Archibald-Macleish阿齊博爾德·麥克利什

ArchibaldMacLeish1892–1982共五十一頁Americanpoet,writerandtheLibrarianofCongress.HeisassociatedwiththeModernistschoolofpoetry.HereceivedthreePulitzerPrizesforhiswork.共五十一頁LibraryofCongress

readingroom共五十一頁“IattributemyinterestinMacLeishtoserendipity(意外發(fā)現(xiàn)的珍品(zhēnpǐn)（的本領(lǐng)）),curiosity,andawillingnesstochallengemyselfbyexploringtheworkofapoetIbelievefewwouldbeinterestedinreadingtoday.”--GertrudeStein共五十一頁MacLeishwasborninGlencoe,Illinois.HeattendedtheHotchkissSchoolfrom1907to1911beforeenteringYaleUniversity,HethenenrolledinHarvardLawSchool,whereheservedasaneditoroftheHarvardLawReview.Fromthislist,it’sevidentthathewasquitewelleducated.共五十一頁In1916,hemarriedAdaHitchcock.[3]HisstudieswereinterruptedbyWorldWarI,Hein1919,taughtlawforasemesterforthegovernmentdepartmentatHarvard,thenworkedbrieflyasaneditorforTheNewRepublic.共五十一頁In1923MacLeishlefthislawfirmandmovedwithhiswifetoParis,France,wheretheyjoinedthecommunityofliteraryexpatriatesthatincludedsuchmembersasGertrudeSteinandErnestHemingway.TheyalsobecamepartofthefamedcoterieofRivierahostsGeraldandSarahMurphy,whichincludedHemingwayF.ScottFitzgerald,JohnDosPassos,andPabloPicasso.共五十一頁WhileinParis,HarryCrosby,publisheroftheBlackSunPress,offeredtopublishMacLeish'spoetry.BothMacLeishandCrosbyhadrejectedconventionalcareersinthelegalandbankingfields.CrosbypublishedMacLeish'slongpoemEinsteininadeluxeeditionof150copiesthatsoldquickly.MacLeishwaspaidUS$200forhiswork.共五十一頁HereturnedtoAmericain1928.From1930to1938heworkedasawriterandanti-fascist

editorforFortuneMagazine.Bythe1930s,heconsideredCapitalismtobe"symbolicallydead"andwrotetheverseplayPanic(1935)inresponse.共五十一頁In1939,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltpersuadedhimtoacceptanappointmentasLibrarianofCongress,apositionhekeptforfiveyears.MacLeishthoroughlyreorganizedtheLibrary'sadministrativeofficesandestablishedtheLibrary'sseriesofpoetryreadings.In1944hewasappointedassistantSecretaryofStateforculturalaffairs.AfterWorldWarII,MacLeishbecamethefirstAmericanmemberofthegoverningbodyofUNESCO,andchairedthefirstUNESCOconferenceinParis.共五十一頁In1949ArchibaldMacleishretiredfromhispoliticalactivismtobecomeHarvard'sBoylstonProfessorofRhetoricandOratory.HisCollectedPoems(1952)wonhimasecondPulitzerPrize,aswellastheNationalBookAwardandtheBollingenPrize.J.B.(1958),averseplaybasedonthebookofJob,earnedhimathirdPulitzer,thistimefordrama.Andin1965hereceivedanAcademyAwardforhisworkonthescreenplayofTheEleanorRooseveltStory.ArchibaldMacLeishdiedinApril1982inBoston,Massachusetts.共五十一頁共五十一頁Majorworks

TheHappyMarriage,1924ThePoetofEarth,1925Conquistador征服者(1933),CollectedPoems(1917-1952),

J.B.(verse-drama,1958)共五十一頁Awards1933:PulitzerPrizeforpoetry(“Conquistador”，1932)1953:PulitzerPrizeforpoetry(“CollectedPoems”1917–1952)1953:NationalBookAward(“CollectedPoems”)1953:BollingenPrizeinPoetry1959:PulitzerPrizeforDrama(“J.B.”)1959:TonyAwardforBestPlay(“J.B.”)1965:AcademyAwardforDocumentaryFeature(“TheEleanorRooseveltStory”)1977:PresidentialMedalofFreedom共五十一頁“ArsPoetica”ThetitleofthepoemItsuggeststhatitpresentsanewpoetics,definingitsnature,formsandtechnicaldevices,aswellasexplainingtheprinciplesthatgovernitscraftanddistinguishitfromothercreativeactivities.共五十一頁WritteninLatin,thetitlepointsouttoitsaffinitywiththeclassicsinthisfield,suchasAristotle’sPoeticsandHorace’sArsPoetica(TheArtofPoetry).Thereforethepoemisperceivedtobearesponsetotheworksofthepredecessors.共五十一頁Thereaderisremindedfromtheverybeginningthatitisnotapoem,butrathera

poem

onpoetry.Thereaderisurgedtoreadthepoeminthelightoftheentiretraditionofpoetics.共五十一頁On“ArsPoetica拉丁語”

MacLeishsaysthatthepoemshouldexpressitsmeaningimplicitlyratherthanputtingitinexplicitsentences.Theessenceofthepoemliesintheimageryituses.Forinstance,hesays,"grief"canbedepictedbyimagesof'emptydoorway'or'mapleleaf'.Alsotheessenceshouldnotfadeawaywiththepassageoftimei.e.thecentralideaofthepoemshouldberelevantforever.Thebeautyofthepoemisthatallwhatisdescribedas'theartofpoetry'isveryeffectivelyimplementedinthepoemitself.Arspoeticacontainsmanysimilesandimagesthatcontributetoitsessence.共五十一頁Apoemshouldbebeyondrationalexpression,whichreliesonwordsandsounds.Itshouldbe“dumb”and“wordless,”aspiringtocommunicatewith“mute”significance.Iftheworldofexperiencecanbecapturedinapoem,itshouldbemadevisibleandsensible.共五十一頁Apoemshouldbebeyondrationalspace-timeexistence;“motionlessintime”asthemoonclimbingintothesky,eventhoughnoeyecanmarkitspassage.Theidealpoemshouldavoidbeingameresentimentalresponsetohumanexperiencesandsituations,whicharenaturallytemporary.Rather,itshouldaspiretothepermanenceandtimelessnessofthecosmicphenomena.共五十一頁Thethirdstanzarevealsanewaspectoftheartofpoetry:thepopularthemesofloveandgrief.共五十一頁Apoemshouldpresentitsowntruthinitsownway:nottrytostatewhatistrue,butusesymbolswhichcommunicatetrueemotions.共五十一頁Formismeaning.Itinvolvestheselectionandarrangement,theorderingandemphasis.Thus,thepoemisnotameansofsayinganythingthatcouldbesaidequallywellanotherway.Itssayingisthewholepoem–thequalityoftheimagery,thefeeloftherhythm,thedramaticforce,andtheideas.共五十一頁Styleandpointofview

Hispoetryisdistinctiveinitseloquentphrasinganditslyrical,emotionalquality.HewrotemanypoemsexpressinghisfaithinAmerica’sfuture,andhisownradicalviewthatthecapitalistrulingclassmustbegotridof.Hissocialpurposeisexpressedinsymbolsandimageswhicharouseassociationsinthemindofthereader.共五十一頁ArsPoetica

詩藝

Apoemshouldbepalpableandmute

一首詩應(yīng)該可觸知，并且啞默

Asaglobedfruit,

如同(rútóng)一只球狀的水果，

Dumb

無言

Asoldmedallionstothethumb,

如同拇指間古老的獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢?/p>

共五十一頁Silentasthesleeve-wornstone

靜寂(jìnɡjì)如同窗臺上

Ofcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--

被衣袖磨舊的石頭，在那里青苔生長——

共五十一頁Apoemshouldbewordless

一首詩應(yīng)該沉默(chénmò)

Astheflightofbirds.

如同鳥群的飛翔。

共五十一頁Forlove

對于愛

Theleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--

是傾斜的草葉，海上的兩點(diǎn)燈光——

Apoemshouldnotmean

一首詩不應(yīng)該象征(xiàngzhēng)

Butbe.

它就是。共五十一頁Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

一首詩應(yīng)該在時(shí)間中靜止

Asthemoonclimbs,

如同月亮攀升，

Leaving,asthemoonreleases

離開，像月亮一枝(yīzhī)枝地

Twigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,

釋放開那被夜色纏繞的樹木，

共五十一頁Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,

離開(líkāi)，像月亮隱身在冬日的樹葉后面，

Memorybymemorythemind--

腦海中那一次次的記憶——

Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

一首詩應(yīng)該在時(shí)間中靜止

Asthemoonclimbs.

如同月亮攀升。

共五十一頁Apoemshouldbeequalto

一首詩應(yīng)該等同于：

Nottrue.

并非真實(shí)。

Forallthehistoryofgrief

對于所有悲痛的歷史

Anemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.

是一個(gè)空洞的門口和一片(yīpiàn)楓葉。共五十一頁詩藝

1.

一首詩應(yīng)該是緘默可觸摸的

如同一枚圓果

無聲

猶如拇指(mǔzhǐ)旁的舊徽章

寂靜宛如窗壁上被袖口磨光

長滿青苔的石頭

一首詩應(yīng)該是無言

如同鳥群的飛翔

2

一首詩應(yīng)該在時(shí)間中靜止

似月亮緩緩升起

離去時(shí)，似月亮輕輕掠過

夜影中的樹枝(shùzhī)

離去時(shí)，似冬季樹葉后的明月

一遍遍于腦海中追憶

一首詩應(yīng)該在時(shí)間中靜止

好似月亮緩緩升起

共五十一頁3

一首詩應(yīng)該等同于

而非真實(shí)(zhēnshí)

空曠的長廊，一片楓葉

勾勒出所有悲戚的歷史

低斜的青草，海上的兩束光亮

代表著愛情

一首詩不應(yīng)是表意

而是其本質(zhì)共五十一頁"ArsPoetica"(1926)

Apoemshouldbepalpableandmute

Asaglobedfruit,

Dumb

Asoldmedallionstothethumb,

Silentasthesleeve-wornstone

Ofcasementledgeswherethemosshasgrown--

Apoemshouldbewordless

Astheflightofbirds.

*

Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

Asthemoonclimbs,

Leaving,asthemoonreleases

Twigbytwigthenight-entangledtrees,

Leaving,asthemoonbehindthewinterleaves,

Memorybymemorythemind--

Apoemshouldbemotionlessintime

Asthemoonclimbs.

*

Apoemshouldbeequalto

Nottrue.

Forallthehistoryofgrief

Anemptydoorwayandamapleleaf.

Forlove

Theleaninggrassesandtwolightsabovethesea--

Apoemshouldnotmean

Butbe.

詩藝

一首詩應(yīng)該默不出聲但可以觸摸得到

象一只渾圓的果實(shí)

它喑啞無聲

象拇指撫摸那古老的圓雕文飾

它靜悄悄的象那被衣襟磨損

長出了青苔的窗臺(chuāngtái)石

一首詩應(yīng)該緘默無語

象群鳥飛翔

一首詩應(yīng)該在時(shí)間中凝然不動(dòng)

象明月攀登天穹

象明月一個(gè)枝丫一個(gè)枝丫地

解放那被夜色纏住的樹林

象明月遺忘殘冬

一片記憶一片記憶地從心頭離去

一首詩應(yīng)該在時(shí)間中凝然不動(dòng)

象明月攀登天穹

一首詩應(yīng)該等同于

虛妄

對于一切悲苦的歷史

是一條寬闊的門道和一片槭樹葉*

對于愛

是慰籍的綠草和海上的兩盞明燈

一首詩不應(yīng)該說明什么

而是為了存在

共五十一頁Notes

Line1—aswellaslines3,5,and7—focusoninarticulation:Apoemshouldbe...mute...dumb...silent...wordless.Here.MacLeishseemstobesayingthatapoemshouldnotcrassly粗魯?shù)?/p>

announcewhatitisabout.Rather,likethesmellofspiceswafting飄送

fromarestaurant,itshouldmerelysuggest.Useofglobedratherthanroundenhanceseuphony諧音(xiéyīn)

whilealsosuggestinglargeness.Perhapstheobjectisamelonorgrapefruit

柚子

Medallionsarelargemedals.Theadjectiveoldsuggeststhatthemedallionshavestoriesbehindthem—aboutwarorathleticaccomplishments,forexample.

共五十一頁Onecanimaginehereamanorwomanfromatimepastpropping支撐(zhīchēng)

sleevedarmsorelbowsonaledgewhileheorshelooksoutthewindowonasceneofinterest.Ifthestoneledgecouldspeak,whattalewouldittellabouttheobserverandtheobserved?The“wordlessbirds”canonlysuggestwhatoccupiesthembythedirectionoftheirflightor,inthecaseofvultures禿鷹,theircircularmotion.共五十一頁Ifapoemhasuniversalityandtimelessness永恒(yǒnghéng),itcanmovefromonemomenttothenext,orfromoneagetoanother,whileitsrelevanceremainsfixed("motionless").Thus,likethemoontravelingacrossthesky,agoodpoemseemstostandstillatanygivenmoment—asifitweremeantforthatmoment.Itscontentremainsfreshandalivetoeachreaderdownthroughtheyears,downthroughthecenturies.Lines15and16repeatlines9and10,creatingaframefortheimageryinlines11-14.共五十一頁Apoemisnotanewspaperaccount,anessay,orahistoricaldocument.Itisaworkoftheimagination;itdiscoverstruthbypresentingimpressionsandinterpretations,nothardfacts.Apoemcanconcentrateanentirestoryintoanimage.Here,theemptydoorwaysuggeststheabsenceofapersonwhooncestoodinit—amother,forexample,asshegreetsasonordaughter.Butnowthemotherisgone,andthegloomofautumn(suggestedbythefallenleaf)hasreplacedthebrightcheerofsummer.

共五十一頁Hereisoneinterpretation:Afterdeathseparatedtwolovers,thecemeterygrassgrewtallandnowleansagainstatombstone.Likethetwolightsinthesky,thesunandthemoon,thetwoloverswillremainforeverapart.共五十一頁Theme

Thecentralthemeof“ArsPoetica”isthatapoemshouldcaptivatethereaderwiththesameallure魅力(mèilì)

ofamasterly技藝高超的

paintingorsculpture—thatis,itshouldbesostunninginthesubtletyandgraceofitsimagerythatitshouldnothavetoexplainitselforconveyanobviousmeaning."ArsPoetica"isawonderfulpoemthatspeakswiththequieteloquenceofRodin'sThinkeranddaVinci'sMonaLisa.共五十一頁StructureandContent

MacLeishdividesthepoemintothreeeight-linesections,eachexplainingwhatapoem“shouldbe.”Thefirstsectioncomparesapoemtofamiliarsights:afruit,oldmedallions,thestoneledgeofacasementwindow,andaflightofbirds.共五十一頁Thesecondsectioncomparesapoemtothemoon.Ifapoemhasuniversality,itcanmovefromonemomenttothenext,orfromoneagetoanother,whileitsrelevanceremainsfixed(“motionless,”line9).Thus,likethemoontravelingacrossthesky,agoodpoemseemstostandstillatanygivenmoment—asifitweremeantforthatmoment.Itscontentremainsfreshandalivetoeachreaderdownthroughtheyears,downthroughthecenturies.共五十一頁Thethirdsectionstatesthatapoemshouldjust“be”，likeapaintingonawallorasculptureonapedestal基座(jīzuò).Itisnotadisquisition專題論文

orapuzzle,butamood,afeeling,asentiment—aworkofart.共五十一頁FiguresofspeechSimile:line1-8Alliteration:silentsleevestoneParadox:line9-16suggeststhatapoemshouldbemotionless,likeaclimbingmoon.Aclimbin