初中語法大全

一.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

概念:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。

常和always,often,usually,sometimes,everyday等表時(shí)間的狀語連用。

如：1)

Igotoschooleveryday.我每天都去學(xué)校。（表經(jīng)常）

2)Heisalwayslikethat.他總是那樣。（表狀態(tài)）

構(gòu)成：1)主語+be(am/are/is)+……

2)主語+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+…

1)

be動(dòng)詞

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主語+be(am,are,is)+…主語+be(am,are,is)+notBe+主語+…?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

IamGina.

IamnotGina.AreyouGina?Yes,Iam.

No,Iamnot.

Heisten.

Heisnotten.Isheten?Yes,heis.

No,heisn’t.

Theyaretwins.

Theyarenottwins.Aretheytwins?Yes,theyare.

No,theyaren’t.

2)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(以like為例)

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

a)主語+動(dòng)詞原形…

b)主語(三單)+動(dòng)詞三單主語+don’t+動(dòng)原

主語+doesn’t+動(dòng)原Do+主語+動(dòng)原...?

Does+主語+動(dòng)原…?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Ilikeapples.

Idon’tlikeapples.Doyoulikeapples?Yes,Ido.

No,Idon’t.

Helikesred.

Hedoesn’tlikered.Doeshelikered?Yes,hedoes.

No,hedoesn’t.

附:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成:

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形第三人稱單數(shù)

一般動(dòng)詞在詞尾加-s,在清輔音后讀/s/,在濁輔音后讀/z/,在t后讀/ts/,在d后讀/dz/.help

swim

get

findhelps

/helps/

swims

/swimz/

gets

/gets/

finds

/faindz/

以字母s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-es,讀/iz/,以o結(jié)尾的加-es,讀/z/.

teach

bus

goteaches

buses

goes

以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,把y變?yōu)閕,再加-es,讀/z/.

study

carrystudies

carries

二.一般過去時(shí)

概念:1)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).

常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用.如:yesterday,lastweek,in1998,twodaysago等.

如:

Iwenttoamovieyesterday.

我昨天去看了一場電影.

2)也可表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.

如:Healwayswenttoworkbybikelastweek.

構(gòu)成:

1)主語+be(was/were)+……

2)主語+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞過去式+

1)

be動(dòng)詞

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主語+was/were+…主語+was/were+notWas/Were+主語+..?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Shewas12lastyear.

Shewasn’t12lastyear.

Wasshe12lastyear?Yes,shewas.

No,shewasn’t.

Theyweretwins.

Theyweren’ttwins.Weretheytwins?Yes,theywere.

No,theyweren’t.

2)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(以like為例)

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

a)主語+動(dòng)過…

b)主語(三單)+動(dòng)過主語+didn’t+動(dòng)原

主語+didn’t+動(dòng)原Did+主語+動(dòng)原...?

Did+主語+動(dòng)原…?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Welikedapples.

Wedidn’tlikeapplesDidyoulikeapples?Yes,wedid.

No,wedidn’t.

Helikedmath.Hedidn’tlikemath.Didhelikemath?Yes,hedid.

No,hedidn’t.

附:一般過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成:(分為規(guī)則與不規(guī)則兩類,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式構(gòu)成見八年級課本上冊P116)

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式構(gòu)成:

構(gòu)成規(guī)則原形過去式

一般在動(dòng)詞原形后加-edlook

playlooked

played

結(jié)尾是e的,加-d

live

hopelived

hoped

末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed.

stop

plan

trek

stopped

planned

trekked

以輔音字母加結(jié)尾的,把y變?yōu)镮,再加-ed.

study

worry

studied

worried

注:加-ed后的讀音,清輔音后讀/t/,濁輔音后讀/z/,/t/,/d/后讀/id/.

三.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

概念:表示現(xiàn)在(說話瞬間)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.

如:

Heissinging.

TheyarewatchingTVnow.

構(gòu)成:主語+助動(dòng)詞be(am/are/is)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式構(gòu)成.

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主+be(am,are,is)+v-ing主+be+not+v-ing

Be+主語+v-ing…?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Iamworking.

Iamnotworking.Areyouworking?Yes,Iam.

No,Iamnot.

Heisdancing.

Heisnotdancing.Ishedancing?Yes,heis.

No,heisn’t.

Theyareswimming.

Theyarenotswimming.Aretheyswimming?Yes,theyare.

No,theyaren’t.

附:動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成:

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形-ing形式

一般在動(dòng)詞詞尾加-ing

go

ask

going

asking

以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,去掉e加-ing.

write

make

writing

making

以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的,先雙寫這一字母,再加

get

shop

begin

getting

shopping

beginning

四.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

概念:表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.這一特定的過去時(shí)間除了有上下文暗示外,一般用時(shí)間狀語來表示.

如:

1)---Whatwereyoudoing?

---Iwasjumping.

2)---WhatwastheboydoingwhentheUFOarrived?

---Hewassleeping.

構(gòu)成:主語+助動(dòng)詞be(was/were)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式構(gòu)成.

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主+be(was/were)+v-ing主+be+not+v-ing

Be+主語+v-ing…?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Iwasworking.

Iwasnotworking.Wereyouworking?Yes,Iwas.

No,Iweren’t.

Hewasdancing.

Hewasnotdancing.Washedancing?Yes,hewas.

No,hewasn’t.

Theyweresinging.Theyweren’tsinging.Weretheysinging?Yes,theywere.

No,theyweren’t.

五.一般將來時(shí)

概念:表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用,如:tomorrow,nextweek,nextyear,inthefuture等.

如:

Hewillgoshoppingtomorrow.

Theyaregoingtoplaybasketballnextweek.

構(gòu)成:

1)主語+助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)原+…

2)主語+begoingto+動(dòng)原+….

1)

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主+will+動(dòng)原…主+willnot+動(dòng)原Will+主語+動(dòng)原..?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Iwillswimnextweek.

Iwon’tswimnextweek.Willyouswimnextweek?Yes,Iwill.

No,Iwon’t.

Hewillsingattheparty.Hewon’tsingattheparty.Willhesingattheparty?Yes,hewill.

No,hewon’t.

Theywillgowithus.Theywon’tgowithus.Willtheygowithus?Yes,theywill.

No,theywon’t.

2)

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主+begoingto+動(dòng)原…主+be+not+goingto+動(dòng)原Be+主語+動(dòng)原..?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Iamgoingtoswimnextweek.

Iamnotgoingtoswimnextweek.Areyougoingto

swimnextweek?Yes,Iam.

No,Iamnot.

Heisgoingtosingattheparty.Heisn’tgoingtosingattheparty.Ishegoingtosingattheparty?Yes,heis.

No,heisn’t.

TheyaregoingtotravelParis.TheyarenotgoingtotravelParis.AretheygoingtotravelParis?

Yes,theyare.

No,theyaren’t.

六.過去將來時(shí)

概念:表示在過去將來的某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài).

構(gòu)成:

1)主語(第一人稱)+助動(dòng)詞should+動(dòng)原+…

2)主語+would+動(dòng)原+….

3)主語+was/weregoingto+動(dòng)原…

用法:

過去將來時(shí)除了上下文暗示外,一般常用在間接引語中,主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)態(tài).

如:1)Ishouldgo.

2)YouknewIwouldcome.

3)TheyweregoingtoNaning.

七.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

構(gòu)成:

主語+助動(dòng)詞(have/has)+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+…

用法:

用法例句

表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果.---Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?

---Yes,Ihave.(現(xiàn)在我不餓了)

某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示過去某一時(shí)間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(包括”現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi))的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),可以和表示延續(xù)的時(shí)間狀語連用.表示持續(xù)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞多是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞.1.Ihaveseenyouthesedays.

2.Theyhavelivedhereforabout20uears.

3.HowlonghaveyoustudiedEnglish?

4.ShehastaughtussinceIcamehere.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和already,never,ever,just,before,yet等狀語連用.1.Ihavejustlostmycoat.

2.I’veneverbeentoShanghaibefore.

havebeento‘表示到過某地’

havegoneto‘已經(jīng)去某地了’1.MymomhasbeentoAmerica.

2.HeisgonetoBeijing.

肯定句否定句一般疑問句回答

主+have/has+過分主+have/has+not+過分…Have/Has+主語+過分…..?肯定回答:Yes,…

否定回答:No,…

Ihaveseenthefilm

Ihaven’tseenthefilm.Haveyouseenthefilm?Yes,Ihave.

No,Ihaven’t.

Hehaswateredtheflowers.Hehasn’twateredtheflowers.Hashewateredtheflowers?Yes,hehas.

No,hehasn’t.

注:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以它不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用.而一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,它可以和表示過去的時(shí)間連用.

附:動(dòng)詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成:(分為規(guī)則與不規(guī)則兩類,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成見八年級課本上冊P116)

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成:

構(gòu)成規(guī)則原形過去