Thepredominantpartofnaturalgasconsumedisimportedfromasinglesource.Reducingnaturalgasconsumptioninthebuildingsectorwillcontributetoenhancedenergysecurity.

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Thismakesdeeprenovationschallengingashomeownersfrequentlyrequirenotonlythefinancialsupport,whichiscurrentlyavailablethroughavarietyofprogrammesimplementedbyvariousentitieswithdifferenteligibilitycriteria,butalsotechnicaladvisoryservices.

TheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttointroduceaone-stopshopscheme.Suchaschemecouldofferastart-to-finishprojectmanagementservice,includingaccesstofinancingfortherefurbishmentofsingle-familyhousesbutalsoforthedesignandimplementationofprojectsattheregionalandlocallevels.Thisisimportantasmanyruralcommunitieslackthecapacityforsuchcomplexprojects.

TherenovationofpublicbuildingsislaggingtheannualrenovationraterequiredbytheEuropeanCommission.Thereisagapintherenovationofpublicbuildings,comparedtotherenovationofresidentialapartmentbuildings.Oneofthedifficultiesisthelackofacentralisedsystemforcollectingdataonstate-ownedandcentralgovernmentbuildings,whichpreventsthecreationofatargetedpublicbuildingrenovationplan.TheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttocreate,maintainandmakepubliclyavailableaninventoryofthepublicsectorbuildingstockatthenationalandlocallevelsandtodevelopadatabasetosupportthedesignofpoliciestoenhancetheenergyefficiencyperformanceofpublicbuildings.

Fiscalpolicyshouldsupporttheenergytransition

CarbontaxationandfossilfuelpricesintheSlovakRepublicarenotalignedwithdrivingconsumerbehaviourinsupportoftheenergytransition.Fiscalandtaxpolicyshouldencourageconsumerstomoveawayfromfossilfuelsandsupporttheuptakeoflow-emission,moreefficient,renewableandinnovativeoptions.Taxationshouldideallyreflectthecarboncontentoffuels.TheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttoadvanceitspledgeforafiscallyneutralgreentaxreform.

ThegovernmentoftheSlovakRepublictookswiftactiontoprotectvulnerableconsumersfromtheexceptionallyhighenergypricesin2021and2022.Thegovernmentoptedtobroadenthedefinitionofvulnerableconsumersbeyondtheentirehouseholdsegmenttoalmostallsmallenterprisesandlargepartsofthepublicsector.Italsoextendedtheprovisiontocapretailpricesthrough2024.

Wholesaleenergypriceshavenowwidelyreturnedtotheirpre-criseslevelandtheIEAencouragesthegovernmenttoendthepricecapsandtoquicklyputinplacealegaldefinitionofenergypoverty.Thisshouldbecomplementedbythesupportmechanismprovidedaspartofthesocialtransferandprotectionsystem,asopposedtothroughsubsidisedandartificiallylowretailprices,asthelowsubsidisedpricesruncountertothegovernment’sdeclaredpriorityfortheenergyefficiencyfirstprinciple.

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SlovakRepublic20241.Generalenergyandclimatepolicy

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1.Generalenergyandclimatepolicy

TheSlovakRepublic’senergyandclimatepoliciesfocusonachievingclimateneutralityby2050whilecreatingacompetitivelow-carboneconomywithaffordableenergyprices.ThekeydocumentsdefiningtheSlovakRepublic’senergyandclimatepolicies,targetsandsupportingmeasuresaretheEnvirostrategy2030andtheNationalEnergyandClimatePlan(NECP),bothadoptedin2019,andtheLow-CarbonDevelopmentStrategyuntil2030withaViewto2050,adoptedin2020.

TheNECPisrequiredforallEuropeanUnion(EU)memberstatesanddefineshowtheSlovakRepublicwillcontributetotheachievementofEU-wideclimateandenergytargetsto2030.Inthe2019NECP,theSlovakRepubliccommittedtoa20%reductionofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsforsectorsoutsideoftheEUEmissionsTradingSystem(ETS)by2030comparedto2005.SectorsnotcoveredbytheETS,suchastransport,buildings,agricultureandwaste,fallundertheEUEffort-SharingRegulation.

TheSlovakRepublicforwardedthemandatorydraftupdatedNECPtotheEuropeanCommissioninAugust2023anddelayedthesubmissionofthefinalversionoftheupdatedNECP,expectedtobedeliveredinJune2024.ThedraftupdatedNECPrevisedthenon-ETSGHGemissionsreductiontargetupwardsto-22.5%by2030.Non-ETSGHGemissionshavefallenby7.1%(2021,comparedto2005).AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission,theSlovakRepublicisnotontracktomeetitsrevisedemissionsreductiontargetfor2030withanassessedgapof11.1percentagepointsandhasnotyetfullytakenintoaccountthenew“Fitfor55”packageandtheREPowerEUplaninitsdraftsubmission.TheEU-widetargetistoreduceGHGemissionsby55%by2030comparedto1990.TheSlovakRepublichasnotyetsetanynationaltargetforreducingitseconomy-wideGHGemissionsto2030beyondthecountry’sobligationsasamemberoftheEuropeanUnion.

In2021,GHGemissionsintheSlovakRepublicreached33.6milliontonnescarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO2-eq),includinglanduse,land-usechangeandforestry(LULUCF),a27%declinesince2005and11%since2018(Figure1.1).Theenergysectoraccountedfor67%ofthecountry’stotalGHGemissionsin2021,ofwhichtransportaccountedfor18%andelectricityandheatproductionfor17%.Industrialprocessesaccountfor23%oftheGHGemissionsinthe

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SlovakRepublic.TheLULUCFsectorisanimportantcarbonsinkintheSlovakRepublic,accountingfor7.7MtCO2-eqin2021;almostequivalenttotheemissionsfromthetransportsector.

Figure1.1TotalgreenhousegasemissionsbysectorintheSlovakRepublic(2005-

MtCO?-eq

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

aIndustrialprocessesWaste

.AgricultureBuildingsUIndustryTransport

aElectricityandheatproductionLULUCF

aProjectedtotalGHGemissionsCNetGHGemissions

zerotarget

2021)andprojections(2030and2050)

Projection

Net-

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Sources:IEAanalysisbasedonUNFCCC(2023),Greenhousegasinventorydata;SlovakRepublic,MinistryoftheEnvironment(2020),Low-CarbonDevelopmentStrategyoftheSlovakRepublicuntil2030withaViewto2050.

Increasingambitionsofenergyandclimatetargets

Thecountry’slow-carbonstrategyoutlinesaroadmapsettingoutsectoralmeasurestoallowtheSlovakRepublictoreachnetzeroemissionsby2050.Theemissionsreductiontrajectoryestimatesthatby2050,amaximumemissionsreductionof90%,comparedto1990,1canbeachievedifalladditionalmeasuresareimplemented.DespiteconsideringallpossibleremovalsfromtheLULUCFsector,theSlovakRepublicwould,however,fallatleast7MtCO2-eqshortofreachingclimateneutralityin2050.Theroadmapdiscussedseveralmeasures,includingcarboncaptureandstorage,toaddresstheemissionsgap.Theroadmapindicatesthatitsmodellingscenarioswillbeupdatedby2025toreflectnewpoliciesandtargetssetatthenationalandEUlevelandevaluatethescopeofthereductionsofthemeasuresidentifiedtowardsreachingcarbonneutrality.

Anationalactonclimatechangeenshriningcarbonneutralityintolawisatadraftstageanditisunclearwhenparliamentwilltakeafinalvoteonthis.Thedraftactincludesprovisionsforthepreparationofsectoralclimateplans,whoseimplementationwouldbetheresponsibilityofrelevantsectoralministries.ThislegislationwouldbeaneffectivecomplementtotheroadmapintheLow-Carbon

1TheSlovakRepublicwasformedon1January1993afterthedissolutionoftheformerCzechoslovakia.

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DevelopmentStrategyandcoulddirectthegovernmenttowardstakingearlycorrectivemeasuresifoneofthesectorswheretogetoff-trackfromitsemissionsreductionpath.

Whendevelopingsectoralclimateplans,itisimportanttomaintainaneconomy-wideperspectiveandtoinvolveallrelevantstakeholdersineachstepoftheprocess.Choicesonthefuelmix,forexample,willimpactinvestmentsintheindustrysector,thereforedecisionstakeninonesectorshouldbeassessedfortheirimplicationsontheentireenergysystem.

Thedraftactomitstheenergyandhard-to-abatesectorsandtheirrequirementforsectoralplans.WhilethesesectorsareeffectivelyregulatedbytheEUETS,omittingthemfromthelawwouldmaketheco-ordinationbetweenministriestoimplementemissionsreductionsmoredifficult.Ataminimum,otherministriesshouldbemandatedtocoverenergyandhard-to-abatesectorsintheirsectoralplans.

Thegovernmentcouldassesstheviabilityofcreatingataskforceorsteeringgroupthatwouldmeetonaregularbasistoexaminethedirectionofenergyandclimatepolicyandensureconsistencyindecisionmaking.Thissteeringgroupshouldcontainrepresentativesfromallsectors,includingconsumergroupsandnon-governmentalorganisations.Itcouldalsooverseethedevelopmentofastrategysettingouttheoptimaltechnologymixandtheassociatedinvestmentneeds,takingasystem-wideperspectivethataccountsforincreasedvariablegenerationandothercleanenergytechnologies.

ThegovernmentmayliketoexploretheexperiencesandlessonslearntinIreland,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdomwhendevelopinglegislationonclimateactionandsectoralclimateplans.IrelandandtheUnitedKingdomhavealsoestablishedclimatechangeadvisorycouncilstosupportandadvisetheirgovernments.

TheSlovakRepublic’senergysystemisdominatedbyfossilfuels,thoughtheirshareintotalenergysupply(TES)declinedfrom64%in2013to60%in2023,notablylowerthantheIEAaverageof78%in2023.Thedeclineismostlyattributabletothedecreaseincoaluse,whoseshareinTESdroppedfrom20%in2013to14%in2023.Theshareofrenewablesincreasedfrom13%ofTESin2013to15%in2023.NuclearaccountsforthesinglelargestshareofTESat28%in2023.

Bioenergyandwastedominatedtotalrenewableenergysupplyin2023.Bioenergyhasbecomeanimportantfuelforheatingsystems,particularlyinthebuildingsector,whereitcontributed16%oftheenergysupplyin2022(seeChapter2).In2022,buildingswerethesinglelargestconsumingsector(39%oftotalfinalenergyconsumption[TFEC]),followedbyindustry(34%)andtransport(27%).

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TheSlovakRepublicimported55%ofitstotalenergysupplyin2023andmostofitscrudeoilandalmostallofitsnaturalgasimportsoriginatefromtheRussianFederation(hereafter“Russia”).Transporthasthehighestdemandforoilproducts,followedbyindustry,whileoilconsumptioninthebuildingsectorisnegligible.NaturalgasaccountsforfifthofTES,aquarterofTFEC,over50%ofheatoutputandisthemostimportantheatingfuelinthebuildingsector(seeFigure1.2).

Thecountry’sdependencyondirectimportsofRussiangasdecreasedin2022(seeChapter3).TheIEAcommendstheSlovakRepublicforitsswiftandhighlyeffectiveactionindiversifyinggasimportsinashortperiodoftime,bycontractinggassuppliesfromawidernumberofsuppliersandmakingmoreefficientuseoftheregionalgasinfrastructure.FurtherreducingtheshareoffossilfuelsinTESandTFECwillhencereduceimportdependencyandenhancesecurityofsupply.

Figure1.2Totalenergysupply(2023)anddemand(2022)bysourceintheSlovak

Republic

Totalfinalenergyconsumption(2022)

Bioenergyandwaste

Coal

WindandsolarHydro

supply

(2023)

Totalenergy

Oil

Nuclear

Naturalgas

200

160

120

80

40

0

PJ

IndustryBuildingsTransport

Heat

Electricity

Bioenergyandwaste

Coal

Naturalgas

Oil

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Note:PJ=petajoule.

Source:IEA(2024),WorldEnergyBalances(database).

Thecountry’selectricitygenerationispredominantlylowemission,withnuclearaccountingfor63%andrenewablesfor22%in2023.Coalaccountedfor5.7%,asharpdropcomparedto2005,whenitaccountedfor19%ofelectricitygeneration.ThisreductionreflectsthedecisionoftheSlovakRepublictophaseoutcoal-firedpowergenerationwithaviewtoreducingGHGemissionsbutalsoduetoeconomicconsiderations.

Theconcretesteptowardsthecoalphase-outwastheendofoperationsof266MWattheNovákycoalpowerplantinDecember2023,whichalsosignifiestheendofoperationsfortheNovákymine.Thegovernmentdecidedin2018toremovesubsidiesforunprofitabledomesticcoalminingbytheendof2023.TheIEAcommendsthegovernmentforthisdecisionandfornotreversingthisdecision

SlovakRepublic20241.Generalenergyandclimatepolicy

duringtheenergycrisesof2022and2023.Thelastcoal-firedpowerplantinthecountry,the220MWVojanyplant,ceasedoperationsinMarch2024,whilethelastcoalmineatNovákyclosedinDecember2023.Worksontheclosureoftheundergroundmine,theliquidationofminingoperationsandtherevitalisationoftheareaaffectedbyminingactivityshouldbecompletedby2027.

Tocompensateforthelossofcoal-firedgeneration,thegovernmentiscommittedtoincreasingtheshareofnuclear.InJanuary2023,thethirdunitoftheMochovcenuclearpowerwasconnectedtothegridand,attheendoftheenergystart-upstageofthecommissioning,reachedfullcapacityinSeptember2023,adding471MWecapacity.Additionalnuclearcapacityisplannedfor2025whenthefourthMochovceunit,withanoutputof471MWe,isexpectedtobecomeoperational.Withthecommissioningofthesetwonuclearunits,theSlovakRepublicistobecomeanetelectricity-exportingcountry.TheSlovakRepublichasastrongcommitmenttonuclearpower,includingthedeploymentofsmallmodularreactors(SMRs)inthelongerterm;however,thisshouldnotdistractfromtheroleotherpowergenerationsourcescanplaytomeetitsnetzerotargets.TheongoingandwelcomeshiftintheSlovakRepublic’senergysystemneedstoaccelerateandbesupportedbymoreambitiousrenewablesandenergyefficiencypoliciesifthecountryistomeetitsclimatetargetsfor2030and2050.

Energyefficiencyandrenewabletargetsto2030

Thegovernmenthassuccessfullyappliedtheenergyefficiencyfirstprinciple2inachievingitstargetsforbothitsfinalenergyconsumption(FEC)andprimaryenergyconsumption(PEC)targetsfor2020assetoutintheEUEnergyEfficiencyDirective(EED).TherevisedEUEED(2023)cameintoforceon10October2023andincludesanambitionfortheoverallEUobjectiveofreducingFECby11.7%by2030withrespecttotheEU2020referencescenario.EUmembersarerequiredtomaketheirbesteffortstoachievethePECtarget.However,theFECtargetisbinding,andtheEuropeanCommissioncanuseitspowerstohavethetargetachieved.

EUmembers’contributionstotheEUtargetarecalculatedasdefinedinAnnex1oftheEED.InitsdraftupdatedNECP,theSlovakRepublicseesa12%reductioninFECby2030comparedtothe2020referencescenario.Thismeansthatthegovernmentshouldtakemeasurestoensurea22%reductioninFECby2030comparedtotheactual2021FEC.

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2Definedastakingutmostaccountofcost-efficientenergyefficiencymeasuresinshapingenergypolicyandtakingrelevantinvestmentdecisions.

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InitsassessmentoftheSlovakRepublic’sdraftupdatedNECP,theEuropeanCommissionnotesthatboththeFECandPECtargetsarenotinlinewiththeEuropeanCommission’scalculationreflectingtherequirementsoftherevisedDirective.TheCommissionhencesuggeststhattheSlovakRepublicbemoreambitiousinitsfinalupdatedNECP(initiallyexpectedbytheendofJune2024).AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission’scalculations,theSlovakRepublic’scontributiontotheEuropeanUnion’sFECcannotexceed354PJby2030,comparedtotheproposedtargetof430PJinthedraftupdatedNECP.ThePECshouldnotexceed564PJ.However,underthetwoscenariosassessedbythegovernment,PECwouldbeintherangeof687to755PJ.

Table1.1Energyefficiencytargetsfor2030intheSlovakRepublic

Status

2020

Targets

2022Status

2030

Targets

Primaryenergyconsumption

635PJ

686PJ

645PJ

657PJor-2%

Finalenergyconsumption

434PJ

378PJ

446PJ

430PJ

Sources:2020targetfrom2018review;2030targetfromdraftupdatedNECP.

TheSlovakRepublichasmadecontinuousprogressinreducingFECledbytheindustrialsector.TheIEAcommendstheSlovakindustrysectorforitsenergyefficiencyimprovementsmadeinrecentdecades.Thepotentialforfurtherimprovementsseemstorelylargelyontheintroductionofinnovativetechnologiesandelectrification,wherepossible(seeChapter2).However,thereisanopportunitytoincreaseenergyefficiencyinthebuildingsector.Muchofthispotentialrestsinthestockofpublicbuildingsandindividualhouses(seeChapter2).TheIEAsuggeststhatthegovernmentreviewallpoliciesandmeasurestosupportdecarbonisationandrenewableenergyfromanenergyefficiencyperspective.

TheSlovakgovernmentdoesnotconsiderrenewablestobeaprimaryobjectiveofitsenergyandclimatepolicybutratheratoolforthetransitiontoalow-carboneconomy.ThedraftupdatedNECPhasraisedtheoveralltargetfortheshareofrenewableenergysourcesingrossfinalconsu