江蘇專用屆高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題十二推理判斷課件

專題十二推理判斷高考英語(yǔ)

(江蘇專用)Passage1(2019江蘇,C)詞數(shù):444Whocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheinternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthe

washingmachine?Whydoesitmatterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,they

haverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,represented

bytheinternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso“yester-

day”thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin“post-industrialsociety”hasledthose

countriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造業(yè)),withnegativeconsequencesfortheire-

conomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeinternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedthe

internationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide”betweentherichcountriesandthe

五年高考A組自主命題·江蘇卷題組poorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriesto

buycomputerequipmentandinternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuch

asdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachines

wouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingup

internetcentresinruralvillages.Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,

butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelative

long-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchanges

inthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolutionarythatnowwelivein

a“borderlessworld”.Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobe-

lievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,going

againstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovern-

mentshaveputanendtosomeoftheverynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,

labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrectlydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindi-

viduallevel.However,ourfascinationwiththelatest,andourunder-valuationofwhathasalready

ecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections.1.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto

.A.alackofconfidenceintechnologyB.aslowprogressintechnologyC.aconflictofpublicopinionsD.awasteoflimitedresources2.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould

.A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD.providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities3.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B.Believingthattheworldhaseborderless.C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofinternationalcommunication.4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B.Traditionaltechnologystillhasaplacenowadays.C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.答案[語(yǔ)篇解讀]

本文為說明文,主題語(yǔ)境為人與社會(huì),主題語(yǔ)境內(nèi)容為社會(huì)進(jìn)步與人類文明。本

文告訴我們應(yīng)正確認(rèn)識(shí)科技發(fā)展趨勢(shì)并順勢(shì)而為。本文有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。1.D推理判斷題。本題題干意為:對(duì)于新科技的影響的錯(cuò)誤判斷會(huì)導(dǎo)致

。根據(jù)文章第

二段第二句話However,theyhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarcere-

sources.(然而,它們有實(shí)實(shí)在在的影響,因?yàn)樗鼈儗?dǎo)致了對(duì)稀缺資源的錯(cuò)誤使用。)可知答案為

D項(xiàng)(對(duì)有限資源的浪費(fèi))。A項(xiàng):對(duì)科技缺乏信心;B項(xiàng):科技的緩慢進(jìn)步;C項(xiàng):輿論的沖突。2.A推理判斷題。本題題干意為:第四段中的例子建議捐贈(zèng)者應(yīng)該

。根據(jù)第四段第三

句話可知答案為A項(xiàng)(考慮人們的基本需求)。B項(xiàng):讓他們的計(jì)劃吸引人;C項(xiàng):確保每一個(gè)孩子

都能得到經(jīng)濟(jì)資助;D項(xiàng):提供更多負(fù)擔(dān)得起的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)施。3.B推理判斷題。本題題干意為:是什么導(dǎo)致許多政府取消了必要的管制?根據(jù)文章第五段

第一、三句可知答案為B項(xiàng)(相信世界已經(jīng)變得無國(guó)界)。A項(xiàng):忽略了科技進(jìn)步的影響;C項(xiàng):忽

視了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的力量;D項(xiàng):過度強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)際交往的作用。4.B推理判斷題。本題題干意為:從文章中我們可以推斷出什么?根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句話可知答案為B項(xiàng)(傳統(tǒng)科技在今天仍然占有一席之地)。A項(xiàng):應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)人們多捐款;C項(xiàng):正確

的職業(yè)選擇對(duì)個(gè)人成功至關(guān)重要;D項(xiàng):經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的制定應(yīng)該遵循科技發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。長(zhǎng)難句

原句:Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhatever

changeishappeningtodayistheresultofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbe

liketryingtoturntheclockback.譯文:因此,在過去的二十年左右,許多人開始相信,無論今天發(fā)生什么變化,都是偉大的科技進(jìn)

步的結(jié)果,而不順應(yīng)它將會(huì)像試圖把時(shí)鐘轉(zhuǎn)回來一樣。分析:本句中主句主語(yǔ)為manypeople,謂語(yǔ)為havecometobelieve,賓語(yǔ)為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從

句。重點(diǎn)詞匯misjudgmentn.錯(cuò)誤判斷fascinationn.迷戀,著迷revolutionn.革命facilityn.設(shè)

施,設(shè)備Passage2(2018江蘇,D)詞數(shù):704Childrenasyoungastenareingdependentonsocialmediafortheirsenseofself-worth,a

majorstudywarned.Itfoundmanyyoungsters(少年)nowmeasuretheirstatusbyhowmuchpublicapprovaltheyget

online,oftenthrough“l(fā)ikes”.Somechangetheirbehaviourinreallifetoimprovetheirimageon

theweb.Thereportintoyoungstersagedfrom8to12wascarriedoutbyChildren'sCommissioner(專員)

AnneLongfield.Shesaidsocialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajoremotionalrisks,with

someyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththetremendouspressurethey

facedonline.Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneventhoughtheysupposedlyrequireusersto

beatleast13.Theyoungstersadmittedplanningtripsaroundpotentialphoto-opportunitiesand

thenmessagingfriends—andfriendsoffriends—todemand“l(fā)ikes”fortheironlineposts.Thereportfoundthatyoungstersfelttheirfriendshipscouldbeatriskiftheydidnotrespondtoso-cialmediapostsquickly,andaroundtheclock.Childrenaged8to10were“startingtofeelhappy”whenotherslikedtheirposts.However,

thoseinthe10to12agegroupwere“concernedwithhowmanypeopleliketheirposts”,sug-

gestinga“need”forsocialrecognitionthatgetsstrongertheoldertheye.MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchildrenriskedgrowingup“worriedabouttheirap-

pearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonplatforms,andincreasing-

lyanxiousaboutswitchingoffduetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia”.Shesaid:“Childrenareusingsocialmediawithfamilyandfriendsandtoplaygameswhenthey

areinprimaryschool.Butwhatstartsasfunusageofappsturnsintotremendouspressureinreal

socialmediainteractionatsecondaryschool.”Astheirworldexpanded,shesaid,childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythat

was“hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity,intermsoftheirconfidence,butalsoin

termsoftheirabilitytodevelopthemselves”.MissLongfieldadded:“Thenthereisthispushtoconnect—ifyougooffline,willyoumisssome-thing,willyoumissout,willyoushowthatyoudon'tcareaboutthosepeopleyouarefollowing,

allofthosecometogetherinahugewayatonce.”“Forchildrenitisvery,verydifficulttocopewithemotionally.”TheChildren'sCommissioner

forEngland'sstudy—LifeinLikes—foundthatchildrenasyoungas8wereusingsocialmedia

platformslargelyforplay.However,theresearch—involvingeightgroupsof32childrenaged8to12—suggestedthatasthey

headedtowardtheirteens,theybecameincreasinglyanxiousonline.Bythetimetheystartedsecondaryschool—atage11—childrenwerealreadyfarmoreawareof

theirimageonlineandfeltunderhugepressuretoensuretheirpostswerepopular,thereport

found.However,theystilldidnotknowhowtocopewithmean-spiritedjokes,orthesenseofpe-

tencetheymightfeeliftheycomparedthemselvestocelebrities(名人)ormorebrilliantfriendson-

line.Thereportsaidtheyalsofacedpressuretorespondtomessagesatallhoursoftheday—espe-

ciallyatsecondaryschoolwhenmoreyoungstershavemobilephones.TheChildren'sCommissionersaidschoolsandparentsmustnowdomoretopreparechildrenfor

theemotionalminefield(雷區(qū))theyfacedonline.Andshesaidsocialmediacompaniesmustalso

“takemoreresponsibility”.Theyshouldeithermonitortheirwebsitesbettersothatchildrendo

notsignuptooearly,ortheyshouldadjusttheirwebsitestotheneedsofyoungerusers.JavedKhan,ofchildren'scharityBarnardo's,said:“It'svitalthatnewcompulsoryage-appro-

priaterelationshipandsexeducationlessonsinEnglandshouldhelpequipchildrentodealwiththe

growingdemandsofsocialmedia.”“It'salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichappstheirchildrenareusing.”1.Whydidsomesecondaryschoolstudentsfeeltoomuchpressure?A.Theywerenotprovidedwithadequateequipment.B.Theywerenotwellpreparedforemotionalrisks.C.Theywererequiredtogivequickresponses.D.Theywerepreventedfromusingmobilephones.2.Somesocialappcompaniesweretoblamebecause

.A.theydidn'tadequatelychecktheirusers'registrationB.theyorganizedphototripstoattractmoreyoungstersC.theyencouragedyoungsterstopostmorephotosD.theydidn'tstopyoungstersfromstayinguplate3.Children'scomparingthemselvestoothersonlinemayleadto

.A.lessfriendlinesstoeachotherB.lowerself-identityandconfidenceC.anincreaseinonlinecheatingD.astrongerdesiretostayonline4.AccordingtoLife

in

Likes,aschildrengrew,theybecamemoreanxiousto

.A.circulatetheirpostsquicklyB.knowthequalitiesoftheirpostsC.usemobilephonesforplayD.getmorepublicapproval5.Whatshouldparentsdotosolvetheproblem?A.Communicatemorewithsecondaryschools.B.Urgemediacompaniestocreatesaferapps.C.Keeptrackofchildren'suseofsocialmedia.D.Forbidtheirchildrenfromvisitingtheweb.6.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theinfluenceofsocialmediaonchildren.B.Theimportanceofsocialmediatochildren.C.Theprobleminbuildingahealthyrelationship.D.Themeasuretoreducerisksfromsocialmedia.答案[語(yǔ)篇解讀]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),青少年變得依賴社交媒體來找到自我價(jià)值。他們中很多人都以網(wǎng)上

的點(diǎn)贊量來衡量自己的地位,這在很多方面帶來了不利影響。因此家長(zhǎng)、學(xué)校和媒體應(yīng)該肩

負(fù)起更多的責(zé)任。1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句的socialmediafirmswereexposingchildrentomajore-

motionalrisks,withsomeyoungstersstartingsecondaryschoolill-equippedtocopewiththe

tremendouspressuretheyfacedonline可知,社交媒體公司使孩子們?cè)谇楦蟹矫婷媾R危險(xiǎn),因?yàn)?/p>

這些開始上中學(xué)的年輕人并未做好準(zhǔn)備去應(yīng)對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶來的巨大壓力。即他們并沒有為情感

方面的危險(xiǎn)做好充分準(zhǔn)備。故選B項(xiàng)。2.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Somesocialappswerepopularamongthechildreneven

thoughtheysupposedlyrequireuserstobeatleast13.可知,盡管有些社交應(yīng)用程序應(yīng)該要求用

戶至少滿13歲,但是這些應(yīng)用程序還是受到孩子們的歡迎。由此可見,社交應(yīng)用程序公司并沒

有充分檢查用戶的注冊(cè)是否符合要求,所以這些公司應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)。故選A項(xiàng)。3.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第九段第一句中的childrencomparedthemselvestoothersonlineinawaythatwas“hugelydamagingintermsoftheirself-identity可知,隨著孩子交際圈的擴(kuò)大,他們

會(huì)與他人在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行比較,這會(huì)嚴(yán)重?fù)p害他們的自我認(rèn)同、自信心以及發(fā)展自我的能力。故

選B項(xiàng)。4.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第十一、十二和十三段可知,這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)8歲的孩子利用社交媒體

平臺(tái)主要是為了玩兒,而到10歲左右時(shí),他們上網(wǎng)就開始變得焦慮了,到了11歲時(shí),他們更加關(guān)

注自己的網(wǎng)絡(luò)形象,他們要確保自己發(fā)布的內(nèi)容受到別人歡迎。由此判斷,隨著孩子的成長(zhǎng),他

們上網(wǎng)更加渴望得到他人的贊同。故選D項(xiàng)。5.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第一段It'salsohugelyimportantforparentstoknowwhichapps

theirchildrenareusing.可知,要解決這個(gè)問題,家長(zhǎng)們要清楚自己的孩子在用什么社交媒體,即

要跟蹤孩子們對(duì)社交媒體的使用。故選C項(xiàng)。6.A主旨大意題。通讀全文可概括得知,文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn):隨著孩子們的成長(zhǎng),

社交媒體給他們帶來了不利影響,故選A項(xiàng)。長(zhǎng)難句

原句:MissLongfieldwarnedthatagenerationofchildrenriskedgrowingup“worriedabouttheirappearanceandimageasaresultoftheunrealisticlifestylestheyfollowonplatforms,andincreas-

inglyanxiousaboutswitchingoffduetotheconstantdemandsofsocialmedia”.譯文:Longfield女士警告說一代孩子的成長(zhǎng)面臨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谏缃黄脚_(tái)上追求不切

實(shí)際的生活方式,所以很擔(dān)心自己的外貌和形象,而且由于社交媒體持續(xù)不斷的要求,他們對(duì)于

關(guān)閉社交媒體變得越來越焦慮了。分析:warned后為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,形容詞短語(yǔ)worriedabout...和anxiousabout...作狀語(yǔ),they

followonplatforms為定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞lifestyles,asaresultof和dueto均為表示原因的介

詞短語(yǔ)。重點(diǎn)詞匯expose...to...使暴露于;使接觸atrisk處于危險(xiǎn)中tremendousadj.極大的;巨大的

intermsof在……方面;就……而言compulsoryadj.義務(wù)的;強(qiáng)制的Passage3(2017江蘇,C)詞數(shù):452Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反壟斷)

regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestion

wasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiants(巨頭)thatdealindata,theoilofthe

digitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookun-

stoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.

Thegiants'successhasbenefitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquick

delivery.Farfromchargingconsumershighprices,manyoftheseservicesarefree(userspay,inef-

fect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggeststhatnew-

comerscanmakewaves,too.Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevalu-

able,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedthedatacollectedfrom

userstotargetadvertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translationandvisualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompanies'con-

trolofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea“God'seyeview”ofactivitiesintheir

ownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.Breakingupfirmslike

Googleintofivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneofthemwouldbe-

comegreatagain.Arethinkisrequired—andasanewapproachstartstoeapparent,two

ideasstandout.Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.

Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodetermine

whentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms'dataassets(資產(chǎn))whenas-

sessingtheimpactofdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompany

isbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,especiallywhenanew-borncompanyhasno

revenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatin-

formationtheyholdandhowmuchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscouldordertheshar-

ingofcertainkindsofdata,withusers'consent.Restartingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeasy.Butifgovernmentsdon'twantadata

economycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.1.Whyisthereacalltobreakupgiants?A.Theyhavecontrolledthedatamarket.B.Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C.Theynolongerprovidefreeservices.D.Theydismissedsomenew-borngiants.2.WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A.Datagiants'technologyisveryexpensive.B.Google'sideaispopularamongdatafirms.C.Datacanstrengthengiants'controllingposition.D.Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.3.Bypayingattentiontofirms'dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould

.A.killanewthreat

B.avoidthesizetrapC.favourbiggerfirms

D.chargehigherprices4.Whatisthepurposeoflooseningthegiants'controlofdata?A.Bigcompaniescouldrelievedatasecuritypressure.B.Governmentscouldrelievetheirfinancialpressure.C.Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirprivacy.D.Smallcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities.答案[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文為說明文,屬于社科類文章。文章說明了人們?cè)谑芤嬗诖髷?shù)據(jù)的同時(shí),還成

就了一些通過數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)財(cái)?shù)纳虡I(yè)巨頭。為了防止這些巨頭控制某一領(lǐng)域和市場(chǎng),政府需要采取

行動(dòng)。1.A推理判斷題。第二段第一句中的Suchsituations指向第一段所描述的情況。根據(jù)第一段

最后三句Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiantsthatdealindata,theoilofthedigital

age.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookunstop-

pable.可知,正是因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)巨頭們掌控大數(shù)據(jù)市場(chǎng),人們才提出要分化它們。故選A項(xiàng)。2.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句Internetcompanies'controlofdatagivesthemenor-

mouspower.Sotheyhavea“God'seyeview”ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.可

知,應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。3.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthe

pastlessuseful.及第五段內(nèi)容可知,在這樣一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代,以前的反壟斷措施已經(jīng)不怎么有用

了,而在兼并公司時(shí),傳統(tǒng)的做法是通過考慮公司的規(guī)模來決定何時(shí)介入,現(xiàn)在他們需要考慮這些公司有多少數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)了。這樣,關(guān)注數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)就可以幫助監(jiān)管者避開僅看公司規(guī)模的陷

阱。故選B項(xiàng)。4.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段內(nèi)容可知,放松巨頭對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的控制的目的是讓一些小公司從中

獲得更多的機(jī)會(huì)。故選D項(xiàng)。長(zhǎng)難句原句:Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urging

antitrust(反壟斷)regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.譯文:一種新商品促成了一個(gè)利潤(rùn)豐厚、增長(zhǎng)迅速的行業(yè),這迫使反壟斷監(jiān)管人員介入此事,嚴(yán)

查控制這一商品流動(dòng)的人。分析:本句為復(fù)合句。句子主干為Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-grow-

ingindustry,urging...為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),其中who引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是those。重點(diǎn)詞匯bringabout導(dǎo)致,引起Passage4(2016江蘇,C)詞數(shù):443ElNi?o,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermenwho

noticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedthe

amountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNi?oseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyears

inthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,or

sometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffects,bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.Richcountriesgainmorefrom

powerfulNi?os,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNi?oin1997-98helped

America'seconomygrowby$15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvests:farmersin

theMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalesinrichcountriesis

greaterthanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought(干旱)insouth-east

Brazilisingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNi?omayrelievethedrought

inCalifornia,theyarelikelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNi?o,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth

$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNi?oscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknown

abouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopment

Institute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneon

reducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidence

thatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers

(下水道)makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstom-

ach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafter

floods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNi

?o'sharmfuleffects—andthepoorerthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationship

maynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducethe

riskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.Sincethepoorestareleast

likelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNi?o,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNi?oinParagraph1?A.ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.B.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.C.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.D.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.2.WhatmayElNi?osbringabouttothecountriesaffected?A.Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.B.Droughtsemoreharmfulthanfloods.C.Richcountries'gainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.D.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.3.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat

.A.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductionB.governmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidC.victimsofElNi?odeservemorecompensationD.recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirst4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?A.TointroduceElNi?oanditsorigin.B.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNi?o.C.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNi?o.D.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNi?o.答案[語(yǔ)篇解讀]

本文是一篇說明文,主要介紹了厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象名稱的由來、發(fā)生的時(shí)間、造成

的影響,敦促人們加強(qiáng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)前資金的投入,改進(jìn)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,為厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生做好準(zhǔn)備。1.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句ElNi?oseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveral

yearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwards

weaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.可知,厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象見證了大海中水流方向的變化。

故選D項(xiàng)。2.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNi?os,onbal-

ance,thantheylose.可知,總的來說富裕國(guó)家收獲的比失去的多,故選C項(xiàng)。3.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第三句AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),

however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksin

advance...可知,在過去20年里僅有12%的災(zāi)難救濟(jì)資金用于提前降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此第四段旨在說

明應(yīng)該投入更多的資金來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。故選A項(xiàng)。4.D推理判斷題。綜合全文內(nèi)容并結(jié)合文章最后一段可知,本文旨在敦促人們?yōu)槎驙柲嶂Z現(xiàn)象做好準(zhǔn)備。故選D項(xiàng)。長(zhǎng)難句原句:ElNi?o,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermen

whonoticedthattheglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedthe

amountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.譯文:厄爾尼諾在西班牙語(yǔ)中是“圣嬰”的意思,南美洲的漁夫們注意到了這種全球天氣模式,

每?jī)赡甑狡吣昃桶l(fā)生一次,它減少了在圣誕期間捕魚的數(shù)量,從而將其命名為厄爾尼諾。分析:本句為復(fù)合句,含有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。主句ElNi?owasnamedbySouth

Americanfishermen;aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”為同位語(yǔ),補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)ElNi?o;第

一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句由who引導(dǎo),其中that引導(dǎo)的從句作noticed的賓語(yǔ);其中which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)

從句。高級(jí)語(yǔ)塊1.inadvance提前,預(yù)先2.belikelytodosth.可能做某事3.makeupfor彌補(bǔ)Passage1(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅲ,C)詞數(shù):313Beforethe1830s,mostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8

to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamounts

wereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeoplein

politicsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamass

audience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1

830swouldchangeallthat.Thetrend,then,wastowardthe“pennypaper”—atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavail-

abletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnews-

papersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysingle

copiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'

sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,street

salesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.AtfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasB組統(tǒng)一命題、其他?。▍^(qū)、市）卷題組seldomapenny—usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged—andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpa-

perschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase“pennypaper”caughtthepublic'sfancy,andsoon

therewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor“themanonthestreet”didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearly

ventures(企業(yè))wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereowners

ofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaring

businessmentogettheballrolling.1.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspapersinAmericabeforethe1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.2.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepricedhigher.B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.3.Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians.B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers.D.Richbusinessmen.4.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypaper?A.Itwasadifficultprocess.B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor.D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.答案[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。主題語(yǔ)境為人與社會(huì),主題語(yǔ)境內(nèi)容是社會(huì)進(jìn)步。文章介

紹了報(bào)紙走向街頭,走向大眾的過程。文章側(cè)重對(duì)學(xué)生歷史和社會(huì)文化素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)。1.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)19世紀(jì)30年代之前美國(guó)報(bào)紙狀況的描述是

最準(zhǔn)確的?根據(jù)文章第一段的描述可知,當(dāng)時(shí)的報(bào)紙很昂貴,只有富人才能買得起。同時(shí),當(dāng)時(shí)

的很多報(bào)紙對(duì)大眾沒有吸引力。因此B項(xiàng)(沒有吸引力的)符合題意。A:學(xué)術(shù)的;C:便宜的;D:

機(jī)密的。2.C推理判斷題。本題題干意為:街頭銷售對(duì)報(bào)紙來說意味著什么?根據(jù)文章第二段的描述,

當(dāng)報(bào)紙開始在街頭銷售之后,價(jià)格很低,容易買到,所以C項(xiàng)(它們會(huì)有更多的讀者)符合題

意。A:它們的定價(jià)將會(huì)更高;B:它們將從城市消失;D:它們將重獲公眾的信任。3.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:新趨勢(shì)下報(bào)紙的目標(biāo)群體是哪些人?根據(jù)文章第二段和第

三段對(duì)報(bào)紙改革的描述,尤其是第二段的Thetrend,then,wastowardthe“pennypaper”—a

termreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.可知,新的趨勢(shì)為報(bào)紙大眾化。故B

項(xiàng)(普通人)符合題意。4.A推理判斷題。本題題干意為:我們可以如何評(píng)價(jià)“一分報(bào)紙”的誕生?根據(jù)文章對(duì)“一

分報(bào)紙”發(fā)展歷程的描述,尤其是最后一段的Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor“themanon

thestreet”didnotbeginwell.(這種面向街頭普通人的報(bào)紙的新趨勢(shì)一開始發(fā)展得并不好。)

可知,A項(xiàng)(這是一個(gè)艱難的過程)符合題意。B:這是暫時(shí)的成功;C:這是對(duì)貧窮者的掠奪;D:這

對(duì)印刷工人來說是災(zāi)難。長(zhǎng)難句

原句:Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.譯文:此外,大多數(shù)報(bào)紙幾乎沒有吸引大眾讀者的內(nèi)容。分析:本句是一個(gè)包含定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句。其中主干是mostnewspapershadlittlein

them。thatwouldappealtoamassaudience是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾little。重點(diǎn)詞匯annualadj.一年的subscriptionn.訂閱accordinglyadv.因此,于是appealto吸

引overnightadv.一夜之間Passage2(2019課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅲ,D)詞數(shù):329Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolscon-

sistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0~25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.There-

searchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,described

theexperiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthe

screen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.For

example,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.

Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwa-

terorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17

inthisexample.Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehigher

valuesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemo-rizingthevalueofeachcombination.Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeys

tendedtounderestimate(低估)asumcompar