2022年考研英語一真題研讀

2022年(英語一)真題研讀第一部分知識運用①Theideathatplantshaveconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s.②Theterm“plantneurobiology”wascoinedaroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbecomparedtointelligenceinanimals.③Thoughplantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthathintedatconsciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.面(的智慧)堪比動物智力”這一觀念創(chuàng)造 第二段一、英漢對譯opinionarticle.②Plantbiologyiscomplexandthatso-calledevidenceofplants'intelligenceisinconclusive,theauthorswrote.二、詞匯注釋二、詞匯注釋 oplantbiology植物生命機理并以判斷句suchanideaisuntrue強調(diào)上述說法的不真實(缺乏事實依據(jù))。②句句內(nèi)but則表明句內(nèi)語第三段thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,forming“aplantnervoussystem,analogoustothatinanimals,”saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz.②“Theyevenclaimedthatplantshave‘brain-like二、詞匯注釋二、詞匯注釋□commandcenter指揮中心Oroottip植物的根尖3物的進化之需。整個段落群以saidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz(第三段)、Taizsaid(第四段)、headded(第五段)、accordingtothearticle(第六段，其中article即Taiz為第一作者的新研究文章)明確它是從新研究作者的角度展開(注意寫作視角，更能幫助理解文意與情感)。第三段介紹“植物意識說”支持者的主張。段落內(nèi)部以somescientistshavearguedthat...、Theyevenclaimedthat...形成語義遞進，明確語義重心在舊研究者的觀點(即“植物意識說”支持者的論調(diào)),而argued、claimed所暗藏的“未經(jīng)事實證明”以及even所傳遞的“出乎意料”足以表明新研究者(說話人)①Thisperspectivemakessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,reducingittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals.②However,thesignalinginaplantisonlysuperficiallysimilartothefiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan“amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,”Taizsaid.①如果把復(fù)雜大腦的運作機制簡化為一系列電脈沖，這一觀點倒也言之有理；(因為)內(nèi)的信號傳遞與動物復(fù)雜的大腦的信號傳遞②Oamassofcells細胞團現(xiàn)銜接，表明段落邏輯，先讓步分析上述觀點成立的邏輯條件，再轉(zhuǎn)而剖析這一邏輯背后的不合理性。①句的分號形式上分隔前后兩分句，實際上暗藏因果關(guān)聯(lián)，以分句2的內(nèi)容來闡釋分句1的合理性。if條件句看似明確成立的條件，而從句內(nèi)simplify/reducingvscomplex的巨大反差實則暗示這一條件不可能成立(前者屬于假設(shè)行為“假設(shè)能簡化”,后者屬于事實信息“大腦很復(fù)雜，不可能簡化”)。②句onlysuperficiallysimilar、morethan在部分承認動植物的相似性(動物確實通過電脈沖交流)的基礎(chǔ)上，更加強調(diào)動物大腦功能的復(fù)雜性，暗示二者不具有可比性。4①“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwthresholdlevelofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired,”headded.②“Sinceplantsdon'thachancesthattheyhaveconsciousnessareeffectivelyzero.”①“想要進化形成意識，大腦的復(fù)雜性和容納度需要達到一定的閾值?！彼a充在意識的可能性實際上為零?！?②第五段從生理角度解釋植物不具備意識的原因。①句Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrain...isrequired明確“生物進化出意識”的普適條件：大腦的復(fù)雜性和容納度達到閾值，其中thresholdlevel(threshold意為thelevelatwhichsomethingstartstohappenorhaveaneffect)強調(diào)“意識出現(xiàn)”的最低要 ①那么,意識究竟有什么了不起的呢?能量投放在一個可以識別威脅并能感知疼痛①Andwhat'ssogreatanyway?②Plantscan'trunawayfromdanger,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemwhichrecognizesathreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeaverypoorevolstrategy,accordingto①那么,意識究竟有什么了不起的呢?能量投放在一個可以識別威脅并能感知疼痛orunawayfrom.避開……;逃離…..第六段從進化角度解釋植物不具有意識的合理性。段內(nèi)兩句以一問一答的形式呈現(xiàn)強關(guān)聯(lián)。①句首先以Andwhat'ssogreatabout..anyway?承上“植物意識說”的強勁勢頭發(fā)問“植物意識的價值為性”的質(zhì)疑，另一方面提示下文將就上述爭議給出終極結(jié)論。②句以因果邏輯詞so關(guān)聯(lián)can'trunaway危險卻不能逃離危險的生理機制純屬徒增煩惱，價值何在?作用何在?averypoorevolutionarystrategy充分表達出了植物并沒有進化出意識的根本原因：意識對植物來說不是一種進化優(yōu)勢，不具備意識才符合植物的進化規(guī)律。 第二部分閱讀理解Text1當塑料彌足珍貴之時①Peopleoftencomplainthatplasticsaretoodurable.②Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareeverywhereanddon'tbreakdowneasily.③Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.④Theycrackandfrizzle.⑤They“weep”outadditives.⑥Theymeltintosludge.⑦Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.8Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,thefirstartificialheart.①人們常抱怨塑料太耐久了。②從珠穆朗以及其他廢棄物弄得亂七八糟，這正是因為塑料無處不在且不易分解。③但有些塑料材料會隨時間推移逐漸發(fā)生變化。④它們會破裂、卷曲。⑤它們會滲出添加劑。⑥它們會逐漸融化成泥。7所有這一切都給博物館等努力保護重要文物的機構(gòu)帶來了大麻煩。8岌岌可危的塑料文物種類繁多，令人眼花繚亂：早期的收音 □waterbottles水瓶oshoppingbags購物袋6otheMarianaTrench馬里亞納海溝4 institutions;2plasticobjectsatrisk。durable說明對塑料的不滿2句解釋1句。because呈遞因果邏輯：前半句中Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrash例舉durable對立。456句列舉塑料會發(fā)生的具體變化。三個短句They..They...They...變化”,createshugeheadaches強調(diào)這些變化給博物館等機構(gòu)“帶來了大麻煩”。tryingtopreservepolymerchemistwho,untilretiritheNetherlands.②“It'slikebaobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.” ③8第三段 ①Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.②Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces③Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotherrectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.4Hewantedviewonthecarpets—whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.①但有時這并不是藝術(shù)家的錯。②20世紀60年代，意大利藝術(shù)家皮耶羅·吉拉爾迪開始創(chuàng)作了數(shù)百件鮮艷奪目、五彩繽紛的泡沫藝術(shù)品。③那些藝術(shù)品包括小型玫瑰花圃和其他物①②□colorful['k?l?fl]a.色彩豐富的；五彩繽紛的2③□pumpkin['p?mpkin]n.南瓜第三、四段指出原因二：材料(聚氨酯泡沫)本身不穩(wěn)定。品至今只有50余年。hundredsof..pieces凸顯作品數(shù)量之多。bright,colorful點出作品的典型特征“色想要地毯具有“真正地毯”的功能：讓參觀者在上面四處走動。從句明確實現(xiàn)這一功能對材料的要求“必須耐久(hadtobedurable)”。9①Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.②It'sespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.③Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.③①SovanOostenandhercolleaguesworkedtopreserveGilardi'ssculptures.②Theyinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicals.③VanOostencallsthosechemical霜”,因為他們的目的在于防止更大程度的光損傷，并修復(fù)那些已經(jīng)老化的聚合物纖維。④令她自豪的是，好幾件雕塑甚至得以重新展出，盡管有時是在防護罩的保護之下。①②oinfuseAwithB給A注入B1③④23句具體介紹范·奧斯藤等人所用方法。兩句以chemicals回指銜接，明確所用材料“具有穩(wěn)定和加固作用的化學(xué)物質(zhì)”;②句以infused...with..闡述具體曬霜”,同時明確操作目的“防止更大程度的光損傷，修復(fù)老化的聚合物纖維”。sculptureshaveevengoneondisplayagain說明保護工作的結(jié)果，二者共同強調(diào)對吉拉爾迪雕塑的保護工表讓步，指出修復(fù)之后的雕塑也并非完全無虞(有時還需置于防護罩下)?！旧顚咏庾x】本段通過詞匯的選用(workedtopreserve、infuse...with.體現(xiàn)“艱苦、細致的工作”情”)以及讓步邏輯的運用(albeit..指出即便修復(fù)之后，雕塑也難復(fù)當初模樣)來展現(xiàn)塑料雕塑保護第六段preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.②Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.③plastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.保護塑料文物的工作很可能會更加艱難。②舊物件還在繼續(xù)老化變質(zhì)。③更糟的是，設(shè)計為可(自行)分解的可生物降解塑料正日益普遍。successstorieslikevanOosten's回溯上文，表明文物保護的確已有多起成功實例；willlikelygetharderobjects.②JoanaLiaFerreira,anassistantprofessorofconservationandrestorationattheNOVASchoolofScienceandTechnology,notesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory—StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon—afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.③Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”[438words]①②□StoneAge石器時代□IronAge鐵器時代 21 24 25Asthelatestcropofstudentspentheirundergraduateapplicationformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenerationZneedtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney發(fā)生什么樣的改變?Z世代開啟自己教 首段亮明全文關(guān)注的兩大問題：大學(xué)學(xué)位的意義、目的和價值發(fā)生了何種變化；Z世代應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對。學(xué)生”。pen(義同write,但更為正式)、weighup均表明“學(xué)生們對待大學(xué)入學(xué)申請的態(tài)度極為嚴肅，對maybeworthconsidering(變體為Itmaybeworthconsideringthat/how/what...)是禮貌地提出建議以化”:內(nèi)嵌的as從句強調(diào)Z世代正處于關(guān)鍵時期“正要開啟教育旅程的第三階段高等教育之時”,凸顯思考上述問題的緊迫性。注：Z世代指出生于1996-2012年之間(也有說法稱是1995-2010年之間)的一代?！敖逃龤v程的第三階段”即“高等教育(HigherEducation)”,在英國的教育體系中，是繼“義務(wù)教育(Compulsory第二段①Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.②Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.③Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued.④Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.⑤Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles,apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongtheOECDcountries.①千禧一代曾被告知，如果你在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)便可衣食無憂。②但結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這一承諾未能兌現(xiàn)。③隨著大學(xué)學(xué)位的普及，其價值不免降低。④教育不再是實現(xiàn)社會階層流動的可靠途徑。⑤如今，英國28%的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生從事著無需本科學(xué)歷的工作，而這一比例是經(jīng)合組織成員國平均水平的兩倍。②③⑤onon-graduate[inon'gred?u?t]a.無需本科學(xué)歷的12句指出從千禧一代開始，本科學(xué)位便已不再是體面生活的保證(But體現(xiàn)語義轉(zhuǎn)折)的學(xué)位(didwellinschool,gotadecentdegree)→余生便345句具體說明大學(xué)學(xué)位的價值變化(nolonger體現(xiàn)情形變化)。mobility...innon-graduateroles。這并這并不是在表明獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位毫無意教室到講堂的轉(zhuǎn)換不是必然之路，還有其他選項可供選擇。Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingetdegree,butratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotan第四段輩們學(xué)習(xí)。②雇主們早已認識到雇用中學(xué)畢業(yè)生的好處事實證明他們作為③許多雇主也逐漸認識到取消對某些職①Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisahappening,withGenerationZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindtheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployees輩們學(xué)習(xí)。②雇主們早已認識到雇用中學(xué)畢業(yè)生的好處事實證明他們作為③許多雇主也逐漸認識到取消對某些職③1句明確Z世代正在吸取千禧前輩的經(jīng)驗，中學(xué)畢業(yè)即參加工作。this回指上一段觀點“對于Z世①Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.②Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.③Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.④Whenmoreandmorehaveadegree,itmakessensetohavetw的薪資比本科生多40%。④當越來越多人擁有①②③④ 234句說明繼續(xù)深造的理由。skillingthroughouttheircareertostayemployable.②Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgeneration,duetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversity,willworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.③Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ'scareertrajectory.①Z世代不可能在18或21歲就結(jié)束于17個不同的雇主，從事于5種不同的職①②③第六段提出觀點：教育將是貫穿Z世代職業(yè)生涯的核心部分。關(guān)鍵詞：constantlyup-skilling 第七段一、英漢對譯①Oldergenerationsoftentalkabouttheirdegreeinthepresentandpersonaltense:‘Iamageographer,or‘Iamaclassist'.②Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it'sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon'tdefinetheminthesameway.[423words] □generation[id?en?'rei?n]n.②1句借介紹“老一輩人如何談?wù)摯髮W(xué)學(xué)位”明確其定義自身身份的關(guān)鍵因素：大學(xué)學(xué)位。thepresenttense(現(xiàn)在時)與thepasttense(過去時)相對，用于表明某一事物一直存在或某一動作正在發(fā)would、asif表明作者意在推測未來的情形。neversaysuchathing強調(diào)Z世代肯定不會說“我是一所以很容易將之視為對個人身份的定義。而對于當前剛 ofurtherone'sstudy深造 ①Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.②TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperiencesofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.③Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.①富于啟發(fā)、頗具挑戰(zhàn)、振奮人心、饒有樂趣。②這些都是《自然》讀者，在一系列以藝術(shù)家與科研人員的合作關(guān)系為主題的文章中，描述其對于藝術(shù)與科學(xué)合作的感受時所用到的一些詞匯。③在大約350名接受隨文所附問卷調(diào)查的人中，有近40%的人表示，他們曾與藝術(shù)家合作過；而且?guī)缀跛腥硕急硎舅麄儠紤]在未來與藝術(shù)家合作。ostimulating['stimjuleiti?]a.振奮人心的 ② ③①②句采取不見其人先聞其聲的方式引出話題對象“科藝合作”,并強調(diào)它收效甚佳、頗受好評。①句僅由四個飽含強烈褒義色彩的評價詞構(gòu)成，彰顯對某事物/現(xiàn)象的高度贊揚，引發(fā)好奇。②句借解釋①句的具體內(nèi)涵引出討論對象。判斷句式Theseweresomeofthewords...usedtodescribe...artexperiences...collaborations點明評價主體“《自然》讀者中有科藝合作體驗之人(即科藝界業(yè)內(nèi)人士)”;近義詞對art-science3句進一步借調(diào)查結(jié)果明晰現(xiàn)象“科藝合作得到(科界人士)積極響應(yīng)”。本句借調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)將視角第二段②Scientistsareincreasinglyseekinghelpthemcommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences.③“Artistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearning,”①如此鼓舞人心的(調(diào)查)結(jié)果并不出奇。 ③23句具體說明原因“藝術(shù)是傳播科學(xué)的有力媒句以科學(xué)家求諸于藝術(shù)的目的tohelp..明確科藝合作走強的原因：助力科學(xué)可視化(visual),擴大科普受眾面(tonewaudiences);頻度詞第三段①OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestraperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.②Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHub.③TheUnitedNationsClimateChangeConferenceinGlasgow,UK.候變化交流研究中心提供的每個季節(jié)的歷史的樂曲。③該表演先于十一月將在英國格拉斯哥召開的聯(lián)合國氣候變化大①②oreimagine[riri'mad?in]v.重新詮釋；重新構(gòu)想③Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.②FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.③Norshouldtheirworkbemostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.⑤Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.術(shù)家并非僅限于協(xié)助科學(xué)家實現(xiàn)傳播科學(xué)的需要。③他們的工作也不應(yīng)只被認為是一個 1②④ ⑤alliancesaremostvaluablewhen..?；蜓芯快`感”,暗示當前科藝合作中對藝術(shù)的價值認識還有所欠缺，價值挖掘不夠充分。注：②句中句1vs分句2及③句”,因為分句2中的severalrespondentsnoted實際轄域到③句。銜接。④句以when(when影響力。23①MorethanhalfacenturyInstituteofTechnologyopeneditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)toculture.②Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight—hencethe‘visualstudies’ianinterestin,andtherdividedintomoresub-disciplines,thecentrewcouldalsobeartists,writersandpoets,andviceversa.①半個多世紀以前，麻省理工學(xué)院開以探索科技在文化中的作用。②創(chuàng)始人特意將他們的項目重點圍繞在光上——項目對光感興趣，因此他們之間的合作也就有且分化出更多分支學(xué)科，該(研究)中心也在展望這么一個時代：一流的科研人才也可以是藝術(shù)家、作家或詩人，反之亦然。3□something['samθi?]n.被認為重要的事物24□viceversa[ivais'v3rs?]ad.反之亦然 ②文藝術(shù)的雄心抱負。達的是become、be之意，強調(diào)“興趣/利益支撐點”與“合作之根基”為等同關(guān)聯(lián)。藝合作提出了更高要求，實現(xiàn)真正有價值的科藝聯(lián)盟勢在必行。文章在明確核心觀點之后一般會輔以例證加以闡述。上段末作者明均為例證信息且無明確的段落主旨句，故推測本段為上段末論點的論據(jù)。段內(nèi)②③句Thefoundersdeliberatelyfocused..formthebasisofcollaboration重在展現(xiàn)CAVS是通過找到雙方利益共同點從而促成①Nature'spollfindingssuggestthatthistrendisasstrongasever,but,tomakeacollaborationwork,bothsidesneedtoinvesttime,andembracesurpriseandchallenge.②Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogoandparticipantsmustnotdiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiqucoretoboth,too.[432words]①②都需要投入時間，并樂于接受意外與挑戰(zhàn)。②藝術(shù)與科學(xué)合作的范圍需要突破科研傳播入以刻板印象看待彼此的困境之中。③藝術(shù)③②句前半部分以Thereachmunication同義復(fù)現(xiàn)第四段②句(主題句)artistsdono分析了當前科藝合作的問題“止于科學(xué)傳播之需”,并給出了相應(yīng)的解決辦法“應(yīng)拓展雙方所需、彼此賦能、從而成就社會”3132 3334 35①ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.②Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.③Employersmustbothshow □employmentrelations雇傭關(guān)系② ③provisionsofNewZealand'sEmploymentRelationsAct;②dismissalsmustbejustified。thejobsofordinaryworkersfrom“unjustifieddismissals”.②Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlacksufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconducmanagement.③Longgonearethedayswhenabosscould① ②③第二至四段點明ERA的個人申訴條款造成的“不正當解雇 2句解釋ERA的個人申訴條款出臺的原因：合同判例法未能充分保護普通員工。premise指結(jié)論形式，此處用以指代“不正當解雇”;副詞Long(時間久遠地)修飾gone(消失的；不復(fù)存在的),凸顯ERA的個人申訴條款實施力度之大、產(chǎn)生效果之巨：一經(jīng)頒布就早早地徹底杜絕了不正當解雇?？珊穹?，個人申訴條款終結(jié)雇主不正當解雇員工的時代似乎也值得稱贊，但①句中一般過去時態(tài)的were第三段whenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.②Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainifailure.④Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersor①但這些條款如果應(yīng)用于高薪的經(jīng)理和高管，就會給企業(yè)帶來不少難題。②正如無數(shù)董事會和企業(yè)主會證實的一阻礙企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)效率以及整體業(yè)績的提 第三段以But轉(zhuǎn)承上文，點明ERA的個人申訴條款實際保護的群體范圍及其危害。關(guān)鍵詞：1appliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives;2createdifficultiesforbusinesses。①句總起指出，ERA的個人申訴條款現(xiàn)實中還會被應(yīng)用于高薪管理人員，導(dǎo)致企業(yè)發(fā)展受困。從句whenappliedto針對第二段①句weredesignedtoguard,明示設(shè)想與現(xiàn)實的差距——個人申訴條款現(xiàn)實中還被用以保護普通員工之外的“權(quán)勢員工群體(企業(yè)管理人員)”;主句theseprovisio②至⑤句詳述“個人申訴條款被用于保護管理人員”為何會阻礙企業(yè)發(fā)展。countless(無數(shù)的)、willattest(會證明)表明本句借條款造成的一種普遍影響證明首句論點。主句具體論企業(yè)發(fā)展”的內(nèi)在邏輯：個人申訴條款被用于保護管理人員→企業(yè)難以解雇表現(xiàn)不佳的高薪管理人員導(dǎo)致管理人員缺乏能力及動力去提升企業(yè)效益)→阻礙企業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率及整體業(yè)績的提高。③4⑤句先指出管理人員的能力關(guān)乎企業(yè)與普通員工工作崗位的存亡，后重申新條款的要求“不得以‘能力平平’為由解雇員工”,暗指企業(yè)將因無法解雇表現(xiàn)不佳的管理者而深受其害。③④句The differencebetween...and...mayverywellbethedifferencebetween...Between...一、英漢對譯protectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.作崗位而出臺的法律可能反而會使他們的第四段總結(jié)“ERA個人申訴條款保護管理人員”造成的“不正當解雇悖論”。關(guān)鍵詞：①Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers’wages.②Indeed,in“AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand'sProductivityParadox”(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.岌可危，這些法律也會限制企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)原因之一。二、詞匯注釋 ② poorproductivitygrowthrecord呼應(yīng)①句中constraintonfirmproductivity,以singledoutAasacauseofB第六段①NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.②Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.BThismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.4Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemployment①高薪經(jīng)理自身也無法幸免于《雇傭②鑒于就業(yè)保護法抬高了解雇員工的成本，雇主在招聘新員工時會更為謹慎。③這使得能力平平的經(jīng)理更難被雇用。④而且企業(yè)因為要承擔雇用安排出錯的責 二、詞匯注釋①②③④2至4句詳述管理人員利用ERA2句鋪墊ERA的個人申訴條款對企業(yè)招聘的整體影響：招聘更加謹慎。Because、makeitcostlier4句從入職薪資角度闡明2句，點明條款對管理人員的危害二：降低薪資。從句中firmscarrythe①社會也會因過度的就業(yè)保護而受損害。②嚴苛的解雇法規(guī)會對生產(chǎn)率增長產(chǎn)生①Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.②Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwell①社會也會因過度的就業(yè)保護而受損害。②嚴苛的解雇法規(guī)會對生產(chǎn)率增長產(chǎn)生2句具體說明。Stringentjobdismissalregulations仍指ERA的個人申訴條款，其中Stringent“(法律、①AcrosstheTasmanSea,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified“high-incomethreshold”fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.②InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers'Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-regime.③However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.[406words]①塔斯曼海對岸的澳大利亞為應(yīng)對上收入門檻”的員工排除在其“不公平解雇一項無公職議員法案試圖允許公司和高收入員工訂約退出不正當解雇制度。③然 oprivatemember無公職議員 ③ounwieldy[?n'wi:ldi]a.難運作的□votedown投票否決Bill;②voteddown。論”的解決辦法。employeesearningabove.“high-incomethreshold”概指上文所述的高薪管理人員，3句進而點明新西蘭應(yīng)對“不正當解雇悖論”嘗試的結(jié)果：已被投票否決。themechanisms并直接排除超過門檻者(specified、excluding)vs新西蘭的無公職議員法案模糊且復(fù)雜(permit.36□corporate['k?:p?r?t]a.公司的1?38(41)TeriByrd:[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals'well-being.②Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.③Thisclaimwasfalse.④Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.⑤Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottom③④⑤小標題oclosedown關(guān)閉①②①至③句表明觀點：動物園聲稱以保護動物為己任，實際并非如此。①句azo...employeeforyears以多年業(yè)內(nèi)經(jīng)歷暗示Byrd所言真實可信。②③句claimed、Thisclaim以及貶義評注詞false或隱或顯地表明動物園在動物保護方面只做表面文章，并未做出實質(zhì)貢獻。兩句中profitable、bottomline等商業(yè)詞匯與animal...conservation等公益詞匯形成反差，彰顯商業(yè)利益與動物保護之間的矛盾。一、英漢對譯①Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.②Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequapasttimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit'spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourcu①動物們都極其討厭被關(guān)在動物園里。③這些動物最終都會變得焦慮不安，失去健康或生命。④是時候讓這些機構(gòu)透明化了，也是① ②□stressed[strest]a.焦慮不安的2④①至③句呈現(xiàn)問題：動物園中的動物承受著心理和身體上的雙重痛苦。此三句實際從動物角度出(42)KarenR.Sime:[C]Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantroleinstartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.①Asazoologyprofessor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.②Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.法，此處can表示可能性，暗示有些動物園展覽實際可以做到不殘忍，為下段建議暗留余地。后以But轉(zhuǎn)①我所在大學(xué)的動物學(xué)課程吸引來的①我所在大學(xué)的動物學(xué)課程吸引來的生動物保護區(qū)或者國家公園參觀。③盡管好的電視節(jié)目有助于激發(fā)孩子對于動物保①Thezoologyprogramatmyuniversityattractsstudentsforwhomz00visitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.②Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.③AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.④Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos'treatmentofanimalswiththeir①②③ (43)GregNewberry:[A]Zoos,whichsparencefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticismtothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.②Sheusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.①艾瑪·馬里斯的文章是對成千上萬滿腔熱血的、具有奉獻精神的動物工作者的侮辱與中傷，這些工作人員都在為改善動物生活和保護地球而孜孜不倦地努力。②馬里斯援用力于讓孩子與更廣闊世界建立聯(lián)結(jié)的機構(gòu)的崇高使命。 ②①Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.②Aretheretragedies?③Ofcourse.④Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.⑤Adistressedanimalinazo0willgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.件發(fā)生呢?③當然有。④但是這些悲劇只是特例并不是馬里斯女士所暗指的常態(tài)。⑤動物園里身④5①②(44)DeanGallea:[D]Zooswildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlife①Asafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos②ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherbeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown①n.環(huán)保主義者②③12句簡要表達看法 Zoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedfor觸這些活生生的動物的需要，同時使絕大多數(shù)觸這些活生生的動物的需要，同時使絕大多數(shù)棲息于自然環(huán)境中的動物不受人類打擾。時即地滿足人類對自然萬物的好奇心與求知欲，從而可減少人們因自行探索而給自然帶來的傷害。第九段一、英漢對譯(45)約翰·(45)約翰·弗雷澤：[G]馬里斯歪曲了我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們的研究實際證明，動物園是人類與自然之間不可或缺的紐帶。①艾瑪·馬里斯對我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)進行了選擇性的描述與刻意歪曲。②我們的研究關(guān)注的是，參觀動物園的經(jīng)歷如何影響人們對于自我與自然的思考，而馬里斯從我們的研究中選取的這些數(shù)據(jù)，絕對不是在貶低參觀動物園所帶來的知識收獲。(45)JohnFraser:[G]Marrisdistortsourfindings,whichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.①EmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.②Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkabou