高考英語語法單選歸納總結(jié)

2014高考英語語法單選歸納一、冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.有個男孩在等你。3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事—Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?—Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn't______Mr.Smithhere.A.不填B.aC.theD.oneThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.（活雷鋒）6用于固定詞組中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.9用于抽象名詞具體化的名詞前success(抽象名詞)→asuccess(具體化)成功的人或事afailure失敗的人或事ashame帶來恥辱的人或事apity可惜或遺憾的事amust必需必備的事agoodknowledgeof精通掌握某一方面的知識II.定冠詞的用法1表示某一類人或物InmanyplacesinChina,___bicycleisstill___popularmeansoftransportation.A.a;theB./;aC.the;aD.the;the2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于演奏樂器playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”（對比上文的不定冠詞用法5）—Couldyoutellmethewayto____Johnsons,please?

—Sorry,wedon’thave____Johnsonhereinthevillage.

A.the;the B.the;a C./;the D.the;/7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個年代inthe1990’s(二十世紀(jì)九十年代)11用于表示度量單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.不用冠詞（又名零冠詞）的用法1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5表示球類，棋類等運動的名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表示交通方式的名詞前Wewentrightroundtothewestcoastby______seainsteadofdrivingacross______continent.A.the;the B.不填；the C.the;不填 D.不填；不填7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.二、名詞和主謂一致I.名詞的種類專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團(tuán)體機構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞特別注意名詞類別的相互轉(zhuǎn)換個體名詞與抽象名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例句意義名詞性質(zhì)①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花兒個體名詞開花抽象名詞①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名詞年輕人個體名詞①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?—Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名詞成功的事個體名詞物質(zhì)名詞與個體名詞的相互轉(zhuǎn)換例句意義名詞性質(zhì)①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.鐵物質(zhì)名詞熨斗個體名詞①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物質(zhì)名詞玻璃杯個體名詞①Iboughtachickenthismorning②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小雞個體名詞雞肉物質(zhì)名詞抽象名詞與個體名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換具有動作意義的抽象名詞加用與某些動詞（如：have等）連用，表示某一次短暫的動作①—I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a②Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息（抽象名詞）A.aB.anC./D.the③Couldwehavewordbeforeyougotothemeeting?話（個體名詞）A.aB.anC./D.the類例：haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(進(jìn)步)/makeanearlystart(早點出發(fā))/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(發(fā)出痛苦的叫聲)/giveatry表示知識和時間的抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞時可以用來表示其中的一部分①Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a,/B.the,anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道實際情況)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供關(guān)于中國更為翔實的知識)haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速記的知識)②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime③ismoney.A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為普通名詞可用來表示“一次、一陣、一種”具體的行為、事件、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果。這時名詞前往往有形容詞修飾①Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD.Whatpleasantsurprise②ShelookedupwhenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.insurpriseD.insomesurprise其它例子：Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③Itis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanunusualD.soanunusualII.名詞的數(shù)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es（參看有關(guān)語法書）。英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，請看下表規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊),times(時代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.主謂一致規(guī)則情況舉例語法一致原則以單數(shù)名詞或代詞動詞不定式短語，動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由連接詞and或both…and連接起來的主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。但若所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語就用單數(shù)形式。由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。either,neither,each,every或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,anyno,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthascome.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)。若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定語從句里，關(guān)系代詞that,who,which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在強調(diào)句型中應(yīng)與被強調(diào)部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果它指的集體的成員，其謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.（他的家人）Classfourisonthethirdfloor.（四班）ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.（四班的學(xué)生）由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名詞構(gòu)成的短語以及由分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外，還有anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞有類似的用法（用復(fù)數(shù)），但thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞的數(shù)就得依number而定（用單數(shù)）。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.邏輯意義一致原則What,who,which,any,more,all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示時間重量長度價值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoodear.如強調(diào)這類詞的復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英語是書名名格言劇名報名國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNights”isaninterestingstory-book.表數(shù)量的短語“oneandahalf”后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.一些學(xué)科名詞是以-ics結(jié)尾，如：mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等。都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.這家造紙廠建于1990年。Idon’tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a(the)pairof等量詞修飾時（clothes被asuitof修飾）謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.“定冠詞the+形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；若表示某一類東西時，動詞用單數(shù)。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.就近/遠(yuǎn)一致原則當(dāng)兩個主語由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetheror連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語保持一致,即就近一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.Neithertheynorheiswhollyright.Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?therebe句型中be動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個主語保持一致，即就近一致。Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.主語后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短語，謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠(yuǎn)一致。Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.Awomanwithababywasonthebus.NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground.She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit.三、代詞I.代詞可以分為以下八大類1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them形容詞性物主代詞my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性物主代詞mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs2反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves3指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some4疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever5關(guān)系代詞/連接代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as6不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittleother/another,all/both,neither/either7相互代詞eachother,oneanotherII.不定代詞用法注意點類別區(qū)別例句one,some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復(fù)數(shù)為ones①We’vebeenlookingatthehousesbuthaven’tfound___welikeyet.A.oneB.ones C.itD.them②Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems—infactfarmoreserious_______thanmobilephonesdo.A.oneB.ones C.itD.thosesome可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等—Yourcoffeesmellsgreat!—It’sfromMexico．Wouldyoulike________?A.itB.someC.thisD.1ittlesome和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個①Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.②—WhichofthethreewaysshallItaketothevillage?—________wayasyouplease.A.EachB.EveryC.AnyD.Eitherone指同類中的一個，it指代同一種類的東西。此外it還可以作形式主語、形式賓語和用于強調(diào)句型中。—Thereisstillacopyofthebookinthelibrary.Willyougoandborrow?—No,I’dratherbuyinthebookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itsome多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句①There’s________cookingoilinthehouse.Wouldyougotothecornerstoreandget________.A.1ittle,someB.1ittle,anyC.alittle,someD.alittle,any②Wehadthreesetsofgardentoolsandweseemedtohavenousefor________.A.noneB.eitherC.anyD.each③Hedoesn’thave_________furnitureinhisroom--justanolddesk.A.anyB.manyC.someD.mucheach和everyeach強調(diào)個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上①Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.Each(ofus)hasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.②Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.none和nono等于notany，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以①Thereisnowaterinthebottle.②Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.③Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的另外一個，復(fù)數(shù)為theothers①Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract.A.anotherB.theotherC.neitherD.each②Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”①Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun，solet’shave______onethismonth．A．theotherB．someC．a(chǎn)notherD．other②Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.③Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.either和neither前者意思為：兩者都（兩者中任何一方都）；后者意思為：兩者都①—Doyouwantteaorcoffee? —______,Ireallydon'tmind.A.noneB.neitherC.eitherD.all②ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishinafamily,inwhich_____oftheparentsspokethelanguage.A.noneB.neitherC.bothD.each四、形容詞和副詞I.形容詞1.形容詞的位置：形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況下后置1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等作定語時后置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時間、單位連用時abridge50meterslong5成對的形容詞可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith7enough修飾名詞時可以前置也可以后置，但修飾形容詞或副詞時要后置______totakehisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.(NMET2000)A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbreavestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.Studentsenoughbrave注意：多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序熟記口訣就可以順利解題：限定描繪大長高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠。規(guī)則：限定語（The、A）+描繪性形容詞+size（小）+shape（形狀）+age（年齡、時間）+color（顏色）+origin（國籍、來源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名詞?！鳷his________girlisLinda’scousin.(05北京卷)A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish2.復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-year3.形容詞（短語）作伴隨狀語Ashelookedatthegoat,itrolledover,dead.當(dāng)他看著山羊的時候，山羊翻了個身，死了。Afraidofdifficulties,theyprefertotaketheeasyroad.由于害怕困難，他們寧愿走好走的路。II.副詞的分類：1時間副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8關(guān)系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞的比較等級形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。項目例句同級比較時常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…Sheisastallashermother.Iamnotas/sogoodaplayerasyouare.雙方比較，表示一方超過另一方時，用“比較級（+than）”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。要注意題干中將比較的另一方陰藏起來的情況。Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.Ihaveneverseensuchamoreinterestingfilm(thanthisone).表示一方不及另一方時，用“l(fā)ess+原級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.表示一方隨另一方變化時用“themore…themore…”句型Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.我從來沒有度過這樣令人煩惱的一天。（意為：我度過了最為令人煩惱的一天。）倍數(shù)的表達(dá)表達(dá)法一：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesthesize(height,lengthetc.)ofB.Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大（高）/這座新樓比那座舊樓大（高）三倍。表達(dá)法二：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesasbig(high,long,etc.)asB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大/亞洲比歐洲大三倍。表達(dá)法三：Aisthree(four,etc.)timesbigger(higher,longer,etc.)thanB.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。用times表倍數(shù)通常用于三倍以上，兩倍可以用twice或double.注意：1.可以修飾比較級的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal；2.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect，superior,junior等。五、動詞和短語動詞知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)動詞的分類行為動詞（實義動詞）①及物動詞（帶賓語）：study,develop;②不及物動詞（不帶賓語）work,swim,go,come③狀態(tài)動詞（相對靜止）contain,exist,own,prefer,belong④動作動詞：延續(xù)性（work,stay）；非延續(xù)性（marry,go,come）連系動詞（漢語中沒有這種詞類）助動詞（與動詞原形或分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語）be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall情態(tài)動詞can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)短語動詞常見的構(gòu)成方式及其注意點動詞+副詞所構(gòu)成的短語動詞分及物的和不及物的兩類Pleaseturneverylightinthehouseoff.請把房子里的每一盞燈都關(guān)掉。（及物）Harryturnedupafterthepartywheneveryonehadleft.晚會后，人們都已離去，哈里出現(xiàn)了。（不及物）注意：①如果賓語較長，就應(yīng)避免把副詞同動詞分開Sheturnedoffallthelightswhichhadbeenlefton.她關(guān)掉了所有還在亮著的燈。②如果賓語是人稱代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間Shegavethemaway.她送掉了它們。=3\*GB3③同一動詞和不同副詞搭配時，意義上有很大的差異ringback回電話ringoff掛斷電話ringup打電話putaway放好puton穿，上演putup掛起，舉起。=4\*GB3④不同動詞和同一副詞搭配時，在意義上有很大的差異breakout發(fā)生，爆炸carryout進(jìn)行，開展goout熄滅handout分發(fā)letout放出lookout當(dāng)心sellout賣完setout出發(fā),takeout取出workout算出動詞+介詞(及物)I'mlookingformyglasses.我在找我的眼鏡。注意：①當(dāng)它跟賓語時，不能把介詞放在賓語后面。②同一動詞和不同介詞搭配時，意義上有很大的差異。lookafter照料，lookat看，lookfor尋找動詞+副詞+介詞Ilookforwardtoseeingyousoon.我盼望不久就見到你。注：“動詞+介詞”、“動詞+名詞+副詞”、“動詞+副詞+介詞”，這三種搭配都是及物的，如變成被動語態(tài)，不可漏掉介詞。Inthiswaybothgrainandvegetablecanbewelllookedafter.(不能漏掉after)這樣一來，糧食和蔬菜都能兼顧了?？键c聚焦及解題點撥(單個動詞)同義詞近義詞辨析從三個方面考慮：詞的恰切含義、搭配（與介詞、名詞或非謂語動詞的搭配）和用法（是及物動詞還是不及物動詞）系動詞的用法狀態(tài)系動詞be持續(xù)系動詞keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest表象系動詞seem,appear感官/感覺系動詞look,smell,taste,sound,feel變化系動詞become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come終止系動詞prove,turnout解答這類試題的關(guān)鍵首先是弄清題意，然后是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，由此可判斷出該動詞是否用作系動詞，最后確定所要填入的答案。特別關(guān)注：gohungry,cometrue,turnwriter接雙賓語的動詞givesb.sth=givesth.tosbbuysb.sth.=buysth.forsb但是我們只能說：suggeststh.tosb.explainsth.tosb.readsth.tosb.短語動詞的辨析熟記?？嫉亩陶Z動詞的意義容易被我們忽視的知識點sell,write,wash,wear等詞的主動形式后跟副詞表示被動意義happen,occur,takeplace,breakout,comeout,belongto等無被動形式六、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1.常用常考的動詞時態(tài)和用法：（以do為例）名稱構(gòu)成用法一般現(xiàn)在時do/does,(連系動詞is/am/are)1.一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。2.主句是一般將來時,時間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。I’llgothereafterIfinishmywork.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwon’tgothere.3.在以here,there開頭的句子里，go,come等少數(shù)動詞的一般在時表示正在發(fā)生的動作。Theregoesthebell.鈴響了。Therecomesthebus.汽車來了。Hereshecomes.她來了。一般過去時did,(連系動詞was/were)表達(dá)特定的過去時間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或行為?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時is/am/aredoing1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動作。2.表示按計劃安排即將發(fā)生的動作。SheisleavingforBeijing.她要去北京。Heisworkingasateachertomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。MyfatheriscomingtoseemethisSaturday.這個星期六我爸爸要來看我。3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時，描繪更加生動。TheChangjiang長江江水滾滾向東流。Thesunisrisingintheeast.太陽從東方冉冉升起。過去進(jìn)行時was/weredoing1.表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作（這一過去時間須用時間狀語表示）Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.2.表示動作在另一過去動作發(fā)生時進(jìn)行TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.3.用在兩個過去進(jìn)行時動作同時發(fā)生IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.4.表示過去將來動作Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.現(xiàn)在完成時has/havedone1.表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，說話時已完成的動作。Ihavefinishedthereport./Shehascleandtheroom.2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for...”,“since...”表述的一段時間狀語連用。HehaslearnedEnglishforsixyears.Theyhaveworkedheresincetheyleftcollege.3.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/hasbeento”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/hasgoneto”?！猈hereisLiHua?－Hehasgonetothereading-room.—SheknowsalotaboutShanghai.－Shehasbeenthere.4.短暫動詞（即瞬間動詞），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,breakout等，在完成時態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。不能說：Hehasjoinedthearmyforthreeyears.要翻譯“他已參軍已經(jīng)三年了。”可采用①“ago法”Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.②“延續(xù)法”Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.③“since法”Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.過去完成時haddone1.表示在過去某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。Hehadshutthedoorbeforethedogcameup.Everythinghadbeenallrightuptillthismorning.2.表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。Attheageoften,hehadlearned500Englishwords.Hehadbeenillforaweekwhenwelearnedaboutit.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動詞的過去完成時來表示未實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthematch.將來完成時will/shallhavedone用來表示在將來某個時刻（前）將完成的動作。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。WewillhavefinishedseniorBook2bytheendofthisterm.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時has/havebeendoing用來表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（還要繼續(xù)下去）的動作。Hehasbeendoingthemathsproblemssince8:00.過去完成進(jìn)行時hadbeendoing表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。一般將來時will/shalldois/am/aregoingtodois/am/are（about）todo一般將來時表示將來要發(fā)生的動作和存在的狀況（詳見下面2.一般將來時的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較）過去將來時would/shoulddowas/weregoingtodowas/were（about）todo1.相對于過去某一時刻而言即將發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)HetoldmehewouldgotoBeijing.他告訴我他將去北京。Iwastoldthathewasgoingtoreturnhome.有人告訴我他準(zhǔn)備回家。2.woulddo(表示過去的習(xí)慣)總是,總會,常常

Hewouldsitsilentforhours.他常常接連好幾個小時默默地坐著。2.一般將來時的特殊表達(dá)方式的比較將來時用法例句1be+doing進(jìn)行時表將來go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?2beaboutto+動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.3beto+動詞原形表示按計劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.4一般現(xiàn)在時表將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.3.容易混淆的時態(tài)比較項目區(qū)別例句一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或造成的結(jié)果Wehaven’theardfromJaneforalongtime.Whatdoyousuppose_______toher?A.washappeningB.happensC.hashappenedD.happened說明：說話者強調(diào)Jane目前的狀況.Mr.Lee,who________asacarpenterforover10years,isnowaveryfamousstatesmaninthiscountry.A.hasworked B.hadworked C.worked D.works(只說明他過去當(dāng)過木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在)一般過去時只表達(dá)過去的動作或狀態(tài)Hello,I____youwereinLondon.Howlong_________here?A.don’tknow;wereyouB.hadn’tknown;areyouC.haven’tknown;areD.didn’tknow;haveyoubeen說明：didn’tknow強調(diào)見面前不知道Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的比較著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，用現(xiàn)在完成時Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過那本書了。（知道那本書的內(nèi)容）著重表示動作一直在進(jìn)行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時—Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.—Iamtired.I_______thelivingroomallday.A.paintedB.hadpaintedC.havebeenpaintingD.havepainted說明：強調(diào)動作從過去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與過去進(jìn)行時的比較現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在某個時候或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作Idon’treallyworkhere.I____untilthenewsecretary_______.A.justhelpout;comesB.havejusthelpedout;willcomeC.amjusthelpingout;comesD.willjusthelpout;hascome說明：指目前一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作,until引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句,動詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時。過去進(jìn)行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作—Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!—Oh,I’mterriblysorry._______.A.I’mnotnoticing.B.Iwasn’tnoticing.C.Ihaven’tnoticed.D.Idon’tnotice.說明：對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.一般過去時與過去進(jìn)行時的比較一般過去時只表達(dá)過去的動作或狀態(tài)Tom________intothehousewhennoone___________.A.slipped;wasnoticingB.hadslipped;noticedC.slipped;hadnoticedD.wasslipping;noticed說明：slip和notice為同時發(fā)生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動作（他溜進(jìn)去了），whennoonewasnoticing指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。過去進(jìn)行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作.He______abookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon’tknowifhe______it.A.wrote;hasfinishedB.waswriting;hasfinishedC.waswriting;hadfinishedD.wrote;willfinish說明：正確選項為B.從Idon’tknowifhehasfinishedit.推斷，他去年一直在寫。II.動詞的被動語態(tài)常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/aredone6過去進(jìn)行時was/werebeingdone2一般過去時was/weredone7現(xiàn)在完成時have/hasbeendone3一般將來時shall/willbedone8過去完成時hadbeendone4過去將來時should/wouldbedone9將來完成時will/wouldhavebeendone5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/arebeingdone10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/maybedone注意事項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat…被動語態(tài)的句型1.常見句式是：主語（受動者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動者）：HewasscoldedbytheEnglishteacher.2.主語＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分：Theboygotdrownedlastsummer./Shegotfiredbecauseofherfaults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動者”3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變?yōu)閯泳?，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。Shelentmeabike.被動：①Iwaslentabike(byher).②Abikewaslenttome(byher).4.情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞：Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.5.雙重被動式：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分Thesemagazinesarenotallowedtobetakenoutofthereading-room.Themurdererwasorderedtobeshot.下面主動形式常表示被動意義1.不及物動詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見動詞是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。Thisknifecutswell.這把刀好切。Thesebookssellwell.這些書好賣。Thepenwritessmoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。Meatwon’tkeeplonginsuchhotweather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。Theclothwasheswell.這種布好洗。2.一些連系動詞的主動式＋形容詞。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turnout等。Theapplestastegood.Theflowersmellswonderful.Thenewsproved/turnedouttrue.Cottonfeelssoft.不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況1.IteachmyselfFrench.不可變?yōu)镸yselfistaughtFrench.因為反身代詞不可作主語。2.Wehelpeachother/oneanother.不可變?yōu)镋achother/Oneanotherishelpedbyus.因為相互代詞不可作主語。3.Helostheart.不可變?yōu)镠eartwaslostbyhim.因為象loseheart,makeaface,keepsilence,loseinthought這類動賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式。4.Shetookpartinthesportsmeet.不能變?yōu)門hesportsmeetwastakenpartinbyher.因為象takepartin,belongto,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。含有短語動詞在被動語態(tài)中介詞不能丟Muchattentionmustbepaidtoyourhandwriting.特別注意以下句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：EveryminutemustbemadefulluseoftostudyEnglsih.下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞的語法功能所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞种髡Z表語賓語賓語補足語定語狀語V-ing形式現(xiàn)在分詞△△△△動名詞△△△△不定式（todo）△△△△△△過去分詞(done)△△△△注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨立成分generallyspeaking一般說來；franklyspeaking坦白地說；judgingfrom/by...根據(jù)……來判斷；considering.../oconsideration考慮到……；totellyouthetruth說實話；seeing...考慮到……；supposing假設(shè)，如果；providing如果；given考慮到，鑒于；providedthat如果非謂語動詞的形式變化非謂語形式構(gòu)成時態(tài)語態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動被動不定式一般式todotobedoneforsb.todosth.或ofsb.todosth.在“to”前加not或never進(jìn)行式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成式tobedoing/完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing/動名詞一般式doingbeingdonesb.或sb’sdoing作主語要用sb’sdoing在前加not特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式：sb’snotdoingsb’snothavingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞變化形式相同在前加not在解非謂語習(xí)題時同學(xué)們遇到最大的困難有兩個：一是如何判別是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞；二是如何選用哪一種非謂語動詞及其恰當(dāng)?shù)男问?。一、謂語與非謂語的比較非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現(xiàn)象。漢語中幾個謂語動詞連用而動詞不用作任何形式的變化。如：他明天來拜訪你。翻譯成英語不是Hewillcomevisityou，而是Hewillcometovisityou.這里就用了不定式tovisit。因此同學(xué)們要特別注意弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Tomsatunderatreeandseeinghisfriend,upinnotime.A.tostandB.standing