Unit 1.單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解高一英語講義（上教版必修二）

Unit1Nolimits【重點(diǎn)詞匯】1.blame/ble?m/1）vt.指責(zé);把…歸咎于Thecommissionisexpectedtoblamethearmyformanyoftheatrocities.該委員會(huì)預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)將大量暴行歸咎于軍隊(duì)。2）n.責(zé)備Nothingcouldrelievemyterriblesenseofblame.沒什么能把我從極度自責(zé)中解脫出來。3)n.(事故、過失等的)責(zé)任I'mnotgoingtositaroundandtaketheblameforamistakehemade.我不會(huì)閑坐著，為他犯的錯(cuò)誤承擔(dān)責(zé)任。4).vt.責(zé)怪Idonotblamethemfortryingtomakesomemoney.我不怪他們想要掙些錢?！竟潭ù钆洹縝lamesbforsth.因…而責(zé)備某人sb.betoblameforsth.某人對…負(fù)責(zé)2.pressure/?pr???/1).n壓力Shekickedatthedoorwithherfoot,andthepressurewasenoughtoopenit.她用腳踢門，其產(chǎn)生的壓力足以把門打開。Thepressureofhisfingershadrelaxed.他手指的壓力已經(jīng)減弱了。2)vt對…施加壓力Hewillneverpressureyoutogetmarried.他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)給你施加壓力讓你結(jié)婚。3.impress/?m?pr?s/1).vt使留下印象Itdidn'timpressmeasagoodplacetolive.那地方?jīng)]有給我留下適合居住的印象。2)vt.使欽佩Whatimpressedhimmostwastheirspeed.最令他欽佩的是他們的速度。4.solution/s??lu???n/n.解決辦法;謎底Althoughhehassoughttofindapeacefulsolution,heisfacingpressuretousegreatermilitaryforce.雖然他已設(shè)法尋找一個(gè)和平的解決辦法，但他正面臨著使用更大軍事力量的壓力。Weinvitedreaderswhocompletedthepuzzletosendintheirsolutions.我們邀請解完謎的讀者交出謎底。5.independent/??nd??p?nd?nt/adj.無關(guān)聯(lián)的;相互獨(dú)立的Yourquestionsshouldbeindependentofeachother.你們的問題應(yīng)該是相互間毫無關(guān)聯(lián)的?！竟潭ù钆洹縝eindependentofsth.【反義詞】bedependentonsth.（注意形容詞后面的介詞搭配）6.adapt/??d?pt/1）.vt使適應(yīng)Theworldwillbedifferent,andwewillhavetobepreparedtoadapttothechange.這個(gè)世界將會(huì)不同，所以我們必須準(zhǔn)備好適應(yīng)變化。2）.vt改裝Shelveswerebuilttoadaptthelibraryforuseasanoffice.做了個(gè)書架，以便將這個(gè)圖書館改作一個(gè)辦公室用7.reveal/r??vi?l/v.揭示；顯示；透露1)vt.透露;顯示Shehasrefusedtorevealthewhereaboutsofherdaughter.她已拒絕透露她女兒的行蹤。AsurveyoftheAmericandiethasrevealedthatagrowingnumberofpeopleareoverweight.一項(xiàng)有關(guān)美國人日常飲食的調(diào)查表明越來越多的人超重。2).vt使顯露;揭露Intheprincipalroom,agreycarpetwasremovedtorevealtheoriginalpinefloor.在主房間里，一塊灰色的地毯被挪開了，使原有的松木地板露了出來。8.responsible/r??sp?ns?b?l/1).adj.負(fù)有責(zé)任的Hestillfeltresponsibleforherdeath.他依然覺得對她的死負(fù)有責(zé)任。2)adj.向…匯報(bào)的(通常和“to”進(jìn)行搭配)I'mresponsibletomyboardofdirectors.我向我的董事會(huì)匯報(bào)。9.reliable/r??la??b?l/adj可靠的Shewasefficientandreliable.她既能干又可靠。10.extent/?k?st?nt/1).n程度Thegovernmentitselfhaslittleinformationontheextentofindustrialpollution.政府本身對工業(yè)污染的程度知之甚少。2).n.長度;廣度;范圍Industryrepresentativesmadeitclearthattheircommitmentwasonlytomaintaintheextentofforests,nottheirbiodiversity.業(yè)界代表們申明他們只承諾維持森林的規(guī)模而不是其生物多樣性?！竟潭ù钆洹縯oalargeextent在很大程度上tosomeextent在某種程度上11.conductv.組織；安排；實(shí)施動(dòng)詞讀作k?n?d?kt。名詞讀作?k?nd?kt。1).vt.組織并實(shí)施Idecidedtoconductanexperiment.我決定做一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)。2).vt.指揮(交響樂、合唱等)Dennishadrecentlybegunasuccessfulcareerconductingopera.丹尼斯最近成功地開始了指揮歌劇的生涯。Solticontinuedtoconducthereandabroad.佐爾蒂繼續(xù)在國內(nèi)外指揮。3).vt傳導(dǎo)(熱、電)Waterconductsheatfasterthanair.水比空氣導(dǎo)熱快。4）vt.進(jìn)行實(shí)施Alsoupfordiscussionwillbetheconductoffreeandfairelections.還需討論的是公平自由的選舉如何進(jìn)行。5）n.進(jìn)行實(shí)施Alsoupfordiscussionwillbetheconductoffreeandfairelections.還需討論的是公平自由的選舉如何進(jìn)行。6).n.(某人在某情形中的)行為方式ForEuropeans,thelawisastatementofbasicprinciplesofcivilizedconduct.對歐洲人來說，該法律是對基本文明行為原則的表述。12.quitv.停止；戒掉quit/kw?t/1)vt辭去(工作);辭職Hequithisjobasanofficeboy.他辭去了辦公室勤雜員的工作。2).vt.停止Anicotinespraycanhelpsmokersquitthehabit.一種尼古丁噴劑可以幫助吸煙者戒煙。Quitactinglikeyoudidn'tknow.別裝得像你不知道似的。Quitit!Thathurts!戒掉它吧！這東西害人！3).vt徹底離開Sciencefictionwritershavelongdreamedthathumansmightonedayquittheearthtocolonizeotherplanets.科幻小說作家們長期以來一直夢想著人類有一天可以離開地球移居到其它星球上。13.charity/?t??r?t?/n.慈善；賑濟(jì)1)n.慈善機(jī)構(gòu)anAIDScharity.一個(gè)艾滋病慈善機(jī)構(gòu)。2)n.慈善Hemadesubstantialdonationstocharity.他做了大量的慈善捐贈(zèng)。Goochwillberaisingmoneyforcharity.古奇將為慈善籌集款項(xiàng)。3)n.救濟(jì)金;救濟(jì)物Herhusbandisunemployedandthefamilydependsoncharity.她的丈夫失業(yè)了，全家靠救濟(jì)度日。14.account/??ka?nt/1)n.賬戶Somebanksmakeitdifficulttoopenanaccount.有些銀行使開一個(gè)賬戶困難重重。2).n客戶AllthreeInternetagenciesboastthey'vewonmajoraccounts.所有的三家網(wǎng)絡(luò)代理公司都夸口說他們已贏得了大客戶。3).n.賬目Hekeptdetailedaccounts.他保存了詳細(xì)的賬目。15.preserve/pr??z??v/1).vt維護(hù)Wewilldoeverythingtopreservepeace.我們將竭盡全力維護(hù)和平。2).vt.保護(hù)Weneedtopreservetheforest.我們需要保護(hù)森林。preservationn.維護(hù)16.ambitious/?m?b???s/1).adj雄心勃勃的Chrisissoambitious,sodeterminedtodoitall.克里斯是如此雄心勃勃，如此堅(jiān)決地要把它做完。2).adj宏大的Theambitiousprojectwascompletedinonlyninemonths.這個(gè)宏大的項(xiàng)目在僅僅9個(gè)月之內(nèi)就完成了。17.attempt/??t?mpt/1)vt.試圖(尤指做困難的事)TheonlytimethatweattemptedtodosomethinglikethatwasinthecityofPhiladelphia.我們惟一一次試圖做那樣的事是在費(fèi)城。2).n企圖adeliberateattempttodestabilizethedefence.蓄意削弱防御的企圖?！竟潭ù钆洹縜ttempttodosth.試圖去做某事。18.contain/k?n?te?n/1）.vt有…在里面TheenvelopecontainedaChristmascard.該信封里裝有一張圣誕賀卡。Thefirsttwofloorsofthebuildingcontainretailspaceandarestaurant.該大樓最底下兩層有零售空間和一家餐館。2).vt含有Watermeloncontainsvitaminsandalsopotassium.西瓜含有維生素也有鉀。3).vt控制;阻止Morethanahundredfiremenarestilltryingtocontainthefireattheplant.一百多名消防隊(duì)員仍在努力控制工廠火勢?！径陶Z】1.belikelyto可能做；可能成為Thetensionbetweenthetwocountriesislikelytoremain.兩國之間的緊張局面可能持續(xù)。2.dueto由于；因?yàn)門hecoastroadisclosedduetobadweather.由于天氣惡劣，濱海公路暫時(shí)封閉。3.socialmedia社交媒體Socialmediahasbecomeaplatformforadvertisements.社交媒體已經(jīng)成為做廣告的一個(gè)平臺(tái)。4.icesheet冰原；冰蓋ThesatelliteUSESradartomeasureitsaltitudeabovetheicesheet.衛(wèi)星用雷達(dá)測定衛(wèi)星從冰層頂部算起的高度。5.apartfrom除……之外（都）Ilikeallsportsapartfromfootball.除足球外我喜歡所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)?！締卧Z法】省略:為了使語言簡潔、避免重復(fù)、突出新信息并使上下文緊密連接，人們常把某些詞省略掉，這在英語中是普遍的。并且結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略省略主語例如：Shewenttotheclinicand(she)sawadoctor.Hecanspeak,butcan’twrite,Russian.(HecanspeakRussian,butcan’twriteit.)Ahighpositionwasofferedtohim,but(it)wasdeclined.Tosomelifeispleasure,andtoothers(lifeis)suffering.(二)省略整個(gè)謂語或謂語的主要部分例如：EitherSallymustberesponsibleforthematterorwe’llbe(responsibleforthematter).DrWastonwillmeetsomevisitorsthismorningandPeter(willmeetsomevisitors)thisafternoon.Bill,andperhapsPhil,willdoit,too.(Billwilldoit,andperhapsPhiwilldoit,too.)Albertneedn’tsay,butGeorgemust(stay).Smithwill(teachmodernessay),andBrownmight,teachmodernessay.Smithwillteachmodernessay,andBrownmight(teachmodernessay),too.Thetextwillhavebeencarefullycollatedandthemistkaes(willhavebeen)correctedbytheendofthemonth.(三)省略賓語及賓語連同前面的及物動(dòng)詞一起省略例如：Edisoninvented(thelightbulb),themanufacturesproduced(thelightbulb),andtheinhabitantsused,thelightbulb.Laurais(teachingmusic),hermotherhasbeen(teachingmusic),andhersistermightalsobe,teachingmusic.(四)省略表語例如：They’remoreafraidofyouthanyouareofthem.Nigelis(anofficerinthenavy),andhissonwillalsobe,anofficeinthenavy.Georgewas(interestedintheperformance),butJimpretendedtobe,interestedintheperformance.(五)省略狀語例如：MrOliverteaches(inCambridge),andhissonstudies,inCambridge.ThefatherspeaksbutthesononlydresseslikeanEnglishman.=Thefatherspeaks,butthesononlydresses,likeanEnglish.(六)省略冠詞例如：Boththeoldand(the)youngtookpartinthesingingcompetition.Isthebabyaboyor(a)girl?(七)省略介詞例如：Youmaygobylandor(by)water.Itisamatteroflifeand(of)death.(八)省略名詞例如：Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheisfor(theplan)oragainsttheplan.Itisthelistener’s(will)ratherthanthespeaker’swillthatisquestioned.注意：指示代詞this,that,these,those為限定詞時(shí)，并且名詞的省略。this(book)andthatbookthistimeandthat(time)these(chairs)andthosechairsthesebooksandthose(books)狀語從句中的省略如果狀語從句的主語和主語一致，而且狀語從句謂語中有be動(dòng)詞，可以將狀語從句的主語連同be動(dòng)詞一起省略。引導(dǎo)這類狀語從句的連詞有：when,while,though,if,unless,although等。其結(jié)構(gòu)式為：連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/介詞短語/名詞/代詞/副詞/形容詞/從句+主句例如：Jacobstaredintomyeyeswhilehewhispered,asiftocommunicatesomethingbesidesthewordshespoke.While(hewas)doingso,hetrembledalittle.When(itis)takenaccordingtotheinstructions,thedrughasnosideeffects.HecameacrossthepicturewhileanavisittoNewYork.Hecouldwritepoemswhenyetachild.Don’tdoittilltoolate.HeisbetterthanwhenIlastsawhim.Iknowyoubetterthanher.Hehurriedlylefttheroomasthough(hewas)veryangry.注意：1）在ifitispossible或whenitisnecessary等類似結(jié)構(gòu)中，itis常可省略。If(itis)possible,we’llbuildanotherrailroadinthisarea.We’llhavetheoldhousepulleddownwhennecessary.Putacomma,whereneeded.注意2)有些狀語從句似乎有詞省略，卻很難說出省略了哪些詞，特別是一些諺語中，例如：Oncebitten,twiceshy.Morehaste,lessspeed.Outofsight,outofmind.比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略比較結(jié)構(gòu)通常是有些成分被省略，或是省略與主句相同的部分，或是省略在特定下上文或情景中某些不言而喻的部分。最高級比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略或是在一定上下文中省略比較范圍，或是省略最高級后的名詞。例如：Whichdoyouthinkistheprettiest?Wholivesnearesttoschool?—Sixjuicyorange,please.—Theseareourjuiciest(oranges).—Iknowthatkind-theyaren’tsweet.—I’msorry,they’rethesweetest(oranges)we’vegot.(二)as…as和morethan1.省略全部謂語例如：Hehadthemostbeautifulsoul,morebeautifulthanhisbrilliantmindorhisincomparablefaceorhisgloriousbody.ClaraismoreambitiousthanI(me非正式文體).Thishouseisnotsoexpensiveastheotherone.2.省略部分謂語例如：Wasn’tanybodylaterthanwewere?JanewoulddoitmuchmorequicklythanIwould.3.省略主語和謂語的大部分例如：Thingsarenobetterthanbefore.TheroadsaremuchquieterherethaninLoondon.Heisbetterthan(hewas)whenIlastvisitedhim.4.下列比較分句中很難指明省略了什么。例如：Thismeatisbetterthanwhatwehadlastweek.或：Thismeatisbetterthanwehadlasteek.Thatismorethantheworkerscouldstand.It’sfarmoreimportantthanhowmuchitcosts.注意：在下列比較狀語從句中可以說是省略了主語，也可以說是由as或than充當(dāng)從句主語。例如：Idon’tthinkthisisanybetterthanwasordered.Hedrovefasterthanwaswise.Theystoodchattingtogetheraseasilyandnaturallyascouldbe.名詞性從句和定語從句中的省略名詞性從句中的省略在非正式文體中，連詞that在主語從句和表語從句中可以省略；連詞that引出從句位于句尾，而用it作形式主語放在句首時(shí)，that可以省略；若that引出同位語從句，則that不省略。例如：Itisapity(that)youmissedthesportsmeetinglastweek.Thatyoumissedthesportsmeetinglastweekisapity.Theonlyproblemis(that)youcan’teattrees!Ithink(that)itwillclearupthisafternoon.We’vejustheardawarningontheradiothatahurricaneislikelytocome.(二)定語從句中的省略在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞who,whom,which，that常常省略。例如：Thisisthefilm(that/which)IsawlastSaturday.Sheisthegirl(who/whom/that)theywerewalkingaboutattheparty.(三)關(guān)系副詞that的省略在限制性定語從句中，that可以充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞，在從句中作狀語，修飾時(shí)間名詞time,moment,day,year,地點(diǎn)名詞place,方式名詞way或原因名詞reason等，可以省略。例如：Doyourememberthetime(that)/whenweallwenttoanightclub?Doyouknowthereasonwhy/(that)/forwhichhewaslate?Thisistheplace(that)theyswamacrosstheriver.Iliketheway(that)shedidit.動(dòng)詞不定式符號to的省略在表示感覺的動(dòng)詞如：feel,hear,see,watch,observe,listento,lookat,notic以及使役動(dòng)詞let,make,have等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式要省略to。但如果這些動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，to不省略。例如：Harrywatchedherflyawayforafewseconds.Ifeltthehouseshake.Haveyounoticedhercry?Hewasseentotakethemoney.在介詞but,except后的不定式，如介詞前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do，介詞后跟省略to的不定式，否則，要跟帶to的不定式例如：Theydidnothingbutcomplain.Hedoeseverythinginthehouseexceptputthechildrentobed.Youhavenochoicebuttowait.當(dāng)主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語的不定式可以省略to.例如：Whatwecandois(to)continuetowait.Theonlythingyouhavetodois(to)pressthebutton.(四)在用and或or等連接不定式并且作用相同時(shí)，常省略后面不定式to.例如：Shestartedtoshoutandcry.I’dliketoliedownandgotosleep.Iwishedtofinishmybusinessandgetaway.SheaskedyoutotelephoneorwiretoheronMonday.不定式符號的單獨(dú)使用為了避免重復(fù)前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的動(dòng)詞，可以用不定式符號代替不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，省略后面的部分。這種情況主要用于口語中。to代替不定式作賓語，常同beafraid,care,expect,forget,hate,hope,intend,mean,need,like,plan,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等詞連用。例如：Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto(seethefilm).Wesuggestedthatshereconsiderthematter,butsherefusedto(reconsiderthematter).Iwouldmendyourradio,butIdon’tknowhowto(mendit).to代替不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語(有時(shí)to也可以省略)例如：WeshouldlikeJanetogetagooddegreebutwedon’treallyexpectherto(getit)IfIdon’thappentoremembertoringupMrSmith,wouldyouremindmeto?—MayIgooutthisevening?—Yes,I’llallowyou(to).如果不定式是tobe,tohavedone,tohavebeendone,就不能只用不定式符號“to”來替代被省略的動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞后的部分，而要用tobe,tohave,tohavebeen。例如：Weretheyinformedofthedelayoftheshipment?—No,buttheyoughttohavebeen.Aren’tyoudirector?—No,andIdon’twanttobe!Hasn’thefinishedthework?—No,butheoughttohave.用替代詞的省略在某些情況下，當(dāng)我們省略掉某個(gè)詞、詞組或句子時(shí)，還需要用某個(gè)替代詞。常用的替代詞有：do(does),so,not,neither,nor,doso,dothat,doit,oneones,thesame等。do可用來代替動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞加其他成分。例如：ShespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythanyoudo.(=speakEnglish)ShespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythanherbrotherdoes.(speakEnglish)Didyouseethefilm?Yes,Idid.(=sawthefilm)NelsonhopedthattheywouldalldotheirdutytothecountryasEnglishmenshoulddo.(=shoulddotheirdutytothecountry)so和not的替代so可以代替單詞、詞組和句子，作call,expect,hope,do,fear,imagine,suppose,speak,say,tell,think,believe,beafraid,see,notice等的賓語；not代替否定的句子，用法與so相似，并可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副詞后。這種用法也可與if連用。例如：Hemustbeaworker.Iimagineso.(=thatheisaworker)Shehasnotangryatfirst,butbecamesoafterawhile.(=angry)Hasshefinishedreadingthebook?Ihopeso.(=thatshehasfinishedreadingthebook)HeisagreatfriendofmineandIhopehewillalwaysreamainso.(=agreatfriendofmine)Ishethebeststudentintheclass?—Ithinkso.(=thatheis…)Ithinknot.(=thatheisnot…Idon’tthinkheis…Perhapsnot.)Theywillreturnattheweekend.Iamafraidnot.(=thathewillnotreturnattheweekend)Pleasecomeifyoucan.Ifnot(=Ifyoucan’tcome),callmeup.—Iwasilllastweek.—Ifso,whydidn’tyoutellme.doso,dothat和doit的替代doso可以替代動(dòng)詞加賓語，也可以替代動(dòng)詞加狀語，so可以用it或that所取代，it指具體事物，that表示較重的口氣。例如：Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.(gowithme)Justfinishoffwateringtheflowers.Andletmeknowwhenyou’vedoneso.(=finishedoffwateringtheflowers)Henryisgoingtomaketheexperimentandhewantedmetodoit,too.(=maketheexperiment)TheyplayedcardsaftersupperandIwatchedthemdothat.(playcards).(四)one和that作替代詞的區(qū)別one替代人和物，that只能代替物;one只能替代可數(shù)名詞，that可替代可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞；one可以前有置或后置定語，that只能有后置定語；one(不加定義)表示泛指，that表示特指。例如：Ihaveabrother,oneinthearmy.Lookatthepicture,thatonthewall.Thenovelisaninterestingastheone(或that)Ireadlastyear.TheweatherhereiscolderthanthatinBeijing.Thisisaredpen,andIhavethreeotherblueones.Themusicisassweetasthatweheardyesterday.ApoemwrittenbyanAmericanpoetisusuallyhardertounderstandthanonebyaChinesepoet.不用替代詞的省略主語及主語和部分謂語的省略例如：(It)Soundsfunny.(He)Whobreakspays.(Itis)Verykindofyoutohelpme.(I’m)Sorry,thelineisbusy.(I’ve)Gotit.(二)助動(dòng)詞的省略例如：（Do）Youunderstand?(Have)Childrendonetheirhomework?(三)Therebe的省略例如：（There’s）Nothingwrongwiththemachine.(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?(四)祈使句和感嘆句中的省略，祈使句通常省略主語you例如：Closethewindow!Don’tbeafraid!Youreadthetext!Whatawideriver(itis)!(五)在某些虛擬語氣中可以省略should例如：Heorderedthatthesoldiers(should)putoutthelightsimmediately.Itisimportantthatwe(should)studyscienceandtechnology.（六）介詞在某些詞組中的省略*bebusy(in)doing忙于做occupyoneself(in)doing從事于…employoneself(in)doing從事于pass(in)doing花…做…h(huán)aveahardtime(in)doing做…很難prevent…(from)doing阻止…做havedifficulty(in)doing做…有困難spend…(in)doing花…做…h(huán)avefun(in)doing做…開心stop…(from)doing阻止…做havetrouble(in)doing做…有麻煩take…(in)doing帶…去做…losenotime(in)doing不失時(shí)機(jī)做waste…(in)doing做…浪費(fèi)【語法練習(xí)】1.Whenfirst________tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced

2.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen________atthemeetingbymyboss.A.questioningB.havingquestionedC.questionedD.tobequestioned

3.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.

A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

4.Generallyspeaking,________accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.

A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken

5.Unless________tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited

6.When________,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted

7.Though________money,hisparentsman-agedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin

8.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun

9.—You'realwaysworking.Come