2024-2025學(xué)年新教材高中英語UNIT3SEAEXPLORATION突破語法大沖關(guān)學(xué)案新人教版選擇性必修第四冊

PAGEUNIT3SEAEXPLORATION動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式由“to＋動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。這里的to是不定式標(biāo)記，沒有詞義。不定式具出名詞、形容詞或副詞的某些語法功能，又有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語和狀語，組成動(dòng)詞不定式短語。[視察例句]1．Tocompletethegreatmapoftheworldwasastrongpassionforthepeopleofearlycivilizations.2．It'sveryimportanttomasteraforeignlanguage.3．TheaimofthisinitiativeistoencouragecooperationandtradeacrossthehistoricSilkRoadareas，andstrengthenthebondsbetweenChinaandtherestoftheworld.4．Tradinghasgrowngreatlyinrecentyears，andwillcontinuetodosoinyearstocome.5．MarcoPolo'stalesinspiredEuropeanexplorerstosearchforsearoutesfromwesttoeast.6．Here，merchantsfromChinaandmanyotherplacesmettonegotiatetradedeals，whichalsoledtomoreawarenessofeachother'scultures.7．AlthoughtheancientsearoutesofZhengHehavebeentravelledmanytimes，therearestillmanyotherplaceslefttoexplore.[歸納用法]1．例句1中的黑體部分為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語。例句2中的it為形式主語，真正的主語為后面的動(dòng)詞不定式短語。2．例句3中的黑體部分為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作表語。3．例句4中的黑體部分為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓語。4．例句5中的黑體部分為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語。5．例句6中的黑體部分為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作狀語。6．例句7中的黑體部分為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作定語。一、動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)意義一般時(shí)todotobedone表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后完成時(shí)tohavedonetohavebeendone表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前進(jìn)行時(shí)tobedoing表示謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.我準(zhǔn)備參與明天實(shí)行的會議。(attend的動(dòng)作在plan之后發(fā)生，且meeting與hold為被動(dòng)關(guān)系)Theyaresaidtobestudyingpsychology.據(jù)說他們正探討心理學(xué)。(besaid與study同時(shí)發(fā)生)I'mverysorrytohavekeptyousittingarounddoingnothing.讓你始終無所事事閑坐著我很愧疚。(keep發(fā)生在besorry之前)Noharmseemstohavebeendone.好像并沒有什么危害發(fā)生。(do發(fā)生在seem之前，且harm與do之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)[名師點(diǎn)津]動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式在不定式符號to前加not；不帶to的不定式則在動(dòng)詞前加not。ZhangMingaskedmenottostayathomeallday.張明要我別成天待在家里。Mymotherletmenotdoitbymyself.媽媽讓我不要獨(dú)自做這件事。[即學(xué)即練1]用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①Theyseemtohaveknown(know)eachotherforalongtime.②Theypretendedtobeworking(work)hardwhentheteachercamein.③Iwantedthelettertobetyped(type)atonce.二、不定式的句法功能動(dòng)詞不定式在句中不能獨(dú)立作謂語，但可以作主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、表語和狀語等多種成分。1．作主語Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.和他談話是一件特別開心的事。[名師點(diǎn)津]①為了避開頭重腳輕，通常都將作主語的不定式置于句子后面，用it作形式主語，放在句首。②若要說明不定式的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，可以在不定式前加上“for/of＋n./pron.”結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)事物的特征時(shí)用forsb.；當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)人所具有的特征或品質(zhì)時(shí)用ofsb.，這樣的形容詞有careful，cruel，foolish，brave，good，honest，kind，rude，polite，nice，stupid，wise，wrong等。It'sveryimportantforyoutorememberthis.對你來說記住這一點(diǎn)很重要。It'sverykindofyoutohelpme.你能幫我真是太好了。2．作表語不定式作表語主要有三種狀況，一是用于seem，appear，prove，turnout等連系動(dòng)詞之后的不定式(尤其是tobe)；二是像Myjobistosweepthefloor(我的工作就是擦地板)這樣的主語與表語“等價(jià)”的情形；三是表示想法、約定、義務(wù)、吩咐、可能性、命運(yùn)等。Heseemstobeill.他好像生病了。Herwishistobeateacher.她的愿望是當(dāng)一名老師。Wearetomeetatthebusstationatthree.我們約定3點(diǎn)鐘在車站見面。(表約定)3．作賓語常接不定式而不接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞及短語有：“決心學(xué)會想希望”：decide/determine，learn，want，hope/wish/expect/long“設(shè)法假裝在拒絕”：manage，pretend，refuse“主動(dòng)答應(yīng)選安排”：offer，promise，choose，plan“同意懇求幫一幫”：agree，ask/beg，help外加afford，fail，wouldlike/love，threaten。Ican'taffordtobuyacar.我買不起汽車。Ilikeswimming，butIdon'tliketoswimthisafternoon.我喜愛游泳，但我今日下午不想游泳。[名師點(diǎn)津]不定式作賓語后跟賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，常把不定式后移而用形式賓語it代替，常見句式：think/believe/consider/find/feel，etc.＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式。Ithinkitnecessarytosendforanexpert.我認(rèn)為請位專家來是有必要的。4．作賓語補(bǔ)足語通?？蓭Р欢ㄊ阶髻e語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞：advise，allow，ask，bear，beg，cause，command，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，intend，invite，leave，like，mean，need，oblige，order，permit，persuade，prefer，request，remind，teach，tell，trouble，want，warn，wish等。Whatcausedhimtochangehismind?是什么使他變更辦法的？Hedidn'tallowthestudentstogothere.他沒允許學(xué)生們?nèi)ツ莾骸?．作定語Ihaveaquestiontoaskyou.我有一個(gè)問題要問你。Heisnotamantotellalie.他不是個(gè)說謊的人。[名師點(diǎn)津]不定式與被修飾的詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且句中有該不定式的邏輯主語時(shí)，該不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。假如這個(gè)不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有相應(yīng)的介詞。TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.布朗家有一幢舒適的房子可以居住。6．不定式作狀語(1)動(dòng)詞不定式可以用作目的狀語。其他非謂語動(dòng)詞形式不能用作目的狀語。Tosucceed，onemustfirstofallbelieveinhimself.要想勝利，首先必需信任自己。(2)onlytodosth.為不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。Wehurriedtothestation，onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我們急匆忙趕到車站，結(jié)果被告知火車已經(jīng)開走了。(3)形容詞或過去分詞作表語時(shí)，后面可接不定式作緣由狀語。常見詞有：happy，lucky，glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。YouwillneverknowhowhappyIwastoseeheryesterday.你恒久不會知道昨天看到她時(shí)，我有多么興奮。(4)在“主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語(形容詞)＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有：easy，hard，difficult，important，impossible，interesting，pleasant，nice，comfortable，safe，dangerous等。Theboxisnoteasytocarry.這個(gè)箱子不易攜帶。7．動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問詞who，which，when，where，how，what等連用，在句中起名詞的作用，可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語等。Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.(主語)如何解決這一問題很重要。Hedidn'tknowwhattoask.(賓語)他不知道該問些什么。Myquestioniswhentostart.(表語)我的問題是何時(shí)起先。[即學(xué)即練2]用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①Ittookyearsofworktoreduce(reduce)theindustrialpollutionandcleanthewater.②Iheardapassengerbehindmeshoutingtothedriver，butherefusedtostop(stop)untilwereachedthenextstop.③Heisthoughttohaveacted(act)foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.三、省略to的狀況1．在某些使役動(dòng)詞或感官動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式，常不帶to；假如這些動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，其后的to就必需補(bǔ)上。這類詞可以用以下口訣助記：一感：feel二聽：listento，hear三讓：make，have，let五看：see，watch，observe，lookat，notice。Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.我常常聽見他唱那首歌。Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.他常常被人聽見唱那首歌。2．在以why引導(dǎo)的疑問句中，表示建議，不定式不帶to。Whycongratulateher?為什么要慶賀她呢？Whynotconducttheinterviewrightnow?為什么不立刻主持面試呢？3．在cannotbut，cannotchoosebut，cannothelpbut之后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.我只有佩服他的志氣。4．動(dòng)詞不定式在but，except，besides后面時(shí)，假如這些詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do，那么，這些詞后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to，否則要帶to。Shecoulddonothingbutcry.她除了哭，不能做任何事。Ihavenochoicebuttoworkforthefirm.除了為這家公司工作，我別無選擇。Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?除了游泳，你還喜愛做什么？5．為了避開重復(fù)，動(dòng)詞不定式可省去to。I'mreallypuzzledaboutwhattothinkorsay.想什么，說什么，我的確困惑了。[名師點(diǎn)津]在expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try以及beglad，behappy，wouldlike，shouldlove，wouldlove等后面，常用to來代替前面的不定式，以避開重復(fù)。Ihaven'tconductedaperformance，butIwishto.我沒有主持過演出，但是我希望主持一場。[即學(xué)即練3]用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空①Ihadnothingtodobutwait(wait)outsideofthegate.②Whynotturn(turn)offthegasatonce?③Theycouldn'tchoosebutstay(stay)there.Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Letmehearyouplay(play)theviolin.2．Tomworkedhard，onlytofail(fail)againatlast.3．Thequestionisverydifficulttoanswer(answer)．4．Theboywasseentofall(fall)suddenlyfromthetree.5．Hepretendedtobereading(read)thetextwhenIcamein.6．Itisanhonorformetobeinvited(invite)toattendthemeeting.7．Thegoalofthisactivityistomeet(meet)theneedsofcommonpeople.8．Theenginejustwon'tstart.Somethingseemstohavegone(go)wrongwithit.9．Jackwasinlowspiritsthosedaysandhisfriendsdidalltheycouldtocheer(cheer)himup.10．Martinshowednoanxietyaboutthecompetition.Heseemedtohaveprepared(prepare)foritprettywell.Ⅱ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換1．Thelittlegirlwastheonlyonewhosurvivedtheplanecrash.→Thelittlegirlwastheonlyonetosurvivetheplanecrash.2．Ifhethoughtthetaskdeserveddoing，hewoulddoit.→Ifhethoughtthetaskdeservedtobedone，hewoulddoit.3．Hiseagernessthathewantedtogetbackhomewasquiteobvious.→Hiseagernesstogetbackhomewasquiteobvious.4．TherearestillmanyproblemswhichneedtobesolvedbeforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.→TherearestillmanyproblemstobesolvedbeforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.5．HerfatherplanstoflytoBeijingatleastfourtimesayearsothathecanvisither.→HerfatherplanstoflytoBeijingatleastfourtimesayearinorderto/soastovisither.Ⅲ.語法填空Researchhasbecomebothsimplerandmorecomplex.It'ssimplerbecause，ifyouhaveacomputer