翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力模擬28

翻譯二級筆譯綜合能力模擬28ⅠVocabularyandGrammarPart1VocabularySelection1.

Manyyoungpeoplebelievethatwa（江南博哥）risstupidandunnecessary.Tothem,toloseone'slifeonthebattlefieldis______.A.gloriousB.futileC.heroicD.courageous正確答案：B[解析]形容詞辨析

A．glorious光榮的，顯赫的；B．futile瑣細(xì)的，無用的，無效果的；C．heroic英雄的，英勇的；D．courageous勇敢的，有膽量的；而本句意為：許多年輕人認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)爭是愚蠢和毫無必要的。對他們而言，在戰(zhàn)場上犧牲生命是______。根據(jù)上下文的語境，B為答案。

2.

Leavingforworkinplentyoftimetocatchthetrainwill______worryaboutbeinglate.A.ruleoffB.preventC.avoidD.obviate正確答案：D[解析]本句空格處意為“消除對遲到的擔(dān)憂”。obviate意為“消除、排除(危險、障礙、擔(dān)憂等)”；ruleoff意為“畫線隔開”；prevent意為“防止，預(yù)防”；avoid意為“避免”。四個選項(xiàng)中只有D項(xiàng)符合句意。

3.

Nooneappreciatedhisworkduringhislifetime,but______itisclearthathewasagreatartist.A.intheaftermathB.bythetimeC.inretrospectD.inthiseventuality正確答案：C[解析]習(xí)語辨析。

inretrospect回顧，回顧往事：reviewone'sworkofthepastyearsinretrospect回顧個人以往幾年的工作。aftermath(不幸事件造成的)后果，余波：thedangerofdiseaseintheaftermath地震后引發(fā)疫病的危險。bythetime到……的時候。eventuality可能發(fā)生的事或結(jié)果，不測事件：Wemustbepreparedforalleventualities．我們必須做好應(yīng)付各種情況的準(zhǔn)備。

4.

Moreandmorepeoplethesedaysareclamoringforfull-bodyplasticsurgerypopularityintheworld.A.toattainB.tosustainC.gainingD.obtaining正確答案：C[解析]形近識別

A．toattain達(dá)到，獲得；B．tosustain支撐，維持，持續(xù)；C．gaining得到，增進(jìn)，賺到，增加；D．obtaining獲得，得到；此句意為：如今世上有越來越多的人叫嚷著要做全身整形來提高自己的知名度。因此C為答案。

5.

Theyareatthemomentworking______timetogeteverythingreadyfortheconference.A.againstB.inC.onD.ahead正確答案：A[解析]副詞辨析

againsttime與時間競爭，趕時間，特別花時間；intime及時，適時；ontime準(zhǔn)時，按時；ahead應(yīng)是aheadoftime提前，提早；此處表：他們此刻正爭分奪秒為會議作準(zhǔn)備。因此A為答案。

6.

Sheansweredwithan______"No"totherequestthatsheattendthepublichearing.A.eloquentB.effectiveC.emotionalD.emphatic正確答案：D[解析]emphatic表示“強(qiáng)調(diào)的，著重的，斷然的”，如：Heansweredthequestionwithanemphatic“No”．他用一個加強(qiáng)語氣的“不”字回答了這個問題。

7.

Therehasbeena______lackofcommunicationbetweentheunionandthemanagement.A.regretfulB.regrettableC.regrettingD.regretted正確答案：B[解析]C和D是分詞形式，不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)要求；regretful的主語多為人；regrettable指“(某事物)令人遺感的，可惜的”，如：Yourchoiceoffriendsisregrettable．你對朋友的選擇實(shí)在不怎么樣。故本題選B。

8.

Thecompany'strainingplanwasdesignedtohelptheemployeestoimprovetheirworkhabitsand______.A.proficiencyB.sufficiencyC.insufficiencyD.efficiency正確答案：D[解析]efficiency效率；proficiency精通，熟練；sufficiency足夠；insufficiency不足。

9.

Successas______byeconomicoutputbearsnocloserelationshiptohumanachievement.A.decidedB.achievedC.assuredD.measured正確答案：B[解析]詞義辨析

A．decide決定，判決；B．a(chǎn)chieve完成，達(dá)到；C．a(chǎn)ssure使……確信，保證，擔(dān)保，斷然地說；D．measure測量，估量，權(quán)衡，調(diào)節(jié)；而本句意為：靠經(jīng)濟(jì)輸出來______的成功與人類成就沒有緊密的關(guān)系。即：靠經(jīng)濟(jì)輸出來達(dá)到/獲得的成功與人類成就沒有緊密的關(guān)系。achievesuccess是固定搭配，表：獲得成功；因此B為答案。

10.

Thediscoveryofnewoil-fieldsinvariouspartsofthecountryfilledthegovernmentwith______hope.A.eternalB.infiniteC.ceaselessD.everlasting正確答案：B[解析]從句意上分析，B(無限的、無窮的)最適合。如：InfinitespacesurroundstheEarth．無限的空間圍繞著地球。其余各項(xiàng)依次為“永恒的、永遠(yuǎn)的”，“不停的、不斷的”，“永恒的、持久的”。

11.

Thecampers______theirtentinashelteredvalley.A.establishedB.installedC.pitchedD.fixed正確答案：C[解析]近義辨析。

pitch搭起，定位于，扎營：pitchatent搭帳蓬。establish安置，使定居：establishoneselfinthecountryside在農(nóng)村安家落戶。install安裝，安頓：installthenewfurnace安裝新爐子。fix使固定，使牢固：fixthetentpolesintheground把帳篷的柱子固定在地上。

12.

Overaverylargenumberoftrials,theprobabilityofanevent______isequaltotheprobabilitythatitwillnotoccur.A.occurringB.occurredC.occursD.occur正確答案：A[解析]固定搭配。

分詞作定語修飾event，由于表主動，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞。

13.

Thedoctor's______wasthatsheshouldgoandseethespecialistinthisfield.A.constraintB.counselC.coherenceD.consciousness正確答案：D[解析]constraint約束，壓抑；counsel討論，忠告；coherence一致，統(tǒng)一；consciousness知覺，感覺，意識。答案是D。

14.

His______behaviormadeeveryonenervous.Hewasalwaysrushingtoopendoorsandperformothersmalltasks,apologizingunnecessarilyforanyinconveniencethathemighthavecaused.A.obliviousB.observantC.obsequiousD.obsolescent正確答案：C[解析]形近識別。

obsequious卑躬的；巴結(jié)的：Heisanobsequiousowner．他是個善于討好的店主。oblivious未察覺；不注意：Thegovernmentseemsobliviousofthelikelyeffectsofthenewlegislation．政府似乎并沒有注意到新法可能帶來的后果。observant善于觀察的'寂靜的：Anobservantshopassistanthadrememberedexactlywhatthemanwaswearing．有個機(jī)警的店員準(zhǔn)確記得那個男子的穿著。obsolescent即將過時的，逐步淘汰的：Electronicequipmentquicklybecomesobsolescent．電子設(shè)備淘汰得快。

15.

Ascountries______toincreaseyieldsonexistingcroplandsthroughintensifieduseofwater,energy,andfertilizers,thecostofcommoditieswillrise.A.encounterB.enchantC.enlargeD.endeavor正確答案：D[解析]形近識別

A．encounter遭遇，遇到，相遇；B．enchant施魔法，使迷惑；C．enlarge擴(kuò)大，放大；D．endeavor盡力，努力；此句意為：由于各個國家都努力在現(xiàn)有農(nóng)田上通過強(qiáng)化用水、能源及化肥來增加產(chǎn)量，因此商品的價格將會上升。因此答案為D。

16.

Onlyone-fifthofAmericanssawoilasthechiefmasonthattheU.S.madeawaronIraq,but75percentoftheFrenchandoftheRussiansbelieved______.A.toB.soC.goD.do正確答案：B[解析]習(xí)語辨析。

believe想，認(rèn)為：“Hashearrivedyet?”“Ibelieveso.”“他到了嗎?”“我想是到了?！?/p>

17.

Inordertoobtaintheneededinformation,youshouldwritesimply,clearly,andconcisely______thereaderwantstoknow.A.whatB.thatC.sothatD.which正確答案：A[解析]固定搭配。

空格處的詞既做主句的賓語，又做從句的主語，因而應(yīng)選先行詞和關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)合體的“what”，表示“……的東西”。

18.

I'lljust______aneyeoverthesefiguresbeforeyoutypethem.A.tossB.castC.flingD.throw正確答案：B[解析]近義辨析。

這四個詞都指“投，拋，擲”。cast指轉(zhuǎn)向或引向：Alleyeswerecastuponthespeaker．所有目光皆投注在說話者身上。toss：指以迅猛的速度突然移動或抬起(頭)：tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance在輕盈活潑的舞步中抬起他們的頭。fling指擺動(身體一部分)：Sheflungbackherheadproudly．她傲氣地把頭一揚(yáng)。throw指發(fā)出，投射：Shethrewmealookofencouragement．她向我投來鼓勵的目光。

19.

Hewasalwaysfinding______withhisdaughter'sfriends.A.blameB.errorC.mistakeD.fault正確答案：D[解析]固定搭配。

fault過錯，缺點(diǎn)，毛病。Findfaultwith挑剔，找茬：She'salwaysfindingfaultwiththewayIdothings．她對我做事的方式總是百般挑剔。blame過失，責(zé)備，譴責(zé)，歸咎：Thecardrivertooktheblamefortheaccident．小汽車的司機(jī)承擔(dān)了事故的責(zé)任。error錯誤，過失：Theaccidentwascausedbyhumanerror．這次事故是由人為過錯造成的。mistake錯誤，過失：Itookyourpenbymistake．錯拿了你的鋼筆。

Part2VocabularyReplacement1.

Attemptshavebeenmadefornearlythreedecadestoincreasetheamountofprecipitationfromcloudsbyseedingthemwithsaltorsilveriodide.A.DevicesB.HypothesesC.EffortsD.Suggestions正確答案：C[解析]名詞辨析。

attempt努力，嘗試：abandontheattempts放棄嘗試。device裝置：adeviceforopeningbottles一個打開瓶子的裝置。hypothesis假設(shè)：Thisisonlyasortofscientifichypothesiswhichhasnotbeenprovedbyexperiments．這僅僅是一個尚未被實(shí)驗(yàn)證明的科學(xué)假說。efforts努力，盡力：Pleaseputmoreeffortsintoyourschoolwork．請你在功課上再努點(diǎn)力。

2.

Theroomwassoclutteredwithbooksandpapersthatitwasdifficulttofindthemissingkey.A.disorganizedB.flatteredC.denouncedD.fixated正確答案：A[解析]詞義辨析

A．disorganized紊亂的，無組織的；B．flattered奉承，使?jié)M意；C．denounced公開指責(zé)，公然抨擊，譴責(zé)；D．fixated使固定，注視，集中(眼力)；而clutter表示：把……弄得雜亂；亂糟糟地堆滿；因此答案為A。

3.

Europeanconservatives,untiltheendofthe19thcentury,rejecteddemocraticprinciplesandinstitutions.Insteadtheyoptedformonarchiesorforauthoritariangovernment.A.choseB.constructedC.conceivedD.conserved正確答案：A[解析]本題中，optedfor的意思是“選擇”。A項(xiàng)的“chose選擇”符合題意。其他三項(xiàng)“constructed建造；conceived構(gòu)思；conserved保存”都不正確。

4.

Weregretbeingunabletoentertainyourrequestforprovidingfreeboardingto15sportsmenfortwoweeks.A.receiveB.complyC.coincideD.consider正確答案：D[解析]動詞辨析。

entertain容納，接受(請求等)，愿意考慮：entertainaproposal準(zhǔn)備考慮一個建議。consider考慮，照顧，認(rèn)為：Iamconsideringgoingabroad．我正在考慮出國。receive收到，接到，接待：Didyoureceiveanyletterstoday?你今天收到信了嗎?comply(不及物動詞)順從，答應(yīng)，遵守：Hereadilycompliedwithmyrequest，他欣然同意我的要求。coincide(不及物動詞)一致，符合：Myideascoincidewithhis．我的想法與他的一致。

5.

Thegraduatecommitteemustbeinfullaccordintheirapprovalofadissertation.A.indecisiveB.sullenC.vocalD.unanimous正確答案：D[解析]

結(jié)構(gòu)識別。

accord一致，調(diào)和，符合，infullaccord完全一致；unanimous意見一致的，無異議的：Hewaselectedwithunanimousapproval．他以全體一致同意而中選。indecisive非決定性的：anindecisivecontest非決定性的競賽。sullen慍怒的，沉悶不樂的：asullenface慍怒的面容。vocal發(fā)嗓音的，聲音的，有聲的，歌唱的：Hebecamevocalwithindignation．他因憤慨而發(fā)言。

6.

Oneoftheeffectivewaystolessenenvironmentalpollutionisthereservationandprotectionofmoreswamps.A.vastthickcoralsB.pocketsofwetlandC.warmvolcanoesD.millionsofbeesandwasps正確答案：B[解析]名詞辨析

swamp沼澤，濕地：Theswampcountryisinclinedtopoachinwinter．這片沼澤地帶在冬季一踏就陷下去了。B．pocketsofwetland小快濕地。coral珊瑚；volcano火山；beesandwasps蜜蜂和黃蜂。

7.

Theincidenceofthisdiseasehasbeengreatlyreducedthankstoourhealthcareprogram.A.seriousnessB.frequencyofoccurrenceC.mortalityD.curerate正確答案：B[解析]本題中，incidence的意思是“發(fā)生(率)；影響；影響的方式[范圍，程度]”。四個選項(xiàng)中，frequencyofoccurrence的意思是“發(fā)生頻率”；seriousness的意思是“嚴(yán)肅，認(rèn)真”；mortality的意思是“死亡率”；curerate的意思是“治愈率”。只有B項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.

"Holmes!"Iwhispered."Whatonearthareyoudoinginthisdisgustingplace?"A.humbleB.unpleasantC.underprivilegedD.noisy正確答案：B[解析]

形容詞辨析。

disgusting令人厭惡的；unpleasant使人不愉快的，討厭的：Nobodyknowswhytherehasbeenanunpleasantatmosphereintheofficethesedays．沒有人知道為什么這些日子辦公室的氣氛一直令人不快。humble卑下的，微賤的，謙遜的，粗陋的；underprivileged被剝奪基本權(quán)力的，窮困的，下層社會的；noisy嘈雜的，聒噪的。

9.

WeanticipatebeingabletohaveoursummervacationinItaly.A.agitateB.expectC.suspectD.surmise正確答案：B[解析]動詞辨析

anticipate期望，預(yù)期，占先；而A．a(chǎn)gitate攪動，搖動，煽動，激動；B．expect期待，預(yù)期，盼望，指望；C．suspect懷疑，猜想，對……有所覺察；D．surmise猜測；因此B為答案。

10.

Initiallyhisbookdidnotreceivemuchattention,buttwoweeksafterthecritic'sreviewappearedinthenewspapers,itclimbedtothebestsellers'list.A.AtfirstB.FirstofallC.AtfirstsightD.Fromthefirst正確答案：A[解析]本題中，Initially的意思是“最初，開頭”。四個選項(xiàng)中，Atfirst的意思是“最初”，如：Theministeratfirstdeclinedtomakeanycommentsonthedisputebetweenthetwonations．butlatersheagreed．(部長起初拒絕對兩國間的爭端發(fā)表任何評論，但后來她同意了)。Firstofall的意思是“首先”；Atfirstsight的意思是“首先”；fromthefirst的意思是“從頭，自始”。只有A項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.

JohnSmithhasablogatTheLonelyPlanetTimes,andyoucanlistentoaliveaudiostreambyclickingthislinkbelow.A.steamB.waterflowC.recordingD.programming正確答案：C[解析]詞義辨析

stream流，流動，水流，一連串，光束，趨勢；而A．steam蒸汽，水汽；B．waterflow水流；C．recording錄音帶，唱片，記錄，錄制；D．programming規(guī)劃，設(shè)計；因?yàn)樵诖薬udiostream指音頻流，而aliveaudiostream即：實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的音頻節(jié)目是一種錄制品；因此C為答案。

12.

Manyoftheelectricandelectronicproductswepurchaseandconsumetodayarewhatsomeindustrialexpertscall"homogeneoustoys".A.identicalB.homosexualC.unrelatedD.distinguishable正確答案：A[解析]形容詞辨析。

homogeneous類似的，同類的：atight-knit，homogeneoussociety一個緊密相連的同種社會；identical完全相同的，同一的：Theirclothesareidentical．他們的衣服完全一樣。homosexual同性戀的；unrelated無關(guān)的；distinguishable可區(qū)別的，可分辨的：Thosefiguresarenoteasilydistinguishable．那些花紋不易區(qū)別。

13.

Constructionofthegiganticofficebuildinginthiscitywasforyearsintermittent.A.stoppingandstartingatintervalsB.somethingthatwillhappensoonC.beingwatchedwithkeeninterestD.anythingthatcomesandgoes正確答案：A[解析]

形容詞辨析。

intermittent間歇的，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的：Todaywillbemostlyfineandsunny，withintermittentshowers．今天大部分時間天氣晴朗，有間斷陣雨。stoppingandstartingatintervals不時停下和開始；somethingthatwillhappensoon馬上將發(fā)生某事；anythingthatcomesandgoes來來往往的任何事情。

14.

Anytroopofwildanimalsshouldbeapproachedwarily.A.fearlesslyB.confidentlyC.silentlyD.prudently正確答案：D[解析]本題中，warily的意思是“小心警惕地”。D項(xiàng)“prudently謹(jǐn)慎地，慎重地”符合題意，如：bemodestandprudent(謙虛謹(jǐn)慎)。其他三項(xiàng)“fearlessly勇敢地；confidently信賴地，安心地；silently默默地，靜靜地”都不正確。

15.

SeveraltheoriesofevolutionhadhistoricallyprecededthatofCharlesDarwin,althoughheexpoundeduponthestagesofdevelopment.A.foundfaultwithB.explainedindetailC.outlinedbrieflyD.offeredinpublishedform正確答案：B[解析]結(jié)構(gòu)識別。

expoundon詳細(xì)說明，解釋：SheexpoundedforsomehoursonhertheoriesaboutCentralAmerica．她用了幾個小時闡述中美洲。explainindetail詳細(xì)解釋：Thematterwillbeexplainedindetailinaseparateletter．此事當(dāng)另函詳陳。findfaultwith挑剔：Shefoundfaultwiththearrangementofthefurniture．她吹毛求疵地說家具擺得不對。outlinedbriefly略述；offeredinpublishedform以出版物的形式提供。

Part3CorrectingGrammaticalErrors1.

Eachyear,inanever-endingcycleofdeathandrebirth,therainssweepacrosssouthemAsia.A.regrowthB.regenerationC.reconstructionD.recycle正確答案：B[解析]名詞應(yīng)用

本句意為：每年在一個永不停歇的死亡與再生的循環(huán)中，大雨席卷亞洲的南部；而rebirth復(fù)活，新生，復(fù)興，輪回；A．regrowth再次生長，繼續(xù)生長；B．regeneration再生，重建；C．reconstruction重建，改造；D．recycle再循環(huán)，再生，重復(fù)利用；根據(jù)題意，B應(yīng)為答案。

2.

ConstructionisexpandingalloverChina,nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededataverybigamountinfuture.A.China,nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededforaverybigamountB.China,nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededinaverybigamountC.China;nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededinlargeamountsD.China;nodoubtmanymaterialswillbeneededforlargeamounts正確答案：C[解析]習(xí)慣搭配。

amount前應(yīng)用large修飾，而不能用big，介詞應(yīng)用in，而不能用其它。

3.

AmericanIndianlanguages,whichdifferwidely,tendedtogroupmanyunitsofmeaningintomultisyllabicwords.A.alltendB.andtendC.totendD.tending正確答案：A[解析]時態(tài)應(yīng)用。

本句描述一般現(xiàn)象，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時。主語和謂語間不能插入“and”，all在這里作主語的同位語。

4.

Byusingnewforeigntextbooks,wecouldnotonlylearntherightexpressionofbusinessideas,butalsowewillknowthelatestdevelopmentsinthebusinessworld.A.butalsowillknowthelastestB.butalsoknowthelastestC.butalsoknowthelatestD.butalsocometoknowthelatest正確答案：D[解析]本題考查時態(tài)應(yīng)用?！皀otonly...butalso...”連接的前后句子時態(tài)應(yīng)一致，由此排除A。latest“最近的”。last“最后的”，沒有“l(fā)astest”這種形式。know是表示靜態(tài)的動詞，cometoknow“開始了解到”，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的過程。所以，答案選D。

5.

AprofessorofeconomicandhistoryatAtlantaUniversity,W．E．B．DuBois,promotedfullracialequality.A.economyB.economicsC.economicalD.economic正確答案：B[解析]本題考查名詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)填入一個名詞和history一起作介詞of的并列賓語，表示“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和歷史教授”。Economical意為“節(jié)約的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的”，economic意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)(上)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的”，均為形容詞，故排除C、D兩項(xiàng)；economy意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)，節(jié)約”，economics意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”，為名詞。但根據(jù)句意可知，答案為B。

6.

Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationofdarkness,butnotontheresponseoflight.A.isnotonlightB.butis'notonthelightC.andnotonlightD.thelightisnoton正確答案：C[解析]結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用

本句意為：海藻的光周期反應(yīng)事實(shí)上依黑暗的持續(xù)時間而定，而不是靠光的反應(yīng)。英語中表示并列用and，抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前不加冠詞；因此C為答案。

7.

Theearliestformofartificiallightingwasfire,whichalsoprovidedwarmandprotection.A.hotB.sunshineC.warmthD.safe正確答案：C[解析]本題考查名詞。句意為：人工照明的最早方式就是火，火可以提供溫暖和保護(hù)。所以，此處應(yīng)該填入一個名詞和protection并列，作provided的賓語。故可排除A、D兩項(xiàng)。由常識可知，火不可以提供“sunshine”，故排除B。所以，答案是C。

8.

Hehadstudiedhard,hewouldhavebeenabletopasstheexam.A.HehadstudiedharderB.IfonlyhestudiedmoreC.HadhestudiedharderD.Whenhestudiedmore正確答案：C[解析]語態(tài)應(yīng)用。

本句是虛擬語氣，從句省略“if”，應(yīng)用倒裝語序。

9.

Manystudentsagreedtocome,butsomestudentsagainstbecausetheysaidtheydon'thavetime.A.didnotbecausetheysaytheydidnotB.wereagainstbecausetheysaytheydon'tC.didnotbecausetheysaidtheydidnotD.wereagainstcomingbecausetheysaidtheydon't正確答案：C[解析]本題考查動詞的時態(tài)。在所給出的四個選項(xiàng)中，A、B、D三項(xiàng)中，動詞前后的時態(tài)都不一致，只有C項(xiàng)中所有的動詞都使用的一般過去時態(tài)，和前半句的時態(tài)一致。所以，答案應(yīng)是C。

10.

Fifty-threethousandshoutingenthusiastsfilledthestadium;theyhadcometowatchthefirstgameoftheseasonandtocheerthehometeam.A.enthusiastsfilledthestadiumtocomeB.enthusiasts,fillingthestadium,hadcomeC.enthusiastsfilledthestadium;andhadcomeD.enthusiastsfillingthestadium,whohadcome正確答案：B[解析]結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用

本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：…enthusiastshadcometowatchthefirstgameoftheseasonandtocheerthehometeam；而fillthestadium是表伴隨的狀語，fill的邏輯主語是句子的主語，且是fill這一動作的發(fā)出者，因此應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語并與主句用逗號分開，答案為B。

11.

Whenherealizedhehadbeensuggestedtosignthecontractbyintrigue,hethreatenedtostartlegalproceedingstocanceltheagreement.A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced正確答案：D[解析]詞語運(yùn)用

A．elicited得出，引出；B．excited使激動；C．deduced推論；D．induced引誘，勸導(dǎo)，因此D為答案。

12.

Wearenotconsciousoftheextentofwhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandemptylife.A.towhichB.inwhichC.atwhichD.bywhich正確答案：A[解析]結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用。

totheextentof到……的地步(或程度)。

13.

Becauseitisnotaseriousproblem,wearenotnecessarytotakestrictmeasuresagainstthestudent.A.wenotneedB.notnecessaryforusC.itbeingunnecessaryD.itisnotnecessaryforus正確答案：D[解析]本題考查結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用。當(dāng)動詞不定式作主語時，常用it作為形式主語放在句首代替真正的主語，結(jié)構(gòu)為itis+形容詞(forsb．)todosth．。所以，答案是D。

14.

Allmammalshavehair,butnotalwaysevident.A.butitisnotB.butitisC.buttheyarenotD.buttheyare正確答案：A[解析]本題考查結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)用。句意為：所有的哺乳動物都有毛發(fā)，但并不明顯。but引導(dǎo)的句子主語應(yīng)指代前面所提的整件事，而不是前句主語allmammals，因此主語應(yīng)用代詞it，故排除C、D兩項(xiàng)；如選B項(xiàng)，前后的意思就沒有轉(zhuǎn)折之意，故不能用but連接。所以，答案是A。

15.

I'mratherconcernedhowhewilltakeinhisschool.A.takeonB.takeupC.takeoffD.taketo正確答案：D[解析]習(xí)慣搭配。

taketo喜愛，親近：Twokeenmindsthattheyare，theytooktoeachother．越敏銳的兩顆心，越容易互相吸引。takeon從事，開始對付：tookonextraresponsibilities擔(dān)負(fù)了額外的責(zé)任。takeoff放開，離開：takethebrakeoff開閘。

ⅡReadingComprehension

Socialcontrolreferstosocialprocesses,plannedorunplanned,bywhichpeoplearetaught,persuaded,orforcedtoconformtonorms.Ineverysociety,somepunishmentsornegativesanctionsareestablishedfordeviantbehavior.Withoutdeviantbehaviortherewouldnotbeneedforsocialcontrolandwithoutsocialcontroltherewouldnotbeawayofrecognizingtheboundarybetweentheacceptableandtheunacceptable.

Socialcontrolmaybeeitherformalorinformal.Informalmechanismsincludeexpressionsofdisapprovalbysignificantothersandwithholdingofpositiverewardsfordisapprovedbehavior.Mostpeopleinternalizenormsinthecourseofsocialization.Thisisanygroup'smostpowerfulprotectionagainstdeviance,inthattheindividual'sownconscienceoperatesasanagentofsocialcontrol.Wheninformalsanctionsfail,formalagentsofsocialcontrolmaybecalledupon.Incontemporarysociety,suchformalagentsandagenciesincludepsychiatryandothermentalhealthprofessions;mentalhospitals;policeandcourtsoflaw;prisons;andsocialwelfareagencies.Alltheseformalagentsfunctiontolimit,correct,andcontrolviolationofnorms.Conflicttheoristswouldalsopointoutthatsocialcontrolagentsandsystemstend,inanysociety,toservetheinterestsofpowerfulgroupsandtoenforcethenormsmostbeneficialtothosewhomaketherulesandwho,therefore,defineunacceptablebehavior.

Socialcontrol,whetherformalorinformal,hasadualfunction.First,itpunishesthewrongdoerandreaff'irmstheboundariesofacceptablebehavior.Second,andlessrecognized,itregulatesthemannerinwhichdeviantsaretreated.1.

Socialcontrolreferstoprocessesbywhich______.A.normsaredevelopedB.normsareenforcedC.peopleareeducatedandtrainedD.peoplearerewardedandpunished正確答案：B[解析]

細(xì)節(jié)題型。

根據(jù)開篇第一句Socialcontrolreferstosocialprocesses...bywhichpeoplearetaught,

persuaded,orforcedtoconformtonorms．(社會約束就是教育、勸導(dǎo)、強(qiáng)迫人們服從社會準(zhǔn)則的過程)可得知答案。選項(xiàng)B中enforce是強(qiáng)迫人服從(法律)，因此，forcedtoconformtonorms等于normsareenforced。

2.

Everysocietyhasitsown______.A.plannedsystemsB.controllednormsC.recognizedboundaryD.establishedsanctions正確答案：D[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型。

答案出自第一段第二句Ineverysociety,somepunishmentsornegativesanctionsareestablishedfordeviantbehavior．

3.

InformalmechanismsofsocialcontrolincludethefollowingEXCEPT______.A.ahighlevelofinterestinensuringconformityB.expressionofdisapprovalbysignificantothersC.withholdingofpositiverewardsforthedeviantsD.people'sinternalizationofnormsinsocialization正確答案：A[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型。

從第二段第二句Informalmechanismsincludeexpressionsofdisapprovalbysignificantothersandwithholdingofpositiverewardsfordisapprovedbehavior．我們可以排除B、C兩項(xiàng)。根據(jù)第三句Mostpeopleinternalizenormsinthecourseofsocialization．的信息可判斷D項(xiàng)不是正確答案。第五句Wheninformalsanctionsfail,formalagentsofsocialcontrolmaybecalledupon．我們可知本句前面的內(nèi)容指的都是informal的內(nèi)容可以排除D項(xiàng)。

4.

Themostpowerfulprotectionagainstdevianceis______.A.negativesanctionsB.severepunishmentsC.theindividual'sconscienceD.unrestrainedsuppression正確答案：C[解析]推斷題型。

第二段的第四句Thisisanygroup'smostpowerfulprotectionagainstdeviance,inthattheindividual’sownconscienceoperatesasanagentofsocialcontrol.This指代的就是前面一句話，“大多數(shù)人在社會化的過程中把社會準(zhǔn)則內(nèi)在化”，inthat就是解釋為什么，“因?yàn)閭€人的是非觀是社會控制的施動者之一”，所以，C項(xiàng)個人的是非觀才是正確答案。

5.

FormalagentsofsocialcontrolincludethefollowingEXCEPT______A.policestationsB.mentalhospitalsC.welfareagenciesD.vocationalschools正確答案：D[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型。

根據(jù)第二段的第6句Incontemporarysociety,suchformalagentsandagenciesincludepsychiatryandothermentalhealthprofessions;mentalhospitals;policeandcourtsoflaw;prisons;andsocialwelfareagencies．文中沒有提到D項(xiàng)。

6.

Thepurposeofformalagentsisto______.A.makebeneficialrulesB.preservesocialordersC.controlviolationofnormsD.defineacceptablebehavior正確答案：C[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型。

答案出自第二段第七句Alltheseformalagentsfunctiontolimit,correct,andcontrolviolationofnorms．

7.

WhichstatementaboutsocialcontrolagentsisNOTtrue?A.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhoenforcethenorms.B.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhoreceiveabenefit.C.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhomaketherules.D.Theytendtoservetheinterestofthosewhoarepowerful.正確答案：B[解析]是非題型。

從第二段第八句Conflicttheoristswouldalsopointoutthatsocialcontrolagentsandsystemstend,inanysociety,toservetheinterestsofpowerfulgroupsandtoenforcethenormsmostbeneficialtothosewhomaketherulesandwho,therefore,defineunacceptablebehavior．(矛盾論者指出，在任何社會中，社會約束的執(zhí)行者或執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)往往為有權(quán)勢的社會群體服務(wù)，執(zhí)行對這些人有利的社會準(zhǔn)則，是這些人制定了準(zhǔn)則，規(guī)定了什么是不能認(rèn)可的行為。)得知，只有B項(xiàng)沒有提到，因此，為正確答案。

8.

Accordingtoconflicttheorists,socialcontrolagentsandsystemsare______.A.liberalB.partialC.neutralD.overall正確答案：B[解析]

推斷題型。

根據(jù)第二段第八句中提到的，這樣的機(jī)構(gòu)是有偏向的。partial有偏向的，部分的、不完整的；liberal慷慨的、寬容的；neutral中立的、公平的；overall包括一切的、全部的。

9.

Inthethirdparagraph,"adualfunction"refersto______.A.formalandinformalB.rewardsandpenaltiesC.approvalanddisapprovalD.clarificationandregulation正確答案：D[解析]推斷題型。

文章的最后一段First,itpunishesthewrongdoerandreaffirmstheboundariesofacceptablebehavior.Second,andlessrecognized,itregulatesthemannerinwhichdeviantsaretreated．中的First...分句中的reaffirm“重申”，Second...分句中的regulate“控制和管理”與D項(xiàng)clarificationandregulation是對應(yīng)詞。

10.

Theperspectivefromwhichtheauthordiscussessocialcontrolis______.A.biologicalB.sociologicalC.psychologicalD.anthropological正確答案：B[解析]推斷題型。

本文通篇都在談?wù)撊说男袨楹蜕鐣s束的本質(zhì)，這些是與社會學(xué)有關(guān)的。社會學(xué)是對社會發(fā)展和本質(zhì)的研究，所以，應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)。

Lichensmaygrowonthebarkofatreeinasteamingtropicalrainforest,onthebricksofbigcitybuildings,onrocksinhotsprings,onwind-sweptmountaintops,andinthedriestdesserts.Inthearctic,theyprovidetheprincipalfoodforcaribou,andtheyareoneofthefewplantsthatgrowinAntarctica.Theyarepioneers,appearinginbarrenrockyareasandstartingtheformationofsoilinwhichmosses,thenferns,andthenotherplantscantakeroot.

Lichensareapartnershipoftwoplants—fungiandalgae.Thelichenbodyismadeupofanetworkoffungalstrands.Intheupperlayersofthesegrowgroupsofalgae.Thetwoorganismslivetogethertothebenefitofboth,arelationshipknownassymbiosis.Thefungiprovidesupport,absorbwater,andshelterthetenderalgaefromdirectsunlight.Thealgaecarryonphotosynthesisandprovidethefungiwithfood.Thealgaecanliveindependentlyandarerecognizableasaspeciesthatgrowsalone.Thefungi,ontheotherhand,cannotliveapartfromtheirpartners.Theycanbeplacedinknownclassesoffungibutareunlikeanyspeciesthatlivesindependently.

Sodefinitearetheform,color,andcharacteristicsofthesedoubleorganismsthatforhundredsofyears,theywereclassifiedasone.Morethan15,000"species"werenamed.Iftheseorganismsareclassifiedasseparatespecies,itisdifficulttofitthemintotheexistingsystemofclassification.Butiftheyareclassifiedseparately,thesespeciesoffungiseemratherstrange.Lichensareasplendidexampleofthedifficultiesfacedbytaxonomistsinclassifyingspecies.11.

LichensmayNOTgrow______.A.inthetropicalwoodsB.ontheceilingsofcitybuildingsC.onrocksinhotspringsD.indrydesserts正確答案：B[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型

見第一段第一句，可知選項(xiàng)A、C、D都被提及，所以B為答案。

12.

WhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutlichensinParagraph1?A.Theyrequirealotofmoisturetolive.B.Theyprimarilyliveincoldplaces.C.Theycanliveanywhereexceptaroundpeople.D.Theyhaveadaptedtoawidevarietyofenvironments.正確答案：D[解析]推斷題型

從第一段第一句可推出在多種氣候、自然條件、環(huán)境下，Lichens均可生長，因此可知D(Lichens可適應(yīng)多種環(huán)境)為答案。

13.

Whydoestheauthorcalllichenspioneers?A.Becausetheydevelopedsoearlyinthehistoryoftheplanet.B.Becauseoftheirprimitivestructure.C.Becausetheypreparesoilforotherplants.D.BecausetheywerethefirstplantstoliveinAntarctica.正確答案：C[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型

見第一段最后一句的伴隨狀語：appearinginbarrenrockyareasandstartingtheformationofsoilinwhichmosses，thenferns，andthenotherplantscantakeroot(它們出現(xiàn)在荒蕪的多巖石地區(qū)，使得土壤開始生成，然后各種植物才得以據(jù)此生根)可知C為答案。

14.

Theword"barren"underlinedinParagraph1mostprobablymeans_______.A.lifelessB.frigidC.hardD.uncovered正確答案：A[解析]詞義題型

15.

WhichofthefollowingisanexampleofsymbiosisasitisdescribedinParagraph2?A.Certaintypesoftallgrassconcealtigersbecauseofthetigers'stripedmarkings.B.Fishcalledremorasattachthemselvestosharksandeatthescrapsofthesharks'meals.C.Mistletoe,atypeofshrub,growsontreesandharmsthembyextractingwaterandnutrients.D.Protozoaintheintestinesoftermitesdigestthecellulosethatthetermiteseat,andtheirwasteproductsnourishthetermites.正確答案：D[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型

見第二段第四句Thetwoorganismslivetogethertothebenefitofboth，arelationshipknownassymbiosis．(這兩種有機(jī)體為了雙方的利益共同生存，它們間的關(guān)系被稱之為“共生現(xiàn)象”)及隨后的舉例；而本題的四個選項(xiàng)中只有選項(xiàng)D(白蟻腸中的原生動物將白蟻吃下的纖維素消化，而它們的排泄物又為白蟻提供滋養(yǎng))體現(xiàn)了這種共生現(xiàn)象，因此D為答案。此外還可根據(jù)四個選項(xiàng)中的動詞來判斷是否有互利互存的關(guān)系來尋找答案。

16.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheeffectofdirectsunlightonlichens?A.Itdamagesthealgae.B.Ithelpsthefungiabsorbwater.C.Itisrequiredforthealgaetocarryonphotosynthesis.D.Itdestroysthefungi.正確答案：A[解析]推斷題型

見第二段第五句：Thefungi為algae提供支持，為它吸收水分，并為稚嫩的algae免受陽光直射提供遮護(hù)；由此推斷出直射的陽光會損害algae；因此A為答案。

17.

Accordingtothepassage,thealgae______.A.maynotcarryonphotosynthesisaloneB.supplyfoodtothefungiC.can'tliveseparatelyD.aren'trecognizableasaspecies正確答案：B[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型

見第二段第六句：Thealgae進(jìn)行光合作用并為thefungi提供食物。因此B為答案。

18.

Whydoestheauthorsaythat"thesespeciesoffungiseemratherstrange"?A.Theyarelargerthantypicalfungi.B.Unlikeotherfungi,theycanproducetheirownfood.C.Theyexistonlyaspartnersofalgae.D.Theydonotfitintoanyknownclassoffungi.正確答案：C[解析]細(xì)節(jié)題型

見第二段倒數(shù)第二句、第三句：(Thealgae能獨(dú)立生存且是公認(rèn)的能獨(dú)自生長的物種；而另一方面，Thefungi沒有同伴卻無法生存)及第三段第三句：但是如果將它們分別地分類，這些fungi物種就顯得格外奇怪了(因?yàn)樗鼈兪且蕾囃樯娴?；因此C為答案。

19.

WhichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph2?A.Becauseoftheircharacteristicsasdoubleorganisms,itisdifficulttoclassifylichens.B.Over15,000varietiesoflichenshavebeenidentified.C.Doubleorganismsshouldalwaysbeclassifiedasseparatespecies.D.Taxonomistsalw