基礎醫(yī)學英語課件Unit1

Unit1HolismWord-Formationhomeo-

相同，象；同一，同

(homeostasis)

hypno-睡眠

（hypnosis/hypnotic/hypnotherapy）

psych/o心理，精神

(psychotherapy)ovari/o-卵巢

(ovarian)splen/o脾

(spleen)leuk/o白

(leukemia)lymph/o淋巴

(lymphoma)melan/o黑色

(melanoma)onco-

瘤，腫(oncology)anti-抗,防止(antioxidant)tox/o毒，毒素(genotoxic)intra-內，內部的(intravenous)crani/o顱骨

(craniosacral)-ic…的

(psychosomatic)-iatry醫(yī)療術，醫(yī)治法(psychiatry)diet飲食

(dietitian)chemo-化學

(chemotherapy)oxy-氧，氧化

(antioxidant)ven/o-,ven/i-靜脈

(venous)-stasis停滯，淤積(homeostasis)-osis狀態(tài)，病態(tài)，病，癥(hypnosis)-therapy治療

(chemotherapy)-emia血癥(leukemia)-oma腫瘤(melanoma)-logy學科，研究(oncology)-ant…劑(antioxidant)-ous…的,有…的,分泌…的(venous)整體醫(yī)學的發(fā)展概況

21世紀社會的發(fā)展以人為本，人的發(fā)展以健康為本。人是一個不可侵害的有機整體，人所需要的衛(wèi)生服務是整體性的服務，要提高這種服務必須樹立整體醫(yī)學觀，掌握系統(tǒng)整體的思維方式，開展生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學模式，做好以患者為中心而不是以疾病為中心的服務。BackgroundKnowledge醫(yī)學觀就是醫(yī)學工作者對醫(yī)學的本質、構成和目的的根本看法。整體醫(yī)學觀就是用整體觀認識醫(yī)學的各個要素。世界上的任何事物都可以被看成是一個有一定內部結構的系統(tǒng)整體，生命系統(tǒng)是按照從低級到高級的嚴格系統(tǒng)程序組成，也是從簡單的原子開始，逐漸從低級到高級發(fā)展起來的。從分子細胞組織器官系統(tǒng)軀體個人兩個人家庭社會生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。部分與整體之間存在著對立統(tǒng)一的辯證關系。整體總是由相互聯(lián)系、相互制約的各個部分構成，沒有部分的整體和脫離整體的部分都是毫無意義的。黑格爾曾指出：“……一只手，如果從身體上割下來，按照名稱仍然可以稱為手，但按其實質來說，已經不是手了?！贬t(yī)學的整體觀要求把醫(yī)學看成一個有機整體，從整體上來認識醫(yī)學的性質、對象和目的。整體醫(yī)學從廣義上是指從總體上研究醫(yī)學的結構及其與各分體的關系，探討各個學科的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和演變規(guī)律的科學。亦即高度綜合的人體生命科學。在狹義上，它是指從整體水平出發(fā)，將人體看作是一個具有“自穩(wěn)態(tài)”性質的開放系統(tǒng)，研究人與自然以及人體內部各器官間信息聯(lián)系的一門醫(yī)學學科.美國、日本整體醫(yī)學的概況20世紀后半期，西方發(fā)達國家以技術革新為先導，推動經濟發(fā)展，結果經濟確實快速增長起來，但經濟高速增長造成的諸多矛盾開始顯露，如環(huán)境的惡化日趨嚴重等，不少學者意識到問題的嚴重性，著書立說，提出改革或替代方案。對于醫(yī)療現(xiàn)狀提出的替代方案是“整體健康”。生物醫(yī)學模式等傳統(tǒng)的理念和做法日益顯露其弊端，現(xiàn)狀促使人們進行反思，逐步認識到：身體、精神、環(huán)境不可分離，使它們處于一種相互平衡調和的狀態(tài)才叫做健康。美國在對越南戰(zhàn)爭中陣亡士兵的尸體進行解剖時發(fā)展，營養(yǎng)供應全面的20歲左右的士兵，不少已患了動脈硬化。美國人開始對自己生活方式及醫(yī)療保健體系的正確性產生懷疑。當醫(yī)學領域的矛盾也同樣在日本顯露出來時，日本人開始重新重視自己的傳統(tǒng)思想文化，很快地接受了整體的觀念。整體醫(yī)學的理論體系，現(xiàn)在尚未正式形成，但已具雛形，大致包括：強調整體的健康觀；(2)治療的出發(fā)點是激發(fā)自然治愈力；(3)治療疾病的主角是患者自身，治療者不過是援助者；(4)把各種治療方法綜合起來加以應用。美國整體醫(yī)學的興起，可以說是始于美國加利福尼亞州巴克萊整體健康中心的設立。此后，類似的整體健康中心很快在美國各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一個整體健康運動。3211987年，全美整體醫(yī)學協(xié)會成立，美國替代醫(yī)學的絕數(shù)門類都屬于整體醫(yī)學范疇。日本整體醫(yī)學的發(fā)端晚于美國，但其發(fā)展的勢頭超過了美國。這是因為日本原有的東洋醫(yī)學的傳統(tǒng)與整體醫(yī)學的觀念十分接近，因此，整體醫(yī)學傳至日本后便很快與東洋醫(yī)學結合起來，得到迅速普及。我國整體醫(yī)學發(fā)展概況01自從20世紀80年代我國實行改革開放以后，02經濟建設得到迅速的發(fā)展，特別是我國進03入WTO后醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生必須適應國際化的要求。0421世紀社會的發(fā)展以人為本，人的發(fā)展以05健康為本，健康才是人生最寶貴的財富。06人是一個不可侵害的有機整體，人所需要07的衛(wèi)生服務是一種整體性的服務，要提供08這種服務必須樹立整體醫(yī)學觀，掌握系統(tǒng)09整體性的思維方式。10隨著醫(yī)學科學的發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的生物醫(yī)學模式正在轉變?yōu)樯?心理-社會醫(yī)學模式，要求臨床醫(yī)務人員具備的知識結構符合這種模式要求，醫(yī)學院校完善自己的教學體系成立相應的教研室。1979年北京大學醫(yī)學院率先成立了醫(yī)學心理學教研室，至今幾乎所有的醫(yī)學學院已正式開設了醫(yī)學心理學的課程或講座。整體護理也在各級醫(yī)院得到深化和推廣。2002年我國創(chuàng)辦了中華全科醫(yī)生雜志，宣傳、交流、推廣整體醫(yī)學，使整體醫(yī)學得到普遍重視。整體醫(yī)學的崛起給中醫(yī)藥學國際化帶來了機遇，整體醫(yī)學與中醫(yī)藥學的關系是十分密切的。從理論體系看，整體醫(yī)學的理論與中醫(yī)藥學的學說實際上是相通的。如《黃帝內經》中就提出“人與天地相參”的觀點?！叭伺c天地相參”可以認為是《黃帝內經》對醫(yī)學認識的根本指導思想，其含義可以歸結為四個方面：一是人是自然界運動變化的產物；二是自然界是人類賴以生存的基本條件；三是人體與自然界有著共同規(guī)律；四是人體生理機制與病理過程受自然界的影響，所以中醫(yī)藥學與整體醫(yī)學是相通的。01美國整體醫(yī)學主要表現(xiàn)替代療法的常用02的十六種方法中，有5種屬中醫(yī)藥學范疇，03日本整體醫(yī)學界也十分重視中醫(yī)學的各種04療法。中醫(yī)、中藥、針灸、氣功、推拿被05廣泛應用于倡導整體醫(yī)學的醫(yī)院、診療所、06療養(yǎng)院中，所以整體醫(yī)學的崛起將給中醫(yī)07藥學的國際化帶來機遇。整體醫(yī)學發(fā)展趨勢我國原有的衛(wèi)生服務體系采用各種衛(wèi)生服務相互獨立、各自為政、垂直管理的模式，分別由相應的部門來管理，由專門的機構來實施，由不同的專業(yè)人員來提供，相互之間缺乏協(xié)調和合作，難以實現(xiàn)橫向整合，這種模式不能適應社會發(fā)展的需要。醫(yī)療服務是一種整體性服務，特別需要對衛(wèi)生服務進行橫向整合，加強各部門、系統(tǒng)和人員之間的協(xié)調和合作，只有這樣才能充分滿足社會對衛(wèi)生服務的要求，才能使有限的衛(wèi)生資源產生最佳的效率和效益。隨著整體醫(yī)學在國內外的不斷發(fā)展，一個整體醫(yī)學理論體系即將建立，醫(yī)學研究的對象更為明確，醫(yī)學的最終目的將是鑒別疾病、治愈疾病、控制癥狀、預防疾病、幫助患者適應癥狀和環(huán)境，盡可能恢復功能，滿足患者的需要，改善個人的生活質量，進而改善全體人民的生活質量。整體醫(yī)學與中醫(yī)藥學的關系密切，整體醫(yī)學的崛起將給中醫(yī)藥學的國際化帶來機遇?，F(xiàn)在應解放思想，實事求是，大膽開拓，使中醫(yī)藥學進一步走向世界。Whatdoyouknowabout:holismholisticmedicineholistichealthGroupdiscussionHolism(fromholos,aGreekwordmeaningall,entire,total)istheideathatallthepropertiesofagivensystem(biological,chemical,social,economic,mental,linguistic,etc.)cannotbedeterminedorexplainedbythesumofitscomponentpartsalone.Instead,thesystemasawholedeterminesinanimportantwayhowthepartsbehave.Theterm‘holism’wascoinedin1926,bytheSouthAfricanstatesmanGeneralJanChristian

Smuts.Introductionholisticadj.1describinganapproachtopatientcareinwhichthephysical,mental,andsocialfactorsinthepatient’sconditionaretakenintoaccount,ratherthanjustthediagnoseddisease.Thetermisappliedtoarangeoforthodoxandunorthodoxmethodsoftreatments.2機能整體性的3描述照料病人的一種思路：應考慮病人的身體、精神、以及社會等各方面因素，而不是僅僅考慮經診斷的疾病。此術語適用于一系列正統(tǒng)的和非正統(tǒng)的治療方法。4UnderstandingtheTextPartIIntroduction(para.1-3)1.DefinitionofholisticmedicinegivenbyCanadianHolisticMedicalAssociation(para.1-2)

AmericanHolisticMedicalAssociation(AHMA)(Foundedin1978)http:///BritishHolisticMedicalAssociation(BHMA)(Formedin1983)http://

optimal----adj.thebestormostfavorableordesirablee.g.Anoptimalenvironmentforhealingwellbeing/wellness----n.healthalternate/alternativeDifficultPointsAlternativeMedicine----替代醫(yī)學awiderangeoftreatmentsformedicalconditionsthatpeopleuseinsteadoforwithwesternmedicine.Itisoftenusedbythegeneralpublicandsomehealthcarepractitionerstorefertomedicaltechniqueswhicharenotknownoracceptedbythemajority"conventional"medicalpractitioners.Suchtechniquescouldincludenon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquessuchasMedicalHerbalism,Acupunture,hypnotherapy,naturopathy

andmanyothers.However,thistermcanalsorefertoanyexperimentaldrugornon-drugtechniquethatisnotcurrentlyacceptedby"conventional"medicalpractitioners.2.Holistichealth/holistichealing(para.3)Questions:Whatisholistichealth?Whatisthegoalofholistichealing?Holistichealthisaphilosophyofmedicalcarethat

viewsphysicalandmentalaspectsoflifeasclosely

interconnectedandequallyimportantapproachesto

treatment.Holistichealthisnotitselfamethodoftreatment,butisanapproachtohowtreatmentshouldbeapplied.STEP5STEP4STEP3STEP2STEP1takesabroaderspectrumofmind,body,andspirit(para.3)spectrum----range,field,scope領域,范圍;譜;系e.g.broad-spectrumantibiotic廣譜抗生素healer(para.3)---apersonskilledinaparticulartypeoftherapy(Synonym:therapist)DifficultPointsPartIIOverview(para.4-5)Whatarethehealthylifestylehabitspromotedbyhealthprofessionals?Whatdoesaholisticapproachgenerallymeaninmainstreammedicine?Questions:Mainstreammedicine/careComplementarytherapy/medicinePreventivecare/publichealthHealthprofessionals/providersAmoreinclusiveapproachtoaperson’shealth0302010405DifficultPointsradiationtherapysurgerye.g.chemotherapyhormonetherapyMainstream/ConventionalmedicineComplementaryMedicine補充醫(yī)學Anon-mainstreamhealthcareprovidedinadditionorinsteadofstandardmedicalpractice.Itisoftenusedby"conventional"medicalpractitionerstorefertonon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquesusedasacomplementto"conventional"medicaltreatmentssuchasdrugsandsurgery.Thetermimpliesthat"conventional"medicineisusedasaprimarytoolandthenon-invasive,non-pharmaceuticaltechniquesareusedasasupplementwhenneeded.Preventivecareisasetofmeasurestakeninadvanceofsymptomstopreventillnessorinjury.Thistypeofcareisbestexemplifiedbyroutinephysicalexaminationsandimmunizations.Theemphasisisonpreventingillnessesbeforetheyoccur.(compare:Publichealth)healthcareprovider/healthprofessional

----Ahealthcareproviderorhealthprofessionalisanorganizationorpersonwhodeliversproperhealthcareinasystematicwayprofessionallytoanyindividualinneedofhealthcareservices.

Healthcareprofessionalsincludephysicians,physicianassistants,supportstaff,nurses,pharmacists,therapists,psychologists,veterinarians(獸醫(yī)),dentists,optometrists(配鏡師),andawidevarietyofotherindividualsregulatedand/orlicensedtoprovidesometypeofhealthcare.Amoreinclusiveapproachtoaperson’shealth

(para.5)inclusiveadj.----1)coveringawidescope;involvingmuchoreverything;2)all-around,general,comprehensive,e.g.gender-inclusive不分性別的

all-inclusive包羅萬象的PartIIIPromotionofUse(para.6-7)Whatarethecomplementarytherapiesmentionedinpara.6?Whatarethedifferentkindsofcancerclaimedtobecuredbyholisticmethodsinpara.7?Questions:DifficultPointsanecdotal(para.7)---informal(unscientific）ArttherapyHypnosisImageryMeditationPsychotherapySpiritualityandprayeryogaArtTherapy藝術療法

Othercommonnames:creativeartstherapy,

expressiveartstherapy

Arttherapyisusedtohelppeoplemanagephysicalandemotionalproblemsbyusingcreativeactivitiestoexpressemotions.Itprovidesawayforpeopletocometotermswithemotionalconflicts,increaseself-awareness,andexpressunspokenandoftenunconsciousconcernsabouttheirillnessandtheirlives."Expressiveartstherapy"or"creativeartstherapy"mayalsoincludedanceandmovement,drama,poetry,phototherapyandothers,aswellasthemoretraditionalartmethods.Hypnosis催眠療法

Othercommonnames:Hypnotherapy,Hypnotic

Suggestion,Self-Hypnosis

Hypnosisisastateofrestfulalertnessduringwhich

apersonusesdeeplyfocusedconcentration.Thepersoncanberelativelyunawareof,butnotcompletelyblindto,herorhissurroundings,andmaybemoreopentosuggestion.Itisconsideredtobeatypeofcomplementarytherapy.Imagery想象(療法)Othercommonnames:GuidedImagery,VisualizationImageryinvolvesmentalexercisesdesignedtoallowthemindtoinfluencethehealthandwellbeingofthebody.Meditation冥想(療法)

Othercommonnames:mindfulnessmeditation,

transcendentalmeditation

Meditationisamind-bodyprocessthatusesconcentrationorreflectiontorelaxthebodyandcalmthemind.Ithasbeendefinedastheintentionalself-regulationofattention,amentalfocusonaparticularaspectofone'sinnerorouterexperience.OnecommonlypracticedtypeisTranscendentalMeditation,whichinvolvesrepeatingawordorphrase,eithersilentlyoraloud.Anotherismindfulnessmeditation,inwhichapersonobservessensations,perceptions,andthoughtswithoutjudgmentastheyarise.Psychotherapy心理/精神療法Othercommonnames:Therapy,Counseling,PsychologicalIntervention,PsychotherapeuticTreatmentPsychotherapycoversawiderangeofapproachesdesignedtohelppeoplechangetheirwaysofthinking,feeling,orbehaving.SpiritualityandPrayer宗教/精神療法Othercommonnames:Religion,spiritualhealingSpiritualityisgenerallydescribedasanawarenessofsomethinggreaterthantheindividualself.Itisoftenexpressedthroughreligionand/orprayer,althoughtherearemanyotherpathsofspiritualpursuitandexpression.Yoga瑜珈

Othercommonname:HathaYoga

Yogaisaformofnon-aerobicexercisethatinvolvesaprogramofpreciseposture,breathingexercises,andmeditation.

Yogacanbeausefulmethodtohelprelievesomesymptomsofchronicdiseasessuchascancer,arthritis,andheartdiseaseandcanleadtoincreasedrelaxationandphysicalfitness.Availablescientificevidencedoesnotsupportyogaasaneffectivetreatmentforcanceroranyotherdisease;however,itmayenhancequalityoflife.Somecancertreatmentcentersevenofferyogainadditiontostandardmedicaltreatment.PartIVCoverage(para.8-11)Whatdoallpractitionersstresswhentheyarepracticingholisticmedicine?(Para.8)Whatdoesholisticmedicineinvolve?(Para.9-10)Questions:Helicobacterpylorisupplement:補品(natural/botanical/health/dietary/nutritional)syntheticinterferonhealingtouchDifficultPointsHelicobacterPylori:幽門螺桿菌

Helicobacterpyloriisabacteriumthatinfectsthemucusliningofthehumanstomach.ManypepticulcersandsometypesofgastritisarecausedbyH.pyloriinfection,althoughmosthumanswhoareinfectedwillneverdevelopsymptoms.Thisbacteriumlivesinthehumanstomachexclusivelyandistheonlyknownorganismthatcanthriveinthathighlyacidicenvironment.Itishelix-shaped(hencethenamehelicobacter)andcanliterallyscrewitselfintothestomachliningtocolonize.(helix----螺旋線)

早在一個世紀前就有人發(fā)現(xiàn)胃內存在一種螺旋狀

微生物，由于長期未能分離而未受到重視。

直至1983年澳大利亞佩思皇家醫(yī)院的Warren

和Marshall報道從胃內成功地分離出“未鑒定的彎曲

狀桿菌”(unidentifiedcurvedbacilli)后,才引

起醫(yī)學界的廣泛興趣，從各方面進行了深入的研究。

人們在研究這種細菌的生物學物性時，曾幾次對其

易名，直到1989年才正式將其命名為:幽門螺桿菌（Helicobacterpylori,Hp）interferons干擾素----small,naturalorsyntheticproteinandglycoproteincytokines(細胞素)thatareproducedbyleucocytes,T-lymphocytes,andfibroblasts(成纖維細胞)inresponsetoinfectionandotherbiologicalstimuli.Incancertreatment,theyareusedasimmunotherapyagainsttheproliferation(增生)ofcancercells.Healingtouch觸摸治療HealingTouchisarelaxing,nurturingenergytherapy.

Gentletouchassistsinbalancingyourphysical,mental,emotional,andspiritualwell-being.

HealingTouchworkswithyourenergyfieldtosupportyournaturalabilitytoheal.

Itissafeforallagesandworksinharmonywithstandardmedicalcare.

includinghospitals,longtermcarefacilities,private

practices,hospices(臨終關懷醫(yī)院),andspas(療養(yǎng)

院).

JanetMentgen,RN,foundedHealingTouchin

1989asacontinuingeducationprogramfornurses,

otherhealthcareprofessionals,andlaypersons.

HealingTouchisusedinawidevarietyofsettings01istaughtinuniversities,medicalandnursingschools,

andothersettingsinternationally.TodayHealingTouchhasspreadinternationallyand02Reducingstress

Calminganxiety,depression

Decreasingpain

Strengtheningtheimmunesystem

Enhancingrecoveryfromsurgery

Completingcareforneckandbackproblems

Supportingcancercare

Creatingasenseofwell-being

EasingacuteandchronicconditionsSomeofthebenefitsofhealingtouchPartVAshorthistory(para.12-13)

PartVIScientificevidence(para.14-15)

Questions:1.Whydoesscientificresearchgenerallynotfocusonholisticmedicineitselfasacureforcanceroranyotherdisease?(Para.14)2.Accordingtohealthprofessionals,whatdoesaperson’shealthdependon?(Para.15)DifficultPointscost-effective(para.14)----adj.economicalintermsofthegoodsorservicesreceivedforthemoneyspent.

成本效益高的,經濟的,上算的,劃得來的clergy(para.15)----n.clergymen,thebodyofpeopleordainedforreligiousservice.

牧師;教士(para.16)PartVIIPossibleproblemsorcomplications01holisticmedicinehave?Question:Inyouropinion,whatlimitationdoes02OtherTermsAssociatedwithHolisticMedicineNaturopathyHomeopathy(homoeopathy)Allopathy0201Naturopathicmedicine(alsoknownasnaturopathy,ornaturalmedicine)isacomplementaryandalternativemedicinewhichemphasizesthebody'sintrinsicabilitytohealandmaintainitself.Naturopathsprefertousena