21世紀(jì)寫(xiě)好英文合同50招

來(lái)源：考試大2010/10/19【考試大：中國(guó)教育考試第一門(mén)戶】考新世紀(jì)的到來(lái)，要求我們?cè)诜蓪?shí)踐中應(yīng)該多用電腦和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，熟慮。年前，也是在這樣一個(gè)會(huì)議上，我提出了合同起草的50招。本文在本,但愿它們能幫助你起草無(wú)可挑剔的合同，讓你的客戶免受訴訟的困擾。這些招數(shù)適用于各種合同，比如，辦公租賃合同、不動(dòng)產(chǎn)合同、--這將有助于你理解這些招數(shù)。1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點(diǎn)，也可以考慮到的問(wèn)題。去的交易記錄或者是類似合同?？迹篽ttp://www.flcourts.o/library.h/~wyman/flo.hhttp://www.westgroup.例書(shū)中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書(shū)（全國(guó)版）佛羅里達(dá)州文書(shū)合同范本都有電子文本儲(chǔ)存在磁盤(pán)或光盤(pán)中。在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶為了表示誠(chéng)意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書(shū)，固的根基。不引起重視的問(wèn)題。如果是個(gè)人，要寫(xiě)清姓和名,中間有大寫(xiě)字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯(cuò)，寫(xiě)名稱時(shí)可以到公司注冊(cè)地的相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)去核對(duì)一下。第一段為雙方弄一個(gè)別稱，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為"馬丁"。10.使用法定術(shù)語(yǔ)作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱時(shí)，要小心。除非一方除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱其為"代理人"，如果堅(jiān)持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可來(lái)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的方案。11.在合同的第一段要為書(shū)寫(xiě)簽約時(shí)間留下空格。把簽約時(shí)間放13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標(biāo)題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫(xiě)勞動(dòng)合同時(shí)列出的標(biāo)題詞就像下面這些：14.在撰寫(xiě)每一段時(shí)要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡(jiǎn)單，你可能上小學(xué)時(shí)就學(xué)過(guò)，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說(shuō)明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。16.除非是為了更清晰地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述義、這個(gè)例子的準(zhǔn)確性以及它和概念的相符性。有法律效力的合同，就要在標(biāo)題中注明"合同"字樣。18.寫(xiě)短句子，因?yàn)槎叹渥颖乳L(zhǎng)句子讓人更容19.用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)而不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。相對(duì)而言，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子更動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：賣(mài)方將把此物賣(mài)給買(mǎi)方;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣(mài)方賣(mài)給買(mǎi)方。20.不要用“雙周”之類的詞，因?yàn)檫@有可能產(chǎn)生歧義是兩周還是每隔一周？類似的詞還有"雙月",所以最好這樣寫(xiě):"兩周"或"每隔一最好這樣寫(xiě)：“活動(dòng)著的白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”或是“白蟻和活動(dòng)著活動(dòng)著的"）時(shí)，你一定要弄清楚這個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)是修飾兩個(gè)名詞還是僅這個(gè)詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語(yǔ)。客”來(lái)代替他們。同樣，在合同中也不要說(shuō)留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當(dāng)事人A和當(dāng)事人B到底怎么說(shuō)，這就要看你駕馭語(yǔ)言的能力了，不過(guò)，要把握的一條原則，即在整個(gè)合同中，對(duì)合同一方只能用一個(gè)別稱。同，還是指其所在的某一段落。24.寫(xiě)數(shù)目時(shí)要文字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字并用，如：拾（10）。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯(cuò)誤。25.如果你想用"包括"這個(gè)詞，就要考慮在其后加上"但不限的分句，來(lái)說(shuō)明你只是想舉個(gè)例子。26.不要依賴于語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。那些你在學(xué)校里得到的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則并不使你寫(xiě)出來(lái)的東西更簡(jiǎn)明，更流暢。27.不要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造詞語(yǔ)。合同文書(shū)不是創(chuàng)造性的作品，也就不能因?yàn)榇_的。因此，要使用普通的詞語(yǔ),表達(dá)普通的意思，為普通人撰寫(xiě)合同。同的標(biāo)的物，就不要時(shí)而稱它們?yōu)椤柏浳铩保瑫r(shí)而又改稱它們?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復(fù)更加重要。不要擔(dān)心這會(huì)讓讀者打瞌睡；你應(yīng)該提防的是對(duì)方律師會(huì)因?yàn)楹磺宓暮贤鴮⑼ァ?9.在文法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)上保持一致。你可能學(xué)過(guò)許多不同類的文的引號(hào)、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)之后的逗號(hào)以及文風(fēng)的相似性。30.可以在合同中加入準(zhǔn)據(jù)法、審判地、律師費(fèi)等條款。有了這31.要假設(shè)合同的讀者是一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的外行,如果你書(shū)寫(xiě)的合32.強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)合同術(shù)語(yǔ)可以這樣做：加上雙引號(hào)并將其開(kāi)頭的字下面有兩個(gè)定義術(shù)語(yǔ)的例子：一.本合同中使用的“貨物”("Goods")是指33.第一次使用某個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)就要下定義。定義合同術(shù)語(yǔ)不是在合同的樣做，有利于讀者更好地理解合同。34.勤于解釋合同中的術(shù)語(yǔ)和概念。要記住合同雙方的當(dāng)事人可以撰寫(xiě)合同時(shí)要讓合同自己為自己釋義。35.所有的合同都應(yīng)該有一封說(shuō)明書(shū)用來(lái)告訴你的客戶如何使用和簽署合同。36.告訴客戶你在撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程中的一些想法。比如：哪些事情可能了，哪些可以讓事情朝好的方向發(fā)展的方法你最好在給客戶的說(shuō)明書(shū)中都將這些都寫(xiě)上。37.告訴客戶合同的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所在。在撰寫(xiě)合同時(shí)，你最好向客戶說(shuō)時(shí)間來(lái)起草合同，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)真正的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在哪里。38.核實(shí)合同的拼寫(xiě)情況、段落序號(hào)以及上下文的注解，你可以成，特別是自從有了微軟的word軟件后，做這樣的工作你似乎不要檢測(cè)到合同中沒(méi)有釋義的術(shù)語(yǔ)，如：Corel公司專門(mén)為法律辦公開(kāi)發(fā)0下載安裝的DocProofReader軟件。39.讓你的秘書(shū)或者助手閱讀你草擬的合同。你的同事不僅能通們還能發(fā)現(xiàn)你起草時(shí)沒(méi)有察覺(jué)到的矛盾和混淆之處。“草稿”字樣，也能夠避免你那急躁的客戶不于簽字。41.讓你的客戶讀你草擬的合同。你的客戶讀第一稿，可以確保你的起草的東西和客戶的愿望相符。42.在電腦中將草擬的合同多保存幾個(gè)復(fù)件。如果你將第一稿合43.將當(dāng)前的草擬版本和以前的版本進(jìn)行比較。如果你存了很多合同的草擬版本，那么你就可以很容易地用文字處理軟件或者是Co"和"合同.草2"兩個(gè)版本時(shí)，最好將軟件的分析結(jié)果打印出來(lái)送給客戶看，讓他知道變化在哪里。第七部分：怎樣打印和簽署最后的定稿合同。44.用24磅的銅板紙而不是用20磅的復(fù)印紙來(lái)打印合同。用厚一點(diǎn)的紙不僅復(fù)印副本很容易，而且，它被保存的時(shí)間也要長(zhǎng)一些。45.打印整個(gè)合同要用同樣的紙，如果打印過(guò)程被偷換了。46.最好用藍(lán)墨水而不是用黑墨水來(lái)簽署合同，因很容易地讓人區(qū)別出哪個(gè)是合同正本，哪個(gè)是影印副本。47.讓雙方在每頁(yè)合同上簽字，這樣做可以避免有人懷疑合同簽署后被更改過(guò)。48.在合同簽名欄的下方留下一些空白行，以便合同雙方和見(jiàn)證找到證人。要記住，一般的商業(yè)租賃需要兩個(gè)見(jiàn)證人。49.簽名者如果是公司官員，一定要寫(xiě)上他們的職務(wù)和其所在公名的正確方法如下：公司總裁：史密斯.瓊斯如果這50招都不能讓你起草的合同免于訴訟，那你就去掌握斯創(chuàng)得.懷特先生的《設(shè)計(jì)原理》吧，我聽(tīng)說(shuō)它對(duì)應(yīng)付上訴非常FIFTYTIPSFORWRITINGTHE21STCENTURYCONTRAPublishedinTheFloridaBarJournal,Nov.Note:ThisarticleisforbackgroundpurposesonlyandWelcometothe21stCentury.WherepracticinglawrequiresustodonthegarbofcomputersandtheInternet.Andwherelitigationisascostlyasevnotunusualinahotlycontestedbreachofcontractlawsuit.Witheveryword,phraseandsentencecarryingthepotentialforwinninrlosing,thestakesarehigh.SiautiousandthoughtfuldraftinDraftingcontractsisactuallyoneofthesimplepleasuresofpracticinglaw.Just3yearsagoatthpsforcontractwriting.Thisarticleupdatesthosetiptofournewtoolsandabilities.Followingthesetipscouldresultinyourwritingaavingyourclientfromthetrialsandtribulationsoflitigation,trulyagoodreasontowritethecontractthatstaysoutThesetipsapplytowritingallkindsofagreements:officeleases,realestatecontracts,salesagreements,emuipmentleases,prenuptialagreements.Theyevenapplytostinsandsettlementsinlitigatioearthatitavoidsfuturelitigation.Whreimportant,thesetipswillguideyouthere.TheAppendixprovideBeforeYouWritetheFirstformofalist,outlineornarration.Doingthiswillhelptheclientfocusonthetermsoftheagreement.2.Engageyourcliewillanticipatemanypossiblefactualsituationsandexpresstheparties‘‘understandingincasethosefactsarise.Talkingaboutthiswillgeneratemanyissuesyoumaynototherwiseconsi3.Askyourclientforasimilaavehadsimilartransactionsinthepastortheyhaveacceractsforsimilartransactioterortform.Manytimesyoucanmaybeoneyoupreparedforanotherclientoroneyounegotiatwithanotherlawyer.Justremembertofindandreplant‘‘sname.Startingeerrorsoftyping.HerearesomeWebsiteswhehttp://www.flcourts.o/library.h/~wyman/flo.hhttp://www.westgroup.ractscanbefoundinfnationwideset)andFloridFloridaBarCLEpublications.Thesecanbeusedasthestartingpointfordraftingthecontractoraschecklistsoftypicalprovisionsandwordingtoincludeinthecontract.Manytreatisesandform6.Don‘‘tletyourclientsignaletterofintentwithouoodfaithbeforethecontractisprepared.Aproperlywordedletterofintentisusefulatsuchtimes.Justbesurethattheletterofinteutlineofpossibletermsfordiscussionpurposes.SeeAppendixC.WritingthatFirststructureofthecontract.Likeahouse,acontractmusthaveagoo8.Statethecorrectlegalnamesofthepartiesagraph.Asobviousasthisis,itisoneofthemostcommonproblemsincontracts.Forindividualdmiddleinitialsifavailable,andotheridentifyinginformation,ifappropriate,suchasJr.,M.D.,etc.Forcorporations,chSecretaryofStatewhereincorporated.9.Identifythepartiesbynicknames.Givingeachpartnameinthefirstparagraphwillmakethecontracteasiertoread.Forexample,JamesW.Martinwouldbenicknamed"Martin."10.Becarefulwhenusinglegause"Contractor"asanicknameunlessthactor.Donotuse"Agent"unlessyouintendforthatparagent,andifyoudo,thenyoubetterspecifythescopeofauthorityandotheragencyissuestoavoidfuturedisgthedateinthefirsherdocumentsinaprecContractforSaleofRealEstate."12.Includetoprovidebackgrouclausesthatprecedethebodyofacontract.Theyprovideasimwaytobringthecontract‘‘sreader(party,judgeorjury)uptospeedonwhatthecontractisabout,whothepartiesigningacontract,etc.Thefirstparagrapntractcanincorporatetherecitalsbyreferenceandstatethretrueandcorrect.Thiswillavoornottherecitalsarealegallybindingpartofthecontract.employmentcontract‘‘sinitialparagraphheadings14.Completeeachparagraphbywritinatapplytothatparagraph.Thisissientaryschool.Justexplaininwornotdoparagraphbyparagrarmaltothinkofadditionalclauses,wordingandissueswhilewritinyforgotten.Alsokeepyontofyouasyouwrite,andcheckoffitemsasyouwritethem.16.Repeatyourselfonlywhenrepetitionisnecessarytoimproveclarity.Ambiguityiscreatedbysaanonce;itisabiguity.Onlyiftheconceptisadifficultonmorethanoneway.Inaddition,ifyouuseanexampletoclarifyadifficultconceptorformula,besurethatallpoeconsideredandthattheexampleisaccurateheconceptaswordeWhattoWatchOutforWhenWrourclientwantsacontract,callitacontract.Ajonthefederalbenchonceruledthatwasnotacontracteventhoughsignedbybothparties.Tlearnedis,"Saywhatyoumean."Ifyouintendthedocumenttobealegallybindingcontract,usetheword"Contract"inthetit19.Writeinactivetense,ratherntencesareshorterandusewordsmoreefficiently,andtheirmngismoreapparent.Exampleofactive:"SellertytoBuyer."Exampleofpassive:"ThePropertyshallbesoldtoBuyerbySeller."20.Don‘‘tusetheword"biweekly."Ithastwomeanings:twiceaweekandeInstead,write"everyotherweek"21.Don‘‘tsaythingslike"activeoidambiguitybywritingeither"activetermitesandacs"or"organismsandactivetermites."active"beforeacompoundofnounslike"termitesandorganisms",besuretoclarifywhetheryouintendthemodifiertoapplytobothnounsorjustthefirstone.Ifyouintendittoapplytoboth,useparallelconstructionandwritethemodifierinfrontofeachnoun.Ifyouintendittoapplytojustonenoun,placethatonenounattheendofthelistandthemodifierdirectlyinfrontofit.esforaleasebecausetheyareeasandlord"and"Tenant"e,mortgagorandmortgagee,grantorandgrantee,licensorandlisee,partyAandpartyB.Thisiswhereyoucanuseyourcreativitytocomeupwithadiffereuuseitconsistentlythroughoutthecontract.23.Watchoutwhenusing"herein."Does"whereverein"meananywhereinthecontractoranywhereinClarifythisambiguityif24.Writenumbersasbothwordsandnumerals:ten(10).25.Whenyouwrite"includintedto."Unlessyouintendthelisttobeall-inclusive,youhadbetterclarifyyourintentthat26.Don‘‘trelyontherulesofgrammar.Therulesofgrammarthatyoulearnedinschoolarenotuniversal.Thejudgeorjuryinterpretingthemeaningofyourcontractmayhavelearneddifferentrules.Writethecontractsothatnomatterwhatrulestheylearned,thecontractisclearandunambiguous.Followthistestiting:Removeallperiodsandcommas,thenreadit.Choosingtightwordsandplacingthemintherightplacemakesthewritingclearwithoutpunctuatio27.Don‘‘tbecreativewithwords.Contractwritingisnotcreativewritingandisnotmeanttoprovokereflectivethoughtsorcontroversiesaboutnuancesofmeaning.Contractwritingisclear,directandprecise.Therefore,usecommonwordsandcommonmes.Writeforthecommonma28.Beconsistentinusingwords.Ifyourefertothesubjectmatterofasalescontractas"goods"usethattermthroughoutthecontract;donotalternatelycallthingconsistencyismoreimportantthanavoidingrepetition.Don‘‘tworryaboutputtingthereadertosleep;worryabouttheoawyerayearfromnowhuntingforambiguitiestogetyourc29.Beconsistentingrammarandpunctuation.Therurammarandpunctuationyoulearnedmaydifferfromothers,butyouhadbetterbeconsistentinyouruseofthem.Beawareofsuchthingsaswhereyouputendingquotemarks,whetheryouplacecommasafteryearsandst30.Considerincludingchoiceoflaw,venueselection,andattorfeeclauses.Ifyourcontraclientsome"ammunition"forthefig31.Assumethereaderisaknowledgeablelayman.Ifyourwr32.DefineawordbycapCapitalizingawordindicatesthatyoeaning.ThefollowingaretwoWhereverusedinthiscontract,theword"thegoodsthatBuyerhasagreedtopurchasefromSellerunderthiscontract.BuyerherebyagreestopurchasefromSellertenpans,hereinaftercalledthe"Goods."33.Definewordswhenfirstused.Insteadofwritingasectionofdefinitionsatthebeginningorendofacontract,considerdefiermsandconcepts34.Explaintechnicaltermsandconcepts.Rememberthatthepartiesmightunderstandtechnicaljargon,butthejudgeandjurywhointerpretandapplythecontraontract‘‘stermsandconceptswithinthecontractitself.Letthecoractspeakforitselffromwithinitsfourcorners.KeepYourClientInformedWhileYouyouaplacetoinstructyou36.Tellyourclienttheideaswilloccurtoyouasyouwrite:thingsthatcouldgowrongwiththedeal,thingsthatmighthappeninthefuture,thingsthathappenedinthepast,waystostructurethingsbetter.Writetheseinyo37.Informyourclientoftherisks.Writingalettertotheclientasyouwritethecontractistheperfectwaytoinforoftherisksandrewardsofenteringintothecontract.Frequently,problemsdonotbecomeapparentuntiltimeisspenttryingtowoWhatToDoAftertheFirstDraftIsWr38.Checkspelling,paragraphnumbering,andcrossreferencbothmanuallyandwithyourwordprocessor‘‘sspellingandgrammarchecker.ThisalmostgoeswithoutsaMicrosoftWordnowchecksyourspellingandgrammarase.(Unfortunatelyitalsochanges"pfailtowatchitclosely.)Andnowthereareevencmsthatcheckcontractdocumentsforundefinedterms.DealProofpackagedwithCorelWordPerfectforlawoffices,andDocProofReaderisavailablef39.Letyoursecretaryorparalegalreadit.Notonlystafffrequentlyfindspellingandgrammarerrorsmissedbyyourwordprocessor‘‘sspellchecker,buttheywillfindinconsistconfusingareasthatyoumissedwhenfmanydrafts,soavoidconfusionearlybynumberinganddldraftsatthetopofthef"DRAFT"acrossthefaceofeachpagetoprecludethepossibilitfanimpatientclientsigningadraftratherthanwait41.Letyourclientreadit.Lettingtheclientfirstdraftassuresthatyourdraftingwillsta42.Savethedraftsasmultiplefilesonyourcomputesavethefirstdraftonyourcourrentversion.Thiscanbedonebynamingthecurrentventract"andthefirstdraftas"contrascanbenamed"contract.dheextensionindicatesdraft.(Ofcourse,ifyou‘‘renotusingWordP43.Comparethecurrentversiontopriorversions.Ifyousa