句法 課件-初升高銜接英語課程

句子成分基本句型一、句子句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，是能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整概念的語言單位。句子的第一個(gè)字母必須大寫，結(jié)尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!PDOOAC

(subject)SV(verb)(object)

(predicative)

(adverbial)

(directobject)I0

(objectcomplement)(indirectobject)（同位語）appositive（定語）attribute主語狀語賓語補(bǔ)足語直接賓語表語賓語間接賓語謂語二、句子成分1.主語（Subject）是一個(gè)句子所敘說的主體，動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。主語的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。Whooftenlooksafterhim?(who做主語)找出主語，并判斷其由什么充當(dāng)。Janeisplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Fourplusfouriseight.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisbad.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.Whathehassaidistrue.（名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）（主語從句）2.謂語(Predicate)

謂語即主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或主語具有的特征和狀態(tài)。根據(jù)主語，動(dòng)作發(fā)出的時(shí)間不同有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。1.說明主語“做什么”，“是什么”，或“怎么樣”2.必須用動(dòng)詞3.和主語在人稱，數(shù)兩個(gè)方面必須一致（主謂一致）4.在主語后面2.謂語動(dòng)詞（V）

Italkedaboutmycareerplan.Tomcanplaytheviolin.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theyaremybestfriend.Hedidn’tfinishhishomework.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形系動(dòng)詞-感官動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞-be動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形實(shí)義動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形找出謂語動(dòng)詞

Whathappened?Theplanetookoffat10o’clock.Wewerebeatenbytheirteam.Youcandoitifyoutryhard.Iwillwatchthemovie.Shequicklyfilledintheform.Timeflies.Thisisagoodstory.3.賓語（Object）動(dòng)作的對象或承受者,位于動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。賓語一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從句充當(dāng)。及物動(dòng)詞后稱為動(dòng)詞賓語，介詞后稱為介詞賓語。找出賓語，并判斷其由什么充當(dāng)

Showyourpassport,please.Shedidn'tsayanything.Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.Theyaskedtoseemypassport.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（名詞化的形容詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（賓語從句）間接賓語&直接賓語賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語.有些動(dòng)詞可接雙賓語(即直接賓語→常指物，和間接賓語→常指人)。Hegavemesomebooks.↓間接賓語IO↓直接賓語DOPleasepassmethebook.Heboughthismothersomeflowers.mesomebooks4.賓語補(bǔ)足語(ObjectComplement)

英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）

make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let…賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。找出賓補(bǔ)，并判斷其由什么充當(dāng)

HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.

Letthefreshairin.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.

Wesawherenteringtheroom.

Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.

Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）5.表語(Predicative)說明或表述主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)位置在系動(dòng)詞之后一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句充當(dāng)找出表語，并判斷其由什么充當(dāng)

Isityours?Theweatherhasturnedcold.

Thespeechisexciting.

Threetimessevenistwentyone?HisjobistoteachEnglish.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Themachinemustbeoutoforder.Timeisup.Theclassisover.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（代詞）（形容詞）（形容詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（介詞短語）（副詞）（表語從句）6.定語(Attribute)修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或從句Heisacleverboy.Hisfatherworksinasteelfactory.Thereare54studentsinourclass.Doyouknowbetty’ssister?Heboughtsomesleepingpills.Hisspokenlanguageisgood.ThebookthatIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(形容詞)(名詞)(數(shù)詞)(名詞的所有格)(動(dòng)名詞)(過去分詞)(定語從句)定語后置如果定語是由一個(gè)單詞表示時(shí)，通常要前置。而由一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)句子表示時(shí)，通常則后置。Thegirlinredishissister.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejust

now?7.狀語（Adverbial）修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等7.狀語（A）狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：

1)通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；

2)修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；

3)表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語一般須在時(shí)間狀語之前；

4)一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。7.狀語（A）Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）HehaslearnedEnglishfortenyears.（介詞短語）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短語）Heisintheroom

makingamodelplane.（分詞短語）Waitaminute.（名詞）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（狀語從句）找出狀語，并判斷狀語類型Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?

Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.

Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.

Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.

Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.Iamtallerthanheis.（時(shí)間）（原因）（條件）（地點(diǎn)）（方式）（伴隨）（目的）（結(jié)果）（讓步）（比較）8.同位語(Appositive)當(dāng)兩個(gè)詞或詞組在一個(gè)句子中具有相同的語法地位而且描述相同的人或事物時(shí)，我們稱它們?yōu)橥徽Z。同理，當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，若其中一個(gè)句子成分是用于說明或解釋另一個(gè)句子成分的，那么用于起說明或解釋作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位語。Ms.Li,ourEnglishteacher,iskindandpatient.主語同位語找出同位語ThisismyfriendLily.Yesterday,ImetTom,Lucy’sbrother.WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhard-working.Theybothenjoyplayingbasketball.Thenewsthathewillcomebackistrue.Membersofasentence:ThinkandtalkWhatisasentencemadeupof?S(subject)V(verb)O(object)P(predicative)A(adverbial)DO(directobject)IO(indirectobject)C(objectcomplement)

三、英語句子種類1.按句子的用途分：1)陳述句（肯定、否定）：

eg.Heissixyearsold.Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2)疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：

eg.Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3)祈使句：Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass.4)感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboy!2.按句子結(jié)構(gòu)分類句子結(jié)構(gòu)類型（一）簡單句（二）并列句（三）復(fù)合句*幾個(gè)簡單句用分號(hào)或并列連詞連接起來構(gòu)成并列句;*幾個(gè)簡單句可通過各種方式組合成含有主句和從句的復(fù)合句。只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句式及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句式，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。五種基本句式如下：1.S+V(主＋謂)(S+V+A)2.S+V+O(主＋謂＋賓)(S+V+O+A)3.S+V+P(主＋系＋表)4.S+V+O+O(主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓)5.S+V+O+C(主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ))6.Therebe...英語五大基本句型簡單句的基本句型主謂(SV)主謂賓(SVO)主系表(SP)主謂雙賓(SVIODO)5.主謂賓+賓補(bǔ)(SVOC)6.主謂狀(SVA)7.主謂賓狀(SVOA)8.therebe…ThebasicsentencestructuresThebook

cameout.Hissister

cried.Thephone

rang.I

agreed.Theredsun

rises

intheeast.主語謂語1.主、謂SV(S+V+A)狀語He

isreading

abook.Mike

knows

theanswer.She

likes

dogs.You

shouldfinish

yourhomework.主語謂語2.主、謂、賓SVO(S+V+O+A)賓語SVOA主謂賓+狀語在主謂賓句型的基礎(chǔ)上補(bǔ)充時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，條件，方式等信息。Ihadmyfirstclassatseniorhighschool.狀語He

gave

me

abook.Myfather

bought

me

abike.She

showed

me

herpictures.I

provide

him

somefood.主語謂語3.主、謂、(間)賓、(直)賓SVoO間賓直賓We

mustkeep

thedoor

open.Thenews

made

them

happy.She

found

theroom

empty.We

consider

him

akindman.主語謂語4.主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)SVOC賓語賓補(bǔ)Mr.Wu

is

ourChineseteacher.

They

are

energetic.Theplan

sounds

perfect.Everything

looks

different.主語謂語5.主、系、表SP表語Therebe…

Therearethreepeopleinmyuncle’sfamily.

Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.

Thereisn’taboyintheroom.

Therearen’tanybooksonthedesk.

There’salottoexploreatseniorhigh.

There’saboysittingunderthetree.該句型可以表示“某地有(存在)某物”，或當(dāng)我們不知道是誰有……時(shí)，也可用該句型。Sentence

structureSentencesYourSentencesSVAllofuslaughed.SVOImissmygrandma.SPTheteacherwaskindandfriendlySVIODOHetoldusafunnystory.SVOCIfoundmostofmyclassmatesandteachersfriendlyandhelpful.SVAHetalkedtoomuch.SVOAIhadmyfirstmathsclassatseniorhighschool.Therebe…There’salottoexploreatseniorhigh.Practice:

Readthesentencesandanalysethestructures.1.The100-year-oldschoolliesinthecentreofthecity.S主語V謂語A狀語2.Wemustact.S主語V謂語3.Themathshomeworklookseasy.S主語P系表4.Theteacherfoundtheclassroomempty.S主語V謂語O賓語C賓補(bǔ)這所有著一百年歷史的學(xué)校坐落于市中心我們必須行動(dòng)起來。數(shù)學(xué)作業(yè)看起來挺簡單。老師覺得教室空蕩蕩的。Practice:

Readthesentencesandanalysethestructures.5.Mymumboughtmeanewdictionary.6.Tomislookingforwardtomeetingthenewexchangestudent.7.ThereisanEnglishCorneratourschool.8.Wehadchemistryinthenewlybuiltlab.S主語V謂語DO直賓IO間賓S主語V謂語O賓語有某物某地S

主語V

謂語O

賓語A

狀語Therebe句型我媽媽給我買了一本新的字典。湯姆期盼遇見一位新的交換生。在我們學(xué)校有一個(gè)新的英語角。在新建的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里我們上了一節(jié)化學(xué)課。英語句子種類并列句：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子且句子之間有并列連詞and/but/or等

或用分號(hào)連接。①表同等概念:

and/but/notonly…butalso.../neither…nor…eg.Hestudieswellandhissisterisfondofsports.Hestudieswellbutheisnotgoodatsports.Studyhardandyou’llmakeprogress.②表選擇:

or/either…oreg.Hurryup,oryouwillmissthebus.

Eitheryouarewrong,orIam.③