2024年北京十一中高三（上）10月月考英語試題及答案

2024北京十一中高三10月月考英語第一部分知識運用(共兩節(jié)，30分)第一節(jié)(共分)閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的、B、、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。OneMondaymorningIintotheclassroomandcaught____1____apictureonhismathbook.ThiswasonedayafterIhadgiventheclassalectureontakingcareofschoolNormallyIwouldhavegotangryand____2____himtheInstead,Iwalkedoverhisdeskandstoodthere.Joeclosedthebooktryingtohidehisdrawing.Isaid,“Letme____3____whatIsaidyesterday:thesetextbooksaregoingtobeusedforthenextfiveyears,andI____4____youtotakegoodcareofthem.”Joemurmured.“Iforgot.”“Isee.”Isaid.WhenIreturnedtodeskagain,heerasingthedrawingwithhisworn-outI____5____himmineandadrawingpad,andthensaid,“Here,thismightmakethejob____6____.youcanalsousethepadwheneveryouhavethe____7____Joelooked____8____andsaid,“Thanks.”Inoddedandstartedmylesson.Joedrawninhistextbooksince.keepsthepadhispocketandshowshisdrawingfromtimetotime.I’mgladIaskhimtogothethatItmighthavestoppedhimfrommarkingonhisbooks,butwewouldneverhavethe____9____wehaveknows,Imayhave_____10_____apromisingPicasso.1.A.drawing2.A.welcomed3.A.checkB.copyingB.sentC.observingC.beggedC.updateD.examiningD.followedD.repeatB.prove4.A.forceB.allowC.expectD.promiseD.mailedD.easier5.A.rewarded6.A.slowerB.handedB.earlierB.B.calmC.showedC.safer7.A.C.ambitionC.awkwardC.relationshipC.ignoredD.talent8.A.surprised9.A.achievement10.A.attractedD.anxiousD.conflictD.cheatedB.appointmentB.encouraged【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.C5.B6.D7.A8.A9.C10.B【導語】本文是一篇記敘文。主要講述的作者看見Joe在書上畫畫，不但沒有把他叫到辦公室，反而給了他一個畫板，讓他在什么時候想畫的時候在畫板上畫，這不僅阻止了Joe在書上畫畫，而且增進了師生之間的關(guān)系?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：一個星期一的早晨，我走進教室，看見Joe在他的數(shù)學書上畫畫。A.drawing畫畫；B.copying復制；C.observing觀察；D.examining檢測。根據(jù)下文中的“Joeclosedthebooktryingtohidehisdrawing.”可知，Joe看見作者發(fā)現(xiàn)了，馬上合上書，把畫藏起來，由此可知，此處指的是他在數(shù)學書上“畫畫”符合語境。故選A項。【2題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：通常我會很生氣，把他送到辦公室去。A.welcomed歡迎；B.sent送，寄出；C.begged請求；D.followed跟隨。根據(jù)下文中的“I’mgladIaskhimgotothethat”可知，作者很高興那天沒有讓Joe去辦公室，結(jié)合“NormallyIwouldhavegotangry”可知，通常作者見到學生在書上畫畫會很生氣，所以此處指的是把學生“送”去辦公室。故選B項?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：讓我重復我昨天說過的話。A.check檢查；B.prove證明；C.update更新；D.repeat重復。根據(jù)上文中的“ThiswasonedayafterIhadgiventheclassalectureontakingcareofschool”可知，作者昨天說過讓學生保管好學校的財產(chǎn)，結(jié)合下文中的“whatIsaidyesterday…”可知，此處指的是作者“重復”昨天說的話。故選D項?！?題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：這些教科書是今后五年要用的，我希望你們好好愛護它們。A.force強迫；B.allow允許；C.expect期望；D.promise承諾。根據(jù)下文中的“youtotakegoodcareofthem.”可知，此處是作者對學生的“期望”符合語境。故選C項。【5題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我把我的橡皮擦和一個畫板遞給他，然后說，“給，這個可能會讓擦掉書上的畫的工作容易些?！?。A.rewarded獎勵；B.handed交，遞；C.showed展示；D.mailed郵寄。根據(jù)下文中的“Joelooked____8____andsaid,“Thanks.””可知，Joe看著并且對作者表示感謝，由此可知，此處指的是作者“遞給”Joe橡皮擦和一個畫板。故選B項。【6題詳解】考查形容詞比較級詞義辨析。句意：我把我的橡皮擦和一個畫板遞給他，然后說，“給，這個可能會讓擦掉書上的畫的工作容易些?！薄.slower較慢；B.earlier較早；C.safer更安全；D.easier更容易。根據(jù)上文中的“WhenIreturneddeskagain,hewaserasingthedrawingwithhisworn-out”可知，作者再回到Joe的可住處時，Joe正在用小而破舊的橡皮擦書上的畫，由此可知，此處指的是作者把自己的橡皮擦給Joe，這樣擦起來“更容易”符合語境。故選D項?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：當你想畫畫的時候，你也可以使用這個畫板。A.沖動；B.精力，能量；C.ambition雄心；D.talent才華。根據(jù)上文中的“Andyoucanalsousethepad”可知，作者告訴Joe可以使用這個畫板畫畫，結(jié)合下文中的“todraw”可知，此處指的是作者告訴Joe什么時候有畫畫的“沖動”時，就在畫板上畫。故選A項?！?題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：Joe看起來很驚訝，說“謝謝。”A.surprised驚訝的；B.calm冷靜的；C.awkward令人尷尬的；D.anxious焦急的。根據(jù)上文中的“NormallyIwouldhavegotangryand____2____himtotheoffice.”可知，作者通常會對不聽話的孩子很生氣，然后讓孩子去辦公室，結(jié)合“Andyoucanalsousethepadwheneveryouhavethe____7____to”可知，作者還給Joe畫板讓他想什么時候繪畫時在畫板上畫，所以此處應(yīng)為“驚訝的”符合語境。故選A項?！?題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這可能會阻止他在書上畫畫，但我們永遠不會有我們今天的關(guān)系。achievement成就；B.appointment約定；C.relationship關(guān)系；D.conflict矛盾。根據(jù)上文中的“Hekeepsthepadinhispocketandshowsmehisdrawingfromtimetotime.”可知，自那以后，Joe經(jīng)常把自己的畫讓作者看，由此可知，此處表示的是如果喊他去辦公室會阻止Joe在書上畫畫，但是不會有現(xiàn)在他與Joe之間的“關(guān)系”。故選C項。【10題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：誰知道呢，也許我鼓勵了一個有前途的畢加索。A.attracted吸引；B.encouraged鼓勵；C.ignored忽略；cheated欺騙。根據(jù)上文中的“Andyoucanalsousethepadwheneveryouhavethe____7____”可知，作者告訴Joe什么時候有畫畫的沖動就在作者給他的畫板上畫，由此可知，此處指的是作者“鼓勵”Joe畫畫。故選B項。第二節(jié)(共分)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~,在給出示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。A閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~，在給出示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。DimsumisoneofthemostpopularChinesedishes.It(originate)inGuangzhoumorethanathousandyearsago.PeopleofGuangdongarefondofdrinkingthemorningorlunch.So,theyofteneatdimsumduringtheirteapartiesforbreakfastandlunch.ACantonesechef’sgoalis____12____(preserve)theoriginalUnlikeotherChinesestylesofcookingsuchasSichuanstyle,______13______Cantonesechefaimsdoistobringoutorhighlighttheoriginalflavorofthevegetable,meat,orfruit.【答案】originated12.topreserve13.a【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了點心的起源和制作過程。【題詳解】考查時態(tài)。句意：它起源于一千多年前的廣州城。根據(jù)時間狀語“morethanathousandyearsago”可知，句子使用一般過去時，動詞使用過去式形式。故填originated。【12題詳解】考查動詞不定式。句意：粵菜廚師的目標是保持食物的原汁原味。主語是goal，用動詞不定式作表語，說明主語的具體內(nèi)容或表示目的。故填topreserve?！?3題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：與其他中國烹飪風格不同，比如川菜，一位粵菜廚師的目標是突出或強調(diào)蔬菜、肉類或水果的原汁原味。chef是可數(shù)名詞，此處泛指“一名粵菜廚師”，Cantonese是輔音音素開頭的單詞，前邊應(yīng)用不定冠詞a。故填a。B閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~,在給出示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。haveprobablydreamedabouthowyouwouldchangetheworld,onlyfindthatitimpossible.youmayhavethepowertomaketheworldbetterwithbabysteps.theideabehindtheBAChallenge,_____14_____isapublicservicecampaignco-initiatedbyAlibabaandSinaItaskspeopletodosomethingpositiveandthenrecordthechangesbeforeandSinceitsfirst_____15_____(appear)ononSept.2nd,theBAChallengehasattractedmillionsofviewersandparticipants._____16_____theselittlethingsbeeasilyignoredinourdailylives,theyarewellreceivedbymanyviewers.【答案】14.which15.appearance16.Although##Though##While【導語】本文為一篇說明文。介紹了BA挑戰(zhàn)賽讓人們通過一些小事情讓世界變得更美好。【14題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：這就是BA挑戰(zhàn)賽背后的想法，這是一項由阿里巴巴和新浪微博共同發(fā)起的公共服務(wù)活動?？仗幰龑Х窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句，先行詞為theBAChallenge表示事物，作從句的主語，用關(guān)系代詞which引導從句。故填which?！?5題詳解】考查名詞。句意：自9月2日在新浪微博上首次亮相以來，BA挑戰(zhàn)賽已經(jīng)吸引了數(shù)百萬觀眾和參與者。根據(jù)its及since可知，空處用名詞作賓語，appear對應(yīng)的名詞為appearance。故填appearance?！?6題詳解】考查讓步狀語從句。句意：雖然這些小事情在我們的日常生活中很容易被忽視，但它們卻受到了很多觀眾的歡迎?？仗幰龑У谝粋€句子，為從屬連詞，結(jié)合句意可知，前后邏輯為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，前面表示讓步，用表示讓步的連詞Although/Though/While引導從句。故填Although/Though/While。C閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當?shù)膯卧~,在給出示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Initially____17____(construct)around256BCE,DujiangyanisaremarkableexampleofancientengineeringskillandisstilluseDuringtheQinLiBing,agovernorandirrigationinvestigatedtheproblemOwingtohisSichuanbecamearegionmuch_____18_____(productive)thanotherpartsChina.Onefamousconstruction,togetherwithtwootherimportantparts,FeishanyanandBaopingkou,_____19_____(design)controlthewaterRecognized_____20_____UNESCOheritagesite,Dujiangyanhasirrigatedfarmswhilepreventingfloodsformorethan2000years.【答案】17.constructed18.moreproductive19.wasdesigned20.as【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了都江堰的歷史、作用和優(yōu)點，體現(xiàn)了我國古代勞動人民的聰明智慧?！?7題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：都江堰始建于公元前256年左右，是古代工程技術(shù)的杰出典范，至今仍在使用。此處construct與Dujiangyan構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作狀語。故填constructed?！?8題詳解】考查比較級。句意：由于他的努力，四川成為一個比中國其他地區(qū)更多產(chǎn)的地區(qū)。根據(jù)后文thanotherpartsinChina可知應(yīng)用比較級，在前面加more。故填moreproductive。【19題詳解】考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：其中一個著名的建筑，連同另外兩個重要的部分，飛山巖和保平口，是為了控制水流而設(shè)計的。主語Onefamousconstruction與謂語構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在過去，用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，謂語用單數(shù)。故填wasdesigned?！?0題詳解】考查介詞。句意：都江堰被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)，2000多年來一直在灌溉農(nóng)田的同時防止洪水泛濫。berecognized為固定短語，意為“被視為”。故填as。第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，38分)第一節(jié)(共分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的、B、、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。AWhatsomeofyourfavouritememoriesoftheUniversity?Inpreparationforeach50threunion,membersofthemilestoneclassareaskedtorecallcampusmemoriesforanannualMemoryBook.Here'sasmallselectionofsomememoriesfromtheClassof1969.PhyllisJoBaunach“...Icannottheendlesshoursstudying,researching,andlearninginthemiddleofthemustybooksinthestacks.dideverythingbyhand!Butthejoysofideascomingtolifeandunderstandingthornyconceptsarepriceless.IcannotthejoyfulhoursofCo-Kastrehearsalsforstudent-written-and-directedplays,andthethrillofaudiences’responsestoourwillIevertakingvoicelessonsattheEastmanSchoolofMusic.Thiscoursegaveconfidencetotrynewmusicalapproachesandtothinkonfeet.”PaulBoehm“...manysweetandlastingmemories—fivefeetofdeepgettingstrandedonthemusicatHylieMorris'sand,ofcourse,Imetmywifeof48years,EllenBlazerBoehmfromtheClassof1972,whenshewasafreshmanandIaAsafive-yearchemicalengineeringIhadoneelectivetospare,andEllensaid,“Howaboutoceanography?”Ienrolledoceanographywith（thefamousclimatescientist）,whichawakenedenvironmentaljustices,andchangedmyprofessionaldirection.”“...ItrulylovedmyfourundergraduateyearsattheUniversityofInfact,IloveditsomuchthatIstayedanextrayeargetamaster'sdegree!Iwasveryfortunatetohavebeentotallyimmersedstudentlifeoncampus.MymemoriesincludecampaigningandwinningaseatonthestudentgovernmentduringmyfreshmanOthermemoriesincludetheSusanB.Anthonybanquet,andsleepinginthecomfychairsintheIwasalsoprivilegedbeselectedasastudentrepresentativeonthedesignteamforthenewCommons.I.M.Pei,thefamousarchitectdesignedtheLouvrePyramid,wasthearchitectforCommons.evenvisitedhisinNewtoseethe“master”work.”21.Accordingtothepassage,PaulBoehm______.A.marriedEllenBlazerin1972B.dislikedhismajorinuniversityC.becameafamousclimatescientistlaterD.discoveredhisinterestinenvironmentalscience22.WhatcanlearnaboutFarelMcClure?A.Shewasaworld-famousB.Shewasactiveschoolactivities.C.Shehadahardtimegettinghermaster's.D.SheoncemetI.M.PeiattheLouvrePyramid.23.Thethreepeoplealltalkedabout______.A.theirbelovedprofessorsC.theirlearningexperiences【答案】21.D22.B23.CB.theirgreatfriendshipD.theirbeautifulcampus【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了，里程碑班的3位成員回憶自己最喜歡的校園記憶是什么。【21題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞PaulBoehm可將答案定位于倒數(shù)第二段。由倒數(shù)第二段中的“So,Ienrolledinoceanographywiththefamousclimatescientist）,whichawakenedenvironmentaljustices,andchangedmyprofessionaldirection.”（所以，我和著名的氣候科學家高橋太郎博士一起注冊了海洋學，PaulBoehm發(fā)現(xiàn)了他對海洋科學的興趣。故選D項?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。由最后一段中的“MymemoriesincludecampaigningandwinningaseatonthestudentgovernmentduringfreshmanOthermemoriesincludetheSusanB.Anthonybanquet,andsleepinginthecomfychairsintheIwasalsoprivilegedbeselectedasastudentrepresentativeonthedesignteamforthenewCommons.”（我的記憶包括在大一時競選和贏得學生會席位。其它記憶包括SusanB.Anthony宴會和睡在很積極。故選B項?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。由第二段“Here'sasmallselectionofsomememoriesfromtheClassof1969.”（這里有一些1969...Icannottheendlesshoursstudying,researching,andlearningthemiddleofthemustybooksthestacks.”（……我無法忘記在書堆里發(fā)霉的書中間沒完沒了地學習、研究和學習。），倒數(shù)第二段中的“So,Ienrolledoceanographywith（thefamousclimatescientist,awakenedenvironmentaljustices,andchangedprofessionaldirection.”（所以，我和著名的氣候科學家高橋太郎博士一起注冊了海洋學，這喚醒了我對環(huán)境正義的興趣，改變了我的專業(yè)方向。）和最后一段中的“...ItrulylovedmyfourundergraduateyearstheUniversityof”（……我真的很3個人都在講他們大學的學習經(jīng)歷。故選C項?！军c睛】在高考中，細節(jié)理解題為頻繁常考題型，集中考查文中細節(jié)。在做此類題型時，同學們可以先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運用略讀和查閱技巧迅速在文中找到這一細節(jié)，把這部分內(nèi)容仔細讀一遍，比較所給選項與文中細節(jié)的細微差別。如在第1小題中，分析問題，得到關(guān)鍵詞PaulBoehm，迅速定位到倒數(shù)第二段下，找到句子“So,Ienrolledoceanographywith（thefamousclimatescientist,whichawakenedmyenvironmentaljustices,andchangedmyprofessionaldirection.”可知，可知PaulBoehm發(fā)現(xiàn)了他對海洋科學的興趣。故選D項。BThespotofwaswhatfirstcaughtRandyattentiononDecember16,2018.Hewalkedtowarditandfoundaballoonattachedapieceof“Dayami,”itreadononeside,awriting.HeissflippedpaperItwasanumberedlistinSpanish.HisSpanishverygood,buthecouldseeitwasaChristmaslist.Hewascharmedandwonderedwhetherhecouldfindthechild.About20milestosouthwest,justacrossthewasthecityofNogales,Mexico.Basedtheprevailingwind,hewasprettysurewhereitfrom.Backhome,wifewhoisfluentinSpanishtranslatedthelist.Dayami,probablyagirl,hadaskedadoll,adollhouse,clothesandartsupplies.HeissthenpostedabouthisquestonFacebook,attachingphotos,hopingsomeonemightknowtheAfewdayspassedwithnoleads;HeissworriedthattimewasrunningoutbeforeChristmas.OnDecember19,hedecidedtosendaprivateFacebookmessagetoRadioXENYbasedNogales.nextmorning,Heissawoketoamessage:ThehadlocatedDayami,whoindeedlivedinNogalesandwouldbewillingtoarrangeaget-togethertheradiostation.Heissandhiswiferushedbuyeverythingonlist.Thentheydroveforminutes,crossingtheborderintoNogales.Theyfinallymettheveryexcitedgirl.“HereyeswerewideopenwithLike,‘Ohgosh,thisreallydidwork!’wasabeautifulexperience,”Heisssaid.“Quitehealingforus.”Heiss,61,haslivedinBisbee,Arizonaformorethanthreedecades.yearsago,heandhiswifelosttheironlychild.Theyhavenograndchildren.NowtheysplittheirtimebetweenNogalesandBisbee.“BeingaroundchildrenatChristmastimehasbeenabsentinourlives,”Heisssaid.beenkindofagapingholeourChristmasexperience.”Hehassincereflectedonwhatamiracleitwasthathespottedtheballoonatall,letalonethathewasablelocateDayamiandher24.OnDecember16,Heiss________.A.plannedtogotoNogalesB.foundawishlistbyaccidentC.spottedacardattachedaballoonD.readastoryaboutDayamionFacebook25.WhatdidHeissdofindDayami?A.Heaskedhiswifeforadvice.B.Hepostedphotoonline.C.HedroveNogalestofindclues.D.HeturnedRadioXENYforhelp.26.WhatdowelearnaboutHeiss?A.Hehaslivedaloneformanyyears.B.Heisnotgoodatlearninglanguages.C.HehasbuiltaclosebondwithDayami.D.HebuysDayamigiftseveryChristmas.27.Whatdoesthestoryintendtotellus?A.Givingisrewarding.B.Allforone,oneforall.C.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.D.othersasyouhopetheywilltreatyou.【答案】24.B25.DC27.A【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了Heiss意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個名為Dayami的女孩的愿望清單，Heiss找到了Dayami，并給她買了清單上的東西，Heiss也因此和Dayami建立了密切的聯(lián)系，彌補了自己圣誕節(jié)沒有和孩子一起度過的遺憾?！?4題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“ThespotofwaswhatfirstcaughtRandyattentiononDecember16,2018.(紅點是RandyHeiss在2018年12月日第一次注意到的)”以及后文“HisSpanishverygood,buthecouldseeitaChristmaslist.(他的西班牙語不是很好，但他看得出那是一張圣誕禮物清單。)”由此可知，12月16Heiss偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一份愿望清單。故選B?！?5題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“OnDecember19,hedecidedsendaprivateFacebookmessagetoRadioXENYbasedinNogales.Thenextmorning,Heissawoketoamessage:ThehadlocatedDayami,indeedlivedinNogalesandwouldbewillingtoarrangeaget-togetherattheradiostation.(月日，他決定在Facebook上向諾加利斯的XENY電臺發(fā)送一條私人信息。第二天早上，Heiss醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)了一條消息：工作人員找到了Dayami，他確實住在諾加利斯，愿意在電臺安排一次聚會。)”由此可知，Heiss為找到Dayami，向XENY電臺尋求幫助。故選D。【26題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“NowtheysplittheirtimebetweenNogalesandBisbee.(現(xiàn)在他們在諾加利斯和比斯比之間打發(fā)時間。)”由此可推知，Heiss如今經(jīng)常去與諾加利斯，說明他和Dayami建立了密切的關(guān)系。故選。【27題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中““BeingaroundchildrenatChristmastimehasbeenabsentourlives,”Heisssaid.(“圣誕節(jié)和孩子們在一起是我們生活中所缺少的，”Heiss說?！?結(jié)合文章主要講述了Heiss意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個名為Dayami的女孩的愿望清單，Heiss找到了Dayami，并給她買了清單上的東西，Heiss也因此和Dayami建立了密切的聯(lián)系，彌補了自己圣誕節(jié)沒有和孩子一起度過的遺憾。由此可推知，故事想要告訴我們給予是有回報的。故選A?！军c睛】隱含意義推理判斷題。這類題的題干中常含有：infer/suggest/imply/conclude/intend/purpose/belikelyto等標志性詞語。解決這類問題時要理解文章潛在的含義和作者所給的提示。同時，要對文章的含義和作者的暗示作出合理的猜測和推斷。如第四小題，根據(jù)最后一段中““BeingaroundchildrenatChristmastimehasbeenabsentinourlives,”Heisssaid.(“圣誕節(jié)和孩子們在一起是我們生活中所缺少的，”Heiss說。”)結(jié)合文章主要講述了Heiss意外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個名為Dayami的女孩的愿望清單，Heiss找到了Dayami，并給她買了清單上的東西，Heiss也因此和Dayami建立了密切的聯(lián)系，彌補了自己圣誕節(jié)沒有和孩子一起度過的遺憾。由此可推知，故事想要告訴我們給予是有回報的。故選A。CthelaboratoryofSamiEI-Boustani,assistantprofessortheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationperception(感知)anddecision-making.wantedobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大腦皮層神經(jīng)元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandwhatextentthelattercanhaveonlearningperformanceinadecision-makingtask,”explainsSamiEI-Boustani.Theresearchteamdevelopedabehavioralpatterninvolvingmiceinacontrolledwaterconsumptioncondition.Researchersfirsttrainedthesemicerespondthestimulationoftwowhiskers(鼠須)(AandB)andproduceanaction-lickingaspout(舔壺嘴)一onlyforwhiskerAinorderobtainadropofFollowingthistraining,thesemicereactedmainlytothestimulationofwhiskerA.theresearchersconductedtheseexperimentsatdecreasinglevelsofthirstinordervarythemotivationofthemicetoparticipateinthetask.Inastateofgreatthirst,lickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhiskerAwasstimulated.whentheywerenotverytheirperformanceinthetaskdroppedagain.observingtheactivityofneuronalpopulationsresponsibleforperceptualdecision-makinginthesemice,researchersdiscoveredthathigh-motivationleadsthestrongstimulationofcorticalneurons,whichcausesalossofaccuracyintheperceptionofthestimulation.Incontrast,inthelow-motivationstate,theaccuracyofthesensoryinformationwasrecovered,butthestrengthofthesignalwastooforitbesentTheseresultsrevealthatthelevelofmotivationdoesnotonlyimpactdecision-makingbutalsotheperceptionsensoryinformation,whichleadstothedecision.Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchdependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchontheroleofmotivationinlearningopensthewaynewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.28.WhydidSamilaboratoryconducttheresearch?A.observereactionsextremeconditions.B.seekwaysimprovedecision-making.C.studytheofmotivationonthebrain.D.exploretheapproachkeepingthebestlearningstate.29.Intheexperiment,miceperformedbestwhen________.A.theyfeelverythirstyandtiredB.theywereinamedium-motivationstateC.theywerepushedbyhighmotivationD.theyreceivedelectricsignalsfromresearchers30.Whatcanlearnfromthelastparagraph?A.HighmotivationmakesthebrainprocesssensoryinformationB.Awisedecisioncomesfromalastingmotivation.C.Itisdifficultforpeoplemaintainbestlevelofmotivation.D.Thestudyopensupnewperspectivesonlearningmethods【答案】28.C29.B30.D【導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了日內(nèi)瓦大學的助理教授SamiEl-Boustani的實驗室研究了動機在感知和決策中所起的作用?！?8題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“thelaboratoryofSamiEI-Boustani,assistantprofessorattheUniversityofGeneva,hasstudiedtheroleplayedbymotivationperception(感知)anddecision-making.(最近，日內(nèi)瓦大學助理教授SamiEl-Boustani的實驗室研究了動機在感知和決策中所起的作用)”和“wantedtoobservehowsensoryinformationsentbycorticalneurons(大腦皮層神經(jīng)元)ischangedbythedegreeofmotivationandtowhatextentthelattercanhaveanonlearningandperformanceadecision-makingtask,我們想觀察大腦皮層神經(jīng)元發(fā)出的感覺信息是如何被動機的程度所改變的，以及動機在多大程度上會對決策任務(wù)中的學習和表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生影響)”可知，該實驗室的研究被進行是為了研究動機對大腦決策的影響。故選?！?9題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Inastateofgreatthirst,micelickedthespoutrandomlywithgreatmotivation.Inastateofmediumthirst,thechoiceoftheiractionbecameideal.TheymainlylickedthespoutwhenwhiskerAwasstimulated.whentheywerenotverytheirperformanceintaskdroppedagain.(在極度口渴的情況下，老鼠以極大的動力隨意地舔著壺嘴。在中等口渴的情況下，它們的行動選擇變得理想。當鼠須A受到刺激時，它們主要舔壺嘴。最后，當它們不太口渴時，它們的表現(xiàn)再次下降)”可推知，老鼠在中等口渴的情況下，它們的行動選擇變得理想，它們主要舔壺嘴，因此表現(xiàn)最佳，故選?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Researchersobservedthatmiceunderstoodtheruleveryquicklybutcouldonlyexpressthislearningmuchdependingonachangedperceptionlinkedtheirlevelofmotivation.Theresearchonroleofmotivationlearningopensthewaytonewadaptivemethodsthataimtomaintainthebestlevelofmotivationduringlearning.(研究人員觀察到，小鼠很快就理解了這一規(guī)則，但只能在很久之后才能表達這一學習，這取決于與它們的動機水平相關(guān)的感知變化。對學習動機作用的研究為新的適應(yīng)性方法開辟了道路，旨在在學習過程中保持最佳的動機水平)”可知，這項研究為學習開辟了新的視角，為了保持學習中的最佳動機水平，可以去開辟新的適應(yīng)方式，這需要靈活的方法，故選D。DFranzdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifeinthe19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedbutwerewellunderstoodandtakenheart.Dishonestandviolentbehaviorsweredisapprovedof.Leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedmusicalbattles.Becauseangrilyleadschaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.lifetheunforgivingNorthemCanadabeingdemanding,thepracticalapproachmoralitymadegoodsense.Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialhistoryandenvironment.crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralizingreligionorwrittenInstead,theyrootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Whenwearesocializing,ourinstinctsincludetheintensedesiretobelong.Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.Thesesocialemotionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehavioraccordingtothenormsandvaluesofourfamilyandoursocialinstinctsmotivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasociallycomplexworld.Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginallyusedtodevelophabitsimportantforself-care.Ourbrainsusethesystemacquirebehavioralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,foodgatheringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,andsometimesyourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.learntellthetruth,evenwhenlyingisself-serving;wehelpagrandparentevenwhenitisinconvenient.acquirewhatwecallasenseofrightandwrong.Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:wemustgetalong,butnotputupwithtoomuch.Henceself-disciplineisadvantageous.Inhumans,agreatlybrainboostsself-control,justasboostsproblem-solvingskillsthesocialaswellasthephysicalworld.Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichallowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.31.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheformingofthemoralcode?A.UnwrittenrulesweretheB.Livingconditionswerethedrive.C.HonestywastheD.Socialtraditionwasthebasis.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“instincts”inParagraph2mean?A.naturalreactionsB.ambitiousexpectationsD.indifferentattitudesC.uniqueexperiences33.Whatcanlearnfromthispassage?A.Basichumanneedsleadtouniversalnorms.B.Inconveniencesarethecauseoftellinglies.C.Languagecapacityislimitedbyself-control.D.havegreatinfluenceonvirtues.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitlethispassage?A.BridgesAcrossCulturesB.RootsofMoralityC.ofSelf-disciplineD.Brains:AgainstChaos【答案】31.D32.A33.A34.B【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要圍繞人類道德規(guī)范進行討論，介紹了早期人類社會的道德準則及其形成機制，強調(diào)了道德規(guī)范的普遍性和社會本能對行為塑造的重要性?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Here,norms(規(guī)范)wereunwrittenrarelyexpressedbutwerewellunderstoodandtakenheart.Dishonestandviolentbehaviorsweredisapprovedof.Leadership,marriageandinteractionswithothergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.Becauseangrilyleadschaos,itwasstronglydiscouraged.lifeinunforgivingNorthemCanadabeingdemanding,thepracticalapproachmoralitymadegoodsense.(在這里，規(guī)范是不成文的，很少明確表達，但被很好地理解和銘記。不贊成不誠實和暴力行為。領(lǐng)導、婚姻以及與其他群體的互動都受到傳統(tǒng)的松散控制。沖突往往通過音樂斗爭來解決。因為憤怒的爭論會導致混亂，所以強烈反對。在無情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因紐特人對待道德的務(wù)實態(tài)度很有道理)”可知，因紐特人的生活中，規(guī)范是不成文的，他們的道德準則的形成是以社會傳統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。故選D。【32題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前文“Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismslearningandproblemsolving.(相反，它們根植于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們共同的學習和解決問題的機制)”和下文“Theapprovalofothersisrewarding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.(他人的認可令人愉悅，而他們的不贊同則令人強烈厭惡)”可知，道德美德根植于人類相似的基本需求，共同的學習和解決問題的機制，人們重視他人的看法，因此推斷畫線句說明：當我們社交時，我們的本能包括強烈的歸屬欲望。畫線詞與A項“自然反應(yīng)”意思相近，故選A?！?3題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenInstead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismslearningandproblemsolving.(這些普遍規(guī)范遠遠早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它們植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學習和解決問題的共同機制)”可知，普遍的道德規(guī)范植根于人類基本需求的相似性以及我們學習和解決問題的共同機制，即人類的基本需求導致普遍的道德規(guī)范形成。故選A?！?4題詳解】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第一段中“FranzdescriptionofInuit(因紐特人)lifein19thcenturyillustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearlyhumans.(FranzBoas對19世紀因紐特人生活的描述說明了早期人類可能的道德準則)”和第二段中“Theseuniversalnormsfarpre-datetheconceptofanymoralizingreligionorwrittenInstead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandoursharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.(這些普遍規(guī)范遠遠早于任何道德宗教或成文法的概念。相反，它們根植于人類基本需求的相似性，以及我們共同的學習和解決問題的機制)”可知，本文圍繞人類道德規(guī)范進行討論，介紹了早期人類社會的道德準則及其形成機制，強調(diào)了道德規(guī)范的普遍性和社會本能對行為塑造的重要性，所以D項“道德的根源”契合文章主旨，最適合作為文章標題。故選B。第二節(jié)(共分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑、選項中有兩項為多余選項。Humansstartdevelopingasenseofhumourasearlyassixweeksold,whenbabiesbegintolaughandsmileinresponsestimuli(刺激物LaughterandhumourprovidepsychologicalscientistswithrichresourcesforstudyinghumanTheoriesfocusingtheevolutionoflaughterpointtoitasanimportantadaptationforsocialcommunication.Forexample,in1950,aU.S.soundengineerstartedrecordinghis‘laughtracks’.Thesewereintendedhelppeoplehomefeelliketheywereinasocialsituation.evenrecordedvarioustypesof___35___Inonecarriedoutin2016attheuniversityofCalifornia,samplesoflaughterfrompairsofEnglish-speakingstudentswererecordedandplayedlistenersfrom24diversesocieties.___36___Onaverage,theresultswereremarkablyconsistent:worldwide,guesseswerecorrectapproximately60%ofthetime.AnotherstudybyresearchersofAustralianNationalUniversitywasbasedontheassumptionthathumourmightprovideapausefromdullsituationsintheworkplace.___37___Theresearchersfirstaskedthestudentstocrossouteveryinstanceoftheletter‘e’overtwopagestext.studentsthenrandomlyassignedtowatchavideoclip.SomewatchedaclipofthecomedyBean,andothersafactualvideoaboutthemanagementprofession.Thestudentsthencompletedataskrequiringpersistenceinwhichtheywereaskedguessthepotentialperformanceemployeesbasedonprovidedprofiles,andweretoldthatmaking10correctassessmentsinarowwouldleadtoawin.___38___StudentswhohadwatchedtheBeanvideoendedupspendingsignificantlymoretimeworkingonthetask,makingtwiceasmanypredictionsastheothergroup.___39___Again,participantswhowatchedthehumorousvideospentsignificantlymoretimeworkingonthisboringtaskcompletedmorequestionscorrectlythanstudentsfromtheothergroup.individualsadvisedtoavoidthingssuchashumourthatmaydistractthemfromtheaccomplishmentoftaskgoals.humouractuallyhelpsrelievestressandfacilitatesocialrelationships.Itisnotonlyenjoyablebutmoreenergizing.A.Participantswereaskedwhetherthepairswerefriendsorstrangers.B.This‘mentalbreak’mightfacilitatetheadditionofmentalresources.C.researchersthenhadparticipantscompletelongmultiplicationquestionsbyhand.D.Ateamupof30psychologicalscientistsplayedtheserecordingstopeople.E.thesoftwarewasprogrammedthatitwasimpossibletoachieve10correctanswers.Researchershavealsofoundtypesoflaughterserveascodestocomplexhumanbonds.G.Hefoundoutasimple‘haha’communicatesaremarkableamountofsociallyrelevantinformation.【答案】35.G36.A37.B38.EC【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹幾個實驗，告訴我們幽默有助于緩解壓力，促進社會關(guān)系。幽默不僅令人愉快，更重要的是，讓人充滿活力?！?5題詳解】由上文“Heevenrec