中考復(fù)習(xí)第二部分 基礎(chǔ)語法

第二部分基礎(chǔ)語法??此部分為初中階段必須掌握的語法，講解較為詳細(xì)，共分為15個專題。每個專題由?？键c知識清單和鞏固訓(xùn)練組成。?？键c知識清單對所涉及考點，精講細(xì)析。鞏固訓(xùn)練是針對所講考點進行鞏固性地針對訓(xùn)練，有助于學(xué)生夯實考點。一、構(gòu)詞法歷年來構(gòu)詞法在中考中也占有一定比例，它主要考查的是一些派生詞，即前綴和后綴，同時也考查一些合成詞。了解一些構(gòu)詞法的知識有助于我們快速擴大詞匯量，提高閱讀能力和解題速度。下面我們就一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧！?？键c知識清單（研習(xí)考點）幾種主要的構(gòu)詞法1.合成法 合成法即把兩個單詞連在一起合成一個新詞，前一個詞修飾或限定后一個詞。例：fireman消防員，babysit照看嬰孩，??man-made人造的2.派生法 在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴構(gòu)成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。例：unhappy不開心的，retell復(fù)述，reader讀者3.轉(zhuǎn)化法 把一個單詞從一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉(zhuǎn)化法。例：orangen.橘子→orangeadj.橙色的??answern.答案→answerv.回答4.縮略法： 縮略法是指將單詞省略一部分，使其縮短，在讀音和寫法上呈現(xiàn)新的形式。例：laboratory→lab實驗室??refrigerator→fridge冰箱5.縮寫法： 縮寫法是取一個詞或幾個詞的代表部分再進行組合的一種構(gòu)詞方法。例：UnitedNations→UN聯(lián)合國??VeryImportantPerson→VIP貴賓常見的前后綴■考點一：前綴意義前綴例?詞表示否定意義dis-disappear消失，disagree不同意il-illegal不合法的im-impossible不可能的，impolite無禮的in-incorrect不正確的，independent獨立的ir-irregular不規(guī)則的，irresponsible不負(fù)責(zé)任的mis-mistake弄錯，misunderstand誤解un-unnecessary不必要的，unfair不公平的表示重復(fù)re-rewrite重寫，rebuild重建表示“使”en-enable使能夠，enrich使豐富對點集訓(xùn)：用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Don’ttelllies.Nobodylikesthose________(honest)people.2.Theboydoesn’tshowgoodmannerstoothers.He’s________(polite).3.Yourpasswordis________(correct).Pleasetryagain.4.Theydidn’tactuallybreaktherules.Itwas________(fair)topunishthem.5.TheInternet________(able)ustoknowwhat’shappeningintheworld.6.Itis________(legal)forchildrenunder18todrinkinabarorbuyanyalcoholinastoreinAmerica.■考點二：后綴詞性后綴例詞名詞后綴-erfarmer農(nóng)民，stranger陌生人-ordirector導(dǎo)演，inventor發(fā)明家-essactress女演員，waitress女服務(wù)員-istartist藝術(shù)家，scientist科學(xué)家-cianphysician醫(yī)師，musician音樂家-eseChinese中國人，Japanese日本人-anAmerican美國人，European歐洲人-thtruth事實，youth青年-ydifficulty困難，discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)-shipfriendship友誼，leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)-hoodchildhood童年，neighborhood附近-mentachievement成就，development發(fā)展-alarrival到達(dá)，refusal拒絕-ion/-sion/-ation/-action/-cation/-itioneducation教育，decision決定invitation邀請，competition競賽-ingbuilding建筑物，meeting會議-ityelectricity電力，activity活動-ance/enceappearance外貌，difference差異-domfreedom自由，kingdom王國-nesskindness仁慈，illness疾病動詞后綴-enwiden加寬，weaken使變?nèi)?ifybeautify使變美，simplify使簡易-ize/-iserealize意識到，modernize使現(xiàn)代化形容詞后綴-able/-iblecomfortable舒適的，responsible負(fù)責(zé)的-alcultural文化的，musical關(guān)于音樂的-ic/-icalscientific科學(xué)的，historical歷史的-ishfoolish愚蠢的，childish孩子氣的-fulcareful仔細(xì)的，thankful感謝的-lesshomeless無家可歸的，endless無止境的-lyfriendly友好的，lively活潑的-enwooden木制的，golden金黃色的-ernwestern西部的，northern北部的-ysnowy多雪的，lucky幸運的-ous/-iousfamous著名的，serious嚴(yán)肅的-ant/-entpleasant令人愉快的，excellent極好的-iveactive積極的，expensive昂貴的-edexcited興奮的，pleased高興的-inginteresting有趣的，surprising令人驚訝的副詞后綴-lyquickly迅速地，suddenly突然地-wardeastward向東，forward向前對點集訓(xùn)：用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.It’s________(danger)toplayfootballinthestreet.2.Thereare________(different)betweenthetwins.3.Look!How________(happy)Maryislaughing!4.Hehopeshissonwillbecomea________(music).5.Theyplanto________(building)ahotelhere.6.Be________(care)whenyoucrossthestreet.鞏固訓(xùn)練（夯實考點）I.按要求寫出下列單詞的詞形變化i.寫出下列單詞的名詞形式1.kind 2.foreign 3.agree 4.safe 5.meet 6.know 7.arrive 8.important ii.寫出下列單詞的形容詞形式1.friend 2.China 3.luck 4.success 5.north 6.pride 7.sun 8.wood II.單句語法填空（用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）1.MariaSharapovaisanoutstandingtennis________(play).2.ManyforeignersenjoyChinesefashion,________(especial)theTangcostume.3.Mygrandfatherthinksthatkidshavetoomuch________(free)thesedays.4.Wecan’tgoouttohaveapicnicbecauseitisraining________(heavy)outside.5.Thedoctorsaidthathermotherneededan________(operate).6.Itwas________(fool)ofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldwalkthereinfiveminutes.7.TheCityCouncilhasadetailedplanto________(beauty)thecity.8.Annahadafeveryesterday,soshewas________(able)togotoschool.9.Suchanimportantproblemshouldbediscussed________(serious).10.Thelecturewasso________(bore)thatsomepeoplefellasleepwhilelistening.11.Toimproveyourwritingskills,you’dbetter________(development)ahabitofreading.12.Thispairofshoesismadebyhand,anditfeelsvery________(comfort).13.Thetimeistooshort.It’s________(possible)forJacktofinishthework.14.Youmustbe________(hunger)afterthelongwalk.Helpyourselftosomecakes.15.Alotoftreesareplantedaroundhereeveryyear,andwecan________(enjoyable)fresherairnow.二、名?詞?？键c知識清單（研習(xí)考點）■考點一：可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1.規(guī)則變化情況構(gòu)成方法例?詞一般情況加-spen—pens;doctor—doctors;map—maps以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾加-esbus—buses;box—boxes;watch—watches;brush—brushes以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾將y變?yōu)閕再加-esfactory—factories;family—families以元音字母加y結(jié)尾只加-sboy—boys;day—days以o結(jié)尾加-esNegro—Negroes;hero—heroes;potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes巧記：黑人英雄喜歡吃土豆和西紅柿。（兩人兩菜）加-sphoto—photos;radio—radios;piano—pianos以f或fe結(jié)尾將f或fe變?yōu)関再加-eswife—wives;thief—thieves;shelf—shelves;knife—knives;wolf—wolves;half—halves;leaf—leaves;life—lives巧記：妻見小偷架下藏，手拿小刀想殺狼，誰知落下半片葉，砸在頭上一命亡。加-sroof—roofs2.不規(guī)則變化(1)man—men;woman—women;child—children; foot—feet;tooth—teeth;goose—geese;mouse—mice巧記：男女孩子腳步牙鵝加老鼠。(2) 單復(fù)數(shù)相同：sheep—sheep;deer—deer;fish—fish注意：fish強調(diào)魚的條數(shù)的時候，單復(fù)數(shù)同形；強調(diào)魚的種類的時候，復(fù)數(shù)形式要加-es，即fishes。(3) 某國人變復(fù)數(shù)的歌訣：中日不變英法變，其余-s加后面。 Chinese—Chinese; Japanese—Japanese; Englishman—Englishmen; Frenchman—Frenchmen American—Americans(4) 注意：people當(dāng)“人們”講時，本身是復(fù)數(shù)形式；當(dāng)“民族”講時，是單數(shù)形式，其復(fù)數(shù)要在末尾加-s。如：apeople;56peoples3.復(fù)合名詞的數(shù)(1)一般情況下把后面一個名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，作定語的名詞不變。 agirlstudent—fivegirlstudents; anappletree—tenappletrees(2)由man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時要把名詞和man/woman同時變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。 amandoctor—threemendoctors; awomanteacher—sixwomenteachers(3)sport作定語修飾其他名詞時，無論主題詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，sport通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 asportsclub;sportsshoes注意：時間名詞作定語有兩種形式：兩天的假期atwo-dayholiday或twodays’holiday十分鐘的路程aten-minuteride或tenminutes’ride對點集訓(xùn)：I.漢譯英。1.五個西紅柿five 2.兩把刀two 3.八個桃子eight 4.一些女作家some 5.許多小孩alotof 6.四名美國人four II.用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.Thelittlebabyhastwo________(tooth)already.2.Therearethree________(bedroom)inthishouse.3.Hisparentsworkindifferent________(factory).4.Therearemany________(sheep)onthehill.■考點二：不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，前面不能用不定冠詞a/an修飾，但可用much,alotof/lotsof,plentyof,some,little,alittle等修飾。作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Thereissometeainthecup.茶杯里有些茶。2.不可數(shù)名詞還常用“數(shù)詞/不定冠詞+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”來表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。apieceofpaper一張紙，twocupsoftea兩杯茶，aglassofwater一杯水，threebottlesofpop三瓶汽水。作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于of前面的名詞的數(shù)。Therearethreeglassesoforangejuiceonthetable.桌子上有三杯橘子汁。對點集訓(xùn)：I.用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.alittle________(milk)2.some________(meat)3.alotof________(time)4.three________(cup)ofcoffee5.much________(money)6.two________(pair)oftrousersII.根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示完成句子。1.Thereissome________(面包)onthetable.2.Ihavesomegood________(消息)foryou.3.Ihavealotof________(作業(yè))todotoday.4.Wecangetalotof________(信息)fromtheInternet.■考點三：名詞所有格1.’s所有格情況方法例子單數(shù)名詞加’smyfriend’suncle我朋友的叔叔以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’Teachers’Day教師節(jié)不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’sChildren’sDay兒童節(jié)表示兩人共有LucyandLily’smother露西和莉莉的媽媽表示各自所有在每個名詞后分別加’sLucy’sandLily’srooms2.of所有格主要用于表示無生命事物的所有關(guān)系。thenameofthefilm電影的名字thecoverofthebook書的封面3.雙重所有格“名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞/名詞所有格”構(gòu)成雙重所有格形式。afriendofhers她的一個朋友afriendofMike’s邁克的一個朋友對點集訓(xùn)：I.漢譯英。1.婦女節(jié)________Day2.湯姆的朋友________friend3.我父親的書my________book4.房間的門thedoor________thehouse5.今天的報紙________newspaper6.十分鐘的休息ten________restII.用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.The________(city)sceneryisverybeautiful.2.Atlast,hearrivedatthe________(doctor)attwentytofive.3.Theboyinblueisafriendof________(Lucy).4.Weshouldlearnthose________(players)teamspirit.■考點四：專有名詞專有名詞是指人、地方、團體、機構(gòu)等特有的名稱。它的第一個字母必須大寫。專有名詞前一般不加冠詞。1.表示人名、尊稱和頭銜的專有名詞Einstein愛因斯坦PresidentObama奧巴馬總統(tǒng)DoctorLin林博士/林醫(yī)生QueenElizabethII伊利莎白女王二世MrBrown布朗先生注意：人名的前面若有尊稱或頭銜，如Mr(先生)，President(總統(tǒng))等時，其第一個字母也要大寫。2.表示國名、地名、山河名的專有名詞Korea韓國 Paris巴黎 PacificOcean太平洋Mississippi密西西比河Mt.Qomolangma珠穆朗瑪峰3.表示團體、機構(gòu)和報刊的專有名詞MuseumofPostalHistory郵政博物館ChinaDaily中國日報SydneyOperaHouse悉尼歌劇院HarvardUniversity哈佛大學(xué)4.表示星期、月份和節(jié)日的專有名詞Monday星期一?March三月?NationalDay國慶節(jié)5.由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞theNorthPole北極?theRiverNile尼羅河theForbiddenCity紫禁城?theBund上海外灘theGreatWall長城?theTempleofHeaven天壇theWhiteHouse白宮?theTerracottaWarriors兵馬俑thePeople’sRepublicofChina中華人民共和國注意：上面列舉的由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前要用定冠詞“the”，但它的首字母不大寫。鞏固訓(xùn)練（夯實考點）I.選出可以替換劃線部分的最佳選項1.—Whatpresentwillyoubuyforyoursister’sbirthday? —Apairofshoes. A.gift B.advice C.date2.—Jack,Ihavedifficultyrememberingnewwords. —Youarenotalone.Ihavesuchaproblem,too. A.fun B.time C.trouble3.Wehadaconversationinthelivingroomlastnight. A.lesson B.rest C.talk4.—TheH7N9birdfluisa(n)diseasewhichcanbeverydangerous. —That’sright.Itmaycausepeopletodie. A.animal B.illness C.rule5.Canyoufindabetterwaytoearnmoremoney? A.truth B.method C.path6.—Whereisthestatue? —Well,it’sinthecentreofthesquare. A.middle B.back C.front7.Theauthorchangedhisviewsafterhetalkedtoafarmer. A.opinions B.topics C.articles8.—Weshouldnotjudgeapersonbyhisappearance. —Iagreewithyou. A.voice B.behavior C.looks9.—IsitMikewhomadethemistake? —Yes.Hehasadmittedit. A.error B.wish C.name10.—Doyouhaveanysuggestionsforme? —Yes.Ithinkyoushouldbecarefulwithyourdiet. A.examples B.advice C.agreementsII.選出恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯完成句子1.ItisanEnglish______tohaveafternoontea. A.menu B.festival C.tradition2.—Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning. —Right.It’soneofthe______ofmyfamily. A.plans B.jobs C.rules3.—Iamtired.Thisisnottheright______toaskmetogoforawalk. —Isee.Thenlet’smakeitanotherday. A.moment B.chance C.place4.—MoreandmorepeoplecometovisitMountHuangshan. —That’strue.Ithasbecomethe______ofAnhui. A.pride B.effort C.courage5.—WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea______. —OK,Iwill. A.notice B.message C.sentence6.—Thetwocitieshavereachedan______todevelopscienceandtechnology. —That’sgreat! A.education B.agreement C.invitation7.—Let’sgototheRoseRestaurant. —OK.Ihearitisarestaurantwithgood______. A.balance B.service C.experience8.You’dbetterreadthe______firstbeforeyouusethecamera. A.websites B.expressions C.instructionsIII.單句語法填空（用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空）1.Thiskindofsuitwillbesoldfor$600,whichisfarmorethanitsreal__________(valuable).2.Thisis__________(LucyandLily)bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.3.UncleWangboughttwo__________(watch)formeyesterday.4.Look,myshirtisthesameasyour__________(brother).5.Myteachergavememuch__________(advise)onhowtostudyEnglishwellwhenIhadsometrouble.6.Therearetwenty__________(manteacher)inourschool.7.IsawlotsofAmericansandseveral__________(Japanese)inthehall.8.Canyoumake__________(room)fortheoldman?9.Mr.King’sandMr.White’s__________(wife)aresonice.10.Therearemany__________(Frenchman)visitingthisplace.11.Itisa__________(please)formetostaywithyou.12.Ourschoolwillhavea__________(sport)meetingnextweekend.13.14.It’sfive__________(minute)walkfromheretomyhome.15.What’sthe__________(long)ofthisriver?IV.語篇填空閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空。Treesareoneoftheoldestcitizens(公民)ofourearth.Justlikeus,treeschangealotwhentheygrow.Atonetothreeyearsold,youngtreeslearnhowtoprotectthemselves.Forexample,many1.________(tree)growthorns(刺)totellanimalsnottogonear.Mostyoungtreeshavelarge,deepgreen2.________(leaf)sothattheycancatchenough3.________(sunlight)andchangeitintotheirfoodand4.________(energetic).Whentreesare4yearsold,theybegintogrowveryfastandbecomestrongenoughtofacechallenges(挑戰(zhàn))in5.________(live).Attheageofl5,treesbecomeyoungadults.Theygrowmoreslowlyandbegintoproduce6.________(flower)andfruit.Itisnotuntilthetreesare20to25yearsoldthattheybecomerealadults.Thetreesreachtheirlargestsizes.Adulttreesgiveusmanythingssuchasoxygen(氧氣)andnatural7.________(beauty).Ifwegivethemgood8.________(careful),theywillgoontolivehealthilyformanyyears.Astimegoeson,treesbegintogrowolderandolderandevendie.Atthistime,theystillhavetheirimportantplacein9.________(natural).Inmanyways,thelife10.________treesislikeourownlifeexperience.Enjoyeveryminuteofthelifeofthetreesandtakecareofthem!三、代?詞?？键c知識清單（研習(xí)考點）■考點一：人稱代詞1.人稱代詞的分類人稱主?格賓?格單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱Iwemeus第二人稱youyouyouyou第三人稱hetheyhimthemsheheritit2.人稱代詞的用法人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語，賓格作動詞或介詞的賓語。Wearemiddleschoolstudents.我們是中學(xué)生。Iwrotealettertohimlastweek.上周我給他寫了一封信。注意：人稱代詞作表語時，在口語中常用賓格。3.人稱代詞的語序幾個人稱代詞并列作主語時，其順序是：單數(shù)：二、三、一；復(fù)數(shù)：一、二、三。You,sheandIwillstudyinagroup.你、她還有我將在一個組里學(xué)習(xí)。We,youandtheyareallstudents.我們、你們還有他們都是學(xué)生。巧記：人稱代詞的排列順序人稱代詞并列觀，注意順序禮貌見。單數(shù)并列二、三、一，復(fù)數(shù)并列一、二、三。對點集訓(xùn)：根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示完成句子。1.________(他)knowsalotaboutChinesehistory.2.Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlike________(她).3.Ilostmybook.NowIamlookingfor________(它).4.Do________(你)wanttohaveatry?5.________(我們)shouldworkhard.6.Theboxistooheavy.Canyouhelp________(我)?■考點二：物主代詞1.物主代詞的分類人稱形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱myourmineours第二人稱youryouryoursyours第三人稱histheirhistheirsherhersitsits巧記：物主代詞分兩家，形、名詞性各一霸。his，its無變化，my，mine牢記它。其余變化規(guī)律化，形容詞性后面加尾巴(-s)2.物主代詞的用法(1)形容詞性物主代詞放在名詞前作定語。Thatisourclassroom.那是我們的教室。注意：在某些固定短語中，形容詞性物主代詞要隨人稱而變化。如：do/tryone’sbest,changeone’smind,doone’shomework,onone’swayto,saveone’slife等。(2)名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”，可作主語、表語或賓語。Thisisyourpen.Mineisinmypencilcase.這是你的鋼筆。我的在我的鉛筆盒里。(3)用于雙重所有格中，即“a/an+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞”。Heisafriendofmine.他是我的一個朋友。巧記：物主代詞的用法物主代詞兩類型，形容詞性、名詞性。形容詞性作定語，后面定把名詞用。名詞性，獨立用，主賓表語它都充。對點集訓(xùn)：用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1.________(you)dressisverybeautiful.2.Thegirlinredis________(she)eldersister.3.Ihaveadog.________(it)nameisStrong.4.That’snotmydictionary.________(I)isonthedesk.5.Mycomputerischeaperthan________(he).6.Theglovesare________(their).■考點三：反身代詞1.反身代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式???數(shù)人稱單?數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱myselfourselves第二人稱yourselfyourselves第三人稱himself,herself,itselfthemselves2.反身代詞的用法(1)作賓語，位于及物動詞或介詞之后。TheboyteacheshimselfEnglish.這個男孩兒自學(xué)英語。(2)作主語或賓語的同位語，用以加強語氣，可以放在主語之后或句尾。約翰親自做了這項工作。注意：反身代詞不可作定語，常用“one’sown”表示“某人自己的”。Thisismyowncar.這是我自己的小汽車。3.反身代詞常用于一些固定搭配中teachoneself;learn...byoneself;enjoyoneself;devoteoneselfto;cometooneself;saytooneself;helponeselfto;byoneself;foroneself;ofoneself對點集訓(xùn)：用適當(dāng)?shù)姆瓷泶~填空。1.Pleasehelp________tosomefruit,children.2.Theyenjoyed________atthepartylastnight.3.Noonehelpedhim.Hediditby________.4.Theboxisnotheavy.Icanmanageit________.5.Sheisselfish;shecaresonlyfor________.6.ThankstotheInternet,theworld________isbecomingamuchsmallerplace.■考點四：指示代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)指近處thisthese指遠(yuǎn)處thatthose1.作主語、賓語、表語Thisisachair.這是一把椅子。2.在電話中，用this(我)表示打電話者，用于介紹自己，用that(你)詢問對方。Hello!ThisisBob(speaking).Who’sthat?你好！我是鮑勃。你是哪位？3.that和those可以用在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，以避免重復(fù)。that代替前面提到的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞；those代替前面提到的復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofRussia.中國的人口比俄羅斯人口多。對點集訓(xùn)：根據(jù)漢語意思完成下列句子。1.你好，鮑勃。這位是杰克。 Hi,Bob.________isJack.2.那些不是我們的書。 ________arenotourbooks.3.我不喜歡那個人。 Idon’tlike________man.4.這些禮物都是給你的。 ________giftsareallforyou.5.這個單詞是什么意思？ Whatdoes________wordmean?6.鄉(xiāng)村的空氣比城市的空氣清新。 Theairinthecountryiscleanerthan________inthecity.■考點五：疑問代詞1.常見的疑問代詞及其基本用法疑問代詞基本用法例句who作主語、表語或賓語（作賓語時，不能位于介詞后面）Whoareyouwaitingfor?你正在等誰？whomwho的賓格形式，作賓語Withwhomdidyougo?你和誰一起去的？whosewho的所有格形式，作主語、表語、賓語或定語Whosebookisit?它是誰的書？what作主語、表語、賓語或定語Whatishedoing?他正在做什么？which作主語、表語、賓語或定語Whichoneisbigger?哪一個更大？2.what與which的區(qū)別what用于選擇范圍較大或不明確的場合，which用于選擇范圍較小或較明確的場合。Whichisbetter,thisoneorthatone?哪一個更好，這個還是那個？3.who與what在口語中的用法區(qū)別Whoishe?意思是“他是誰？”詢問的是某個人的身份或姓名等。Whatishe?意思是“他是干什么的？”，詢問的是某人的職業(yè)。—Whoishe?他是誰？—HeisJenny’sbrother.他是珍妮的哥哥?！猈hatishe?他是做什么的？—Heisadoctor.他是個醫(yī)生。對點集訓(xùn)：用適當(dāng)?shù)囊蓡柎~填空。1.________doyouprefer,thisoneorthatone?2.We’velostallourmoney.________shouldwedo?3.________walletisthis?Isityours,Jack?4.—________areyouwaitingfor?—Mary.5.—________isthegirloverthere?—She’smysister.6.—________areyourparents?—Theyareteachers.■考點六：不定代詞不指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞，在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等。不定代詞分為普通不定代詞和復(fù)合不定代詞。1.普通不定代詞主要有：some,any,both,all,another,other,each,either,neither,none,one,afew,few,alittle,little,many,much等。2.幾種常見的普通不定代詞的用法辨析(1)one與it相同點單詞用?法例?句為了避免同一名詞重復(fù)使用，常用one或it來代替前面提到的某個單數(shù)名詞oneone所代替的是前面提到的同類事物，但不是同一個Ican’tfindmypen.IthinkImustbuyanewone.我找不到我的鋼筆了。我想我必須買一支新的。itit所代替的是前面提到的那個特指的事物Iboughtanewpenyesterday,andIgaveittomysister.我昨天買了一支新鋼筆，我把它送給我妹妹了。(2)some與any相同點單詞用?法例?句修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞some陳述句Therearesomeboysplayingfootball.有一些男孩們正在踢足球。疑問句Wouldyoulikesomewater?你想喝些水嗎？any否定句、疑問句或條件狀語從句Thereisn’tanymeatinthefridge.冰箱里沒有肉了。(3)both,all,neither,none,either與any之一都都不適用范圍兩者eitherbothneither三者或以上anyallnone固定短語both...and...（連接兩個主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)）either...or...（連接兩個主語，謂語動詞遵循就近原則）neither...nor...例句Allchildrenliketoys.所有的孩子都喜歡玩具。Noneofuslikescomedies.我們中沒有人喜歡喜劇片。Hereisonlyoneticket.Eitherofyoucanwatchthefootballmatch.這里只有一張票。你們兩個人中只有一個人能觀看足球賽。(4)little,alittle,few與afew很少；幾乎沒有（表否定）幾個；一點兒（表肯定）修飾可數(shù)名詞fewafew修飾不可數(shù)名詞littlealittle例句Don’tworry!Thereisalittletimeleft.別著急！還有一點兒時間。Hehasafewfriendshere,buthehasfewgoodfriends.在這里他有幾個朋友，但是幾乎沒有好朋友。(5)other(s),theother(s),another??概念數(shù)?成分泛指剩下中的一部分（不用the）特指剩下中的全體（要用the）作主語/賓語作定語（其后加名詞）作主語/賓語作定語（其后加名詞）單數(shù)anotheranotherbooktheothertheotherbook復(fù)數(shù)othersotherbookstheotherstheotherbooks3.復(fù)合不定代詞-one-thing-bodysome-someonesomethingsomebodyany-anyoneanythinganybodyevery-everyoneeverythingeverybodyno-noonenothingnobody(1)一般情況下，由some構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞用在肯定句中；由any構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞用在疑問句和否定句中；由no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞表示否定意義。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.我有事要告訴你。Ican’tseeanything.我什么也看不見。There’snothingIcando.我什么也做不了。(2)形容詞或else修飾不定代詞時，通常位于不定代詞之后。Doyouwantanythingelse?你還想要其他的東西嗎？對點集訓(xùn)：選詞填空。1.Wouldyoulike________coffee?(some/any)2.Therearea________mistakesinyourexercises.(few/little)3.Therearetreeson________sideofthestreet.(either/both)4.Herearetwobooks.Youcanonlytake________ofthem.(one/it)5.Thisshirtisalittleshort.Pleaseshowme________one.(another/other)6.Themathproblemistoodifficult.________canworkitout.(Everybody/Nobody)■考點七：代詞it的用法1.it用來指除人以外的一切生物和事物，可指時間、距離、天氣、溫度、度量等?！猈hat’stheweatherliketoday?今天天氣怎樣？—It’ssunny.很晴朗。2.it可用來代替指示代詞this和that?！猈hat’sthis/that?這/那是什么？—It’sanapple.是蘋果。3.it指嬰兒或不明身份的人。Isitaboyoragirl?是男孩還是女孩？4.it代替動詞不定式作形式主語。It’simportantforustoworkhard.努力工作對我們來說很重要。5.it代替動詞不定式作形式賓語。Ifounditeasytoworkoutthemathproblem.我發(fā)現(xiàn)算出這道數(shù)學(xué)題很容易。對點集訓(xùn)：用合適的代詞填空。1.________israiningheavilyoutside.2.Thisisnotmydictionary.________isLily’s.3.________is8o’clock.Let’sgotoschool.4.________isnecessaryforustoexerciseeveryday.5.Howfaris________fromheretothecinema?6.Hefinds________difficulttochangehermind.鞏固訓(xùn)練（夯實考點）I.選出可以替換劃線部分的最佳選項1.—Itwillbemyturn.Ifeelalittlenervous. —Believeyourself.Youcandoeverythingwell. A.eachthing B.something C.anything2.Notallpeopleliketoworkbuteveryonelikestoplay. A.Some B.All C.Every3.—Ihavegreatdifficultyinfinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme? —Noproblem. A.alone B.lonely C.only4.Theyenjoyedthemselvesatthewelcomingpartylastnight. A.feltsad B.hadagoodtime C.hatedeverything5.—Linda,Icalledyouthismorning,butnobodyansweredthephone. —I’msorry.Iwasplayingfootballwithmyfriendsthen. A.noone B.someone C.anyone6.—Somestudentsoftenwastewateratschool. —It’snotright.Weshouldstopthem. A.Lotsof B.Afew C.Many7.—Idon’tknowwheretogothissummervacation. — WhynotconsidervisitingXi’an?Therearemanyplacesofinterestthere. A.some B.alotof C.few8.—Jane,isthisyourdictionary? —Yes,it’smine.Thankyou. A.herdictionary B.yourdictionary C.mydictionary9.—Whywasthegirlsohappy? —Becauseshegotmuchpocketmoney. A.no B.little C.lotsof10.—Excuseme,sir.Theshoesareabitsmallforme. —Don’tworry.I’llchangethemforalargersize. A.not B.alittle C.veryII.根據(jù)漢語意思完成下列句子1.我身體不舒服。我什么都不想吃。 I’mnotfeelingwell.Idon’twanttoeat______.2.盤子里有一些蛋糕。你可以吃一塊。 Therearesomecakesontheplate.Youcantake______.3.瑪麗試穿了三條裙子，但它們都不適合她。 4.—你好，可以請簡聽電話？ —我就是。你是哪位？ —Hello,mayIspeaktoJane,please? —Speaking.Who’s______?5.這個房間有些特別。你能找出來嗎？ Thereis____________inthisroom.Canyoufindit?6.杰森和莉莉都想出國。 ______Jason______Lilywanttogoaboard.III.單句語法填空（用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空）1. 2.Thisticketisforyou.It’s__________now.3.—__________bikeisthis? —It’sMary’s.4.—DoyouknowwhereBobandJack’sclassroomis? —Yes.________classroomisnexttous.5.—What’s__________overthere? —Itisaglassofwater.6.—Isthisbookyours? —No,it’snot__________.It’shis.7.__________applesnearusarefiveyuanakilo.8.Ifind__________hardtolearnEnglishwell.9.—__________oneisbetter,thefirstoneorthesecondone? —Thefirstone.10. 11.ThecarsmadeinGermanyaremoreexpensivethan__________madeinJapan.12.SamandHenryplayfootballverywell.Wehope__________ofthemcanjoinourteam.13.Look!Sonialooksworried.Theremustbe__________wrongwithher.14.Youcantake__________ofthetwotoycarsandleavetheotherforyourbrother.15.Wehavefriendstohelpusfightagainstpollution,andtreesareoneof__________.IV.語篇填空閱讀下面短文，按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求，在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空。WhenIdrove1.________toofficeyesterday,Imetatrafficjam.As2.________lookedoutofmywindow,ahandsomeyoungmanwaswalkingonthestreet.Hewaswalkingtowardsthebridge.Thereweresomehomelessmenwith3.________cupsaroundthere.Theyoungmanwentto4.________ofthem.Hebroughtoutsomemoneyfrom5.________pocket,saidsomewordstohimandputthemoneyintohiscup.Hecontinuedtowalkandthensaw6.________homelessman.Hestoppedforaminute,saidafewwordsandthengavethemanacandy.Andthen7.________sawthenexthomelessman.Hewasshiveringbecauseofcoldness.Theyoungmannowstoppedforasecondandgavehisscarfto8.________.Hethensaidgoodbyetohimwithabigsmileandwentawayinthesnow.四、冠?詞?？键c知識清單（研習(xí)考點）■考點一：定冠詞的基本用法定冠詞表示特指，指特定的人或物，它與可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞都能連用。1.表示特指的人或物。Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?這就是你正在找的書嗎？2.表示雙方都知道的或心中明白的人或物。Pleasefillintheformandsignit.請?zhí)顚懕砀癫⒑炞帧?.指上文提到過的人或物。Cutupthetomato,andputthetomatoonthebread.將一個西紅柿切碎，再將切碎的西紅柿放在面包上。4.用于世界上獨一無二的事物前。TheEarthmovesaroundthesun.地球圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。5. 用于序數(shù)詞前或表示方位的名詞前和形容詞最高級前。It’sthesecondcountrytheywillvisitinAsia.這是他們在亞洲要參觀的第二個國家。BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.北京位于中國的北方。AutumnisthebestseasoninBeijing.秋天是北京最好的季節(jié)。6.用于樂器名稱前。Hecanplaytheviolinwell,buthecan’tplaythepiano.他拉小提琴拉得很好，可他不會彈鋼琴。7. 在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the，表示某某一家人或夫婦倆，?？闯蓮?fù)數(shù)。TheTaylorswerehavingdinnerwhenIcamein.當(dāng)我進來時，泰勒全家人/泰勒夫婦正在吃晚飯。8.用在一些形容詞前，表示一類人。Thepoorareagainsttheplan,buttherichareforit.窮人們反對這個計劃，而富人們贊成。9.用于一些專有名詞前。theGreatWall長城 theChangjiangRiver長江10.用于表示某世紀(jì)逢十的年代之前。inthe1990s在20世紀(jì)90年代11.在一些習(xí)慣用語中。theUS美國 theUK英國allthetime一直 bytheway順便說一下巧記：定冠詞the的用法特指雙方熟悉，上文已經(jīng)提及；世上獨一無二，方位以及樂器；某些專有名詞，外加復(fù)數(shù)姓氏；序數(shù)詞最高級，習(xí)慣用語要特記。對點集訓(xùn)：用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空。1.________girlinablueskirtisSue’ssister.2.Weshouldgiveourseatsto________elderlyonabus.3.LangLangisafamouspianist.Heplays________pianoverywell.4.________Earthisourhome;wemusttakecareofit.5.________Smithswillgoto________USfortheirholidaythisyear.6.________YangtzeRiveris________secondlongestriverinChina.■考點二：不定冠詞的基本用法不定冠詞有兩個：a和an。a用于以輔音音素開頭的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開頭的單詞前。注意：有些單詞，如useful,university,European等雖然是以元音字母開頭，但卻是以輔音音素開頭，所以前面要用a；有些單詞如hour,honest等雖然是以輔音字母開頭，卻是以元音音素開頭，所以前面要用an。1.表示一類人或物，a或an不必翻譯。Myfatherboughtmeapresent,butIdon’tknowwhatitis.我爸爸給我買了一件禮物，可我不知道是什么。2.用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前。Isawagirlrunningontheplayground.我看見一個女孩正在操場上跑步。3.表示數(shù)量，有“一”的含義。Thereisapictureonthewall.墻上有一幅圖畫。4.有些不可數(shù)名詞要表示“一種”、“一場”、“一堆”等時，要用不定冠詞。havealonghistory擁有悠久的歷史5.表示“每一”，相當(dāng)于every。Takethreepillsadayandyou’llgetbettersoon.每天吃三片藥，你很快就會好的。6.用于序數(shù)詞之前，表示“又一”；“再一”。Shehasfailedtwotimes.Shewantstotryathirdtime.她失敗了兩次。她想再試一次。7.用于某些固定詞組中。haveagoodtime玩得高興；alotof許多巧記：不定冠詞a,an的用法冠詞a,an兩種帽，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要。選帽只要聽讀音，不看字母能做到；若是元音音素來開頭，一定需要選an帽；輔音音素戴a帽，記住規(guī)律莫亂套。對點集訓(xùn)：用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空。1.Iwanttobe_______engineersomeday.2.SeveralyearsagoIstudiedin_______universityinShanghai.3._______girliswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.Ihave________Englishdictionaryandithelpsmealot.5.Thereis________tableandfourchairsintheroom.6.Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuy________fourthone.■考點三：零冠詞的基本用法1.當(dāng)專有名詞（如人名、地名、國家名）、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞表示泛指時前面通常不用冠詞。Moneyisnoteverything.金錢不是萬能。Chinaisagreatcountryintheworld.中國在世界上是一個偉大的國家。2.不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示泛指時不用冠詞。Youngpeopleliketoreadbooks.年輕人喜歡讀書。3.January1isNewYear’sDay.一月一日是元旦。4.在稱呼或表示官銜、職位的名詞前不加冠詞。Doctor,I’mnotfeelingmyselftoday.醫(yī)生，我今天感覺有些不舒服。5.在三餐、球類運動和娛樂運動的名稱前，不加冠詞。Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforlunch?你午餐經(jīng)常吃什么？Doyoulikeplayingfootballorbaseball?你喜歡踢足球還是打棒球？6.當(dāng)by與火車等交通工具連用，表示一種方式時，中間無冠詞。Didyougotherebyplaneorbyship?你是乘飛機還是乘輪船去的那里？7.名詞前面有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞的所有格修飾時，前面不用冠詞。Hisbookisonthedesk.他的書在桌子上。巧記：零冠詞的用法下列情況不用冠，名詞之前代詞限。復(fù)數(shù)名詞表泛指，球類學(xué)科和三餐。專有名詞不可數(shù)，星期月份季節(jié)前。交通方式和娛樂，習(xí)語稱謂和頭銜。對點集訓(xùn)：用a、an、the或“/”填空。1.Ihave_______brotherandtwosisters.2.Jacklikesplaying_______basketballverymuch.3.IntheUS,Father’sDayfallin_______June.4.We’llgotoWuhanby_______traintomorrow.5.Thereisnolivingthingon_______moon.6.Theboyhas_______breakfastat7everymorning.■考點四：常見含有冠詞及不含冠詞的詞組1.常見含有冠詞的詞組(1)常見含有不定冠詞的詞組alittle/few/bit;havealook/rest/cold/fever;haveagoodtime;inahurry;alotof;agreattime;anumberof;makeadecision;makealiving;makeaface;makeamistake;inaword;takeabus/train/plane(2)常見含有定冠詞的詞組inthedaytime;inthemorning/afternoon/evening;inthemiddleof;intheend;intheopenair;byt