英語復(fù)習教案：UnitSociety

學必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精［話題素材]好詞1．encouragev。鼓勵2．medicaladj.醫(yī)療的3．depressedadj。沮喪的4．sparev.抽出5．urgentadj。緊急的6．representv.代表7．remindsb。ofsth.使某人想起某事8．showrespectto對……表示尊敬9．treatsb。as把某人看作10．supportafamily養(yǎng)家11．participatein參加12．makeacontributionto對……做出貢獻13．haveasenseofhumor有幽默感14．build_uptrust建立信任15．benefitfrom從……中獲益佳句1．Theyneedforanincreaseinnumbersofsurgeonsso_thatpatientsmaybetreatedassoonaspossible。需要增加外科醫(yī)生的人數(shù)，以便患者能夠及早得到救治.2．As_we_know,_theydifferwithyouonthissubject.據(jù)我們所知，他們同你在這個問題上是有分歧的。［精美語篇］WorkhardandbethriftyFirstofall,weshouldworkhardandstudyhard.Asweknow,hardworkcanleadtosuccess。Ifpeoplewanttomakemoremoneyorwanttomakegreaterachievements,theymustdevotethemselvestotheirwork.Asstudents,ifwewanttodowellinourstudies，weshouldalsospendmoretimeandworkhard。Thenwecangainmoreknowledgeandimproveourabilitiessothatwecanbeadmittedtogooduniversitiesandinthefuturewecanfindmoresatisfyingjobs.Ontheotherhand，weshouldliveathriftylife。Resourcesshouldbesaved.Forexample，weshouldsavewater,foodandelectricity。Neverwastemoney。Weshouldalsopromotewasterecyclingaspossibleaswecan.Asforusseniorschoolstudents，Ithinkconcentratingonourstudyandwearingplainclothesisagoodwaytobethrifty。Inaword，Ithinkbothworkinghardandbeingthriftyareequallyimportantinourlifeandstudy.高頻單詞1．voluntary(adj.)自愿的→volunteer(v。)自愿做→volunteer(n.）志愿者2．a(chǎn)bundant(adj.)大量的→abundance(n.）大量3．signature(n。)簽名→sign(v.）簽名；打手勢（n.）招牌；跡象；符號4．govern（vt。）統(tǒng)治，管理→governor(n。）統(tǒng)治者，總督→government（n.）政府5．burden（n.）重擔，負擔6．a(chǎn)djustment(n.)調(diào)整，調(diào)節(jié)→adjust（vt.)調(diào)整,調(diào)節(jié)，使適應(yīng)7．diverse（adj.）各種各樣的→diversity（n.）多樣性，差異8．resign(vt.&vi。）辭職→resignation（n.）辭職9．elect（vt.）選舉,推選→election(n。）選舉10．merciful(adj。）寬大的，仁慈的→mercy(n。）寬容，仁慈11．collision(n。)相撞→collide(v。）(使)碰撞12．packet(n.）小包，小盒→pack（vt.）把……打包13．rot(vt。＆vi.)腐爛→rotten（adj.)腐爛的14．edition(n.）版本→edit（vt。)編輯;校訂→editor（n.)編輯；編者，校訂者15．undertake（vt。）著手做，從事16．thirst（n。)口渴→thirsty（adj。）口渴的17．container(n。）容器→contain(vt。)包含；裝有18．sentence(n.）判決（v。）宣判19．furthermore/moreover(adv.)而且，此外20．consequently（adv.)所以,因此→consequent(adj。）作為結(jié)果的重點短語1．come_into_being形成，存在2．wind_sb。_up故意惹惱（某人,尤指開玩笑)3．show_off炫耀，夸耀4．knock_into_sb.撞上某人5．break_into闖入6．on_principle根據(jù)原則7．keep_an_eye_on照看；密切注視8．sentence_sb._to_death判某人死刑9．welloff經(jīng)濟上寬裕的,處境好的10．takesth。seriously認真對待11．a(chǎn)boveall最重要的是；首先12．doawaywith廢除；取消13．a(chǎn)trisk冒險14．theotherwayround相反的15．contributeto促進;有助于16．takeintoaccount考慮，注意，體諒熱點句型1．it’shightimethatsb。didsth?！暗侥橙俗瞿呈碌臅r候了”Asasociety,it’s_high_time_that_we_tooktheseissuesmoreseriously。(教材P34)作為整個社會來講，到了我們應(yīng)該更加認真地考慮這些問題的時候了。2．wouldrather后賓語從句用虛擬語氣I'dratheryoudidn’tmentionthat.（教材P35)我寧愿你不要提那件事。3．whatif引導的條件狀語從句What_ifsomemarriedpeoplehaveaffairs？(教材P36)要是一些已婚的人有了婚外戀怎么辦？4．make＋賓語＋賓語補足語Theywerethenabletoplaceguardsattheentrancesofthevarioushutongs，whichmade_it_easiertokeepaneyeonpeople'smovements.(教材P38）然后他們就可以在各個胡同路口設(shè)置哨兵,這樣更便于監(jiān)視人們的舉動。教材復(fù)現(xiàn)在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式.1．Besides,we’realltaxpayerssothemoreweearn,the________taxwehavetopaytothosewhogovernus.答案：more2．Inthisspendingcircle，ontheonehand，weaccumulatepossessionsbutneverfeellikewehaveenough.________theotherhand，weworktowardstheownershipofbiggerand________(good）housesandcarsandneverhavetimetoenjoythem。答案：On;better3．Asasociety，it'shightimethatwetooktheseissuesmore________(serious）．答案：seriously4．Aboveall,weshouldrememberthat“being”and“doing”aremuchmoreimportantthan________(have）．答案：having5．Iflawssuchasthesecameintobeing,ahugeadjustmentwouldbe________（require）andtherewouldcertainlybediversereactions。答案：required6．Beijing’shutongsareparticularlyfamous，________，astherearethousandsofthem.答案：however7．ThemajorityofBeijing’shutongswerebuiltbetweenthe13th________19thcenturiesduringtheYuan，MingandQingDynasties。答案：and8．Byconnectingpeople'shomes，thehutongsinfactconnectedpeople'slives，________thelivesoftherichorthelivesoftheordinarycitizens。答案:whether9．Manynewhutongswerequicklybuilttohousethe________(increase）populationbutthesewerepoorlymade。答案：increasing10．ThehutongsnotonlylinkBeijing'sstreetsandcommunitiesafterall，butalsoitspastandpresent,________（show）thatBeijingistrulyanancientyetmoderncity。答案：showing1eq\a\vs4\al（abundantadj.大量的；豐富的；充裕的）Therehavealsosadlybeenabundantcasesofviolenceathome。（P33）令人傷心的是,在國內(nèi)也有大量的暴力案件。(1）beabundantin＝berichin富于……,……很豐富(2）abundancen。豐富anabundanceof豐富的……inabundance大量地，豐富，富裕(3)abundantlyadv。豐富地，大量地；十分清楚地，非常明白地①[2015·課標全國卷Ⅰ]Sometimesgivingfromourneedinsteadofourabundanceisjustwhatweneedtodo！有時候在自己不富有的情況下為他人提供幫助恰好是我們需要做的事情。②［2014·課標全國卷Ⅰ]Thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons－anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates，makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdintheworld.30多億的旅鴿占據(jù)了美國鳥類總數(shù)的24％～40％，使其或許成為了世界上種類最豐富的鳥.③［牛津詞典］Wehaveabundantproofofhisguilt.我們有充分的證據(jù)證明他有罪。④[牛津詞典]Itisalandabundant_inminerals。那是一片礦產(chǎn)豐富的土地。⑤[朗文詞典]Theparkhasan_abundance_ofwildlife.這個公園有大量的野生動植物。⑥[朗文詞典]Wildflowersgrowin_abundanceonthehillsides.山坡上長滿了野花。2eq\a\vs4\al(burdenn.［C］擔子;重擔；精神負擔vt.使擔負;使負重）Instead,theyfeellikeaburdenbecauseeverymonthwehavetohandovermostofthemoneyweearntopayforthem.(P34)相反，它們就像一種負擔，因為我們每月都要將掙來的大部分的錢拿出來支付貸款。(1）beaburdento/on是……的負擔；加給某人的重擔bear/carry/reduce/sharethe_burden承受/擔負/減少/分擔重擔(2）burdensb./oneselfwithsth.裝載……；使……負擔……beburdenedwith..。負重；為……所累①［人教⑩－2]Theburdenofgovernmentsitsheavilyonmyshoulders.治理國家的重擔落在我的肩上。②［2013·北京高考]Weallknowthatthecostofheatingourhomeswillcontinuetobe_asignificantburden_onthefamilybudget。我們都知道給家庭供熱的費用將一直是家庭預(yù)算的一項重大負擔.③［牛津詞典］Hisinvalidfatherisbecominga_burden_tohim。他父親體弱多病,對他漸漸成了累贅.④[牛津詞典］Idon'twanttoburdenyouwithmyproblems。我不想讓我的問題給你添加負擔。⑤[牛津詞典]Industryisheavilyburdened_withtaxation.工業(yè)為重稅所累。易混辨析burden表示“負擔，擔子”，多為貶義load表示“裝載物,負荷，工作量”，也可指“思想上的負擔,壓力”,loadsof/aloadof很多［一言辨異]Theydon’twanttoaddtotheirparents'burden,_soittakesaloadofftheirmindtoleavethechildintheircharge.他們不想給父母增加負擔，所以讓他們放下思想上的包袱,他們自己會支付孩子的費用.⑥用load/burden的適當形式填空a．Thetruckswaitedatthewarehousetopickuptheir________.b．Thereare________ofplacestoseeinAustralia.c．PupilsofChinatodayare________withalotofacademictasks。答案:a.loadsb．loadsc．burdened3eq\a\vs4\al（resignvt。&vi。辭職，辭去;使順從）Hisbossinsistedthatheworklongerhourssoheresigned。（P35)他的老板堅持要他更長時間地工作，所以他辭職了。(1）resignfrom辭去……職務(wù)resignoneselfto(doing）sth.聽從……，順從……resignone'sjob/post/position辭去工作/職位(2）resignationn.辭呈；辭職①[牛津詞典］Sheresignedherdirectorshipandleftthefirm.她放棄了董事職務(wù),離開了公司.②Hehasresigned_fromthreeofthemanyofficesheheld.他已經(jīng)辭去他所擔任的眾多職務(wù)中的三個職務(wù)。③［朗文詞典］Iresigned_myself_topayingthefees。我只好付了費。④[牛津詞典]Sheseemsresigned_to_not_havingaholidaythisyear.她對今年不休假似乎并無怨言。4eq\a\vs4\al（electvt.選舉，推選；選擇）Thereisaleaderineachareaofthetownandeachtownhasanelectedleader。(P36）這個城鎮(zhèn)的每個地區(qū)都有一個領(lǐng)導人，而且每個城鎮(zhèn)都有一個選出來的領(lǐng)導人。(1）electsb.（tobe/as）選舉某人為……electto_dosth.選擇做某事；決定做……electsb.to。。.選舉某人進入……（2)electionn.選舉；推舉；當選run_foranelection參加競選wintheelection贏得選舉①[朗文詞典]WhatarethechancesthataDemocratwillbeelectedpresident？民主黨人當選為總統(tǒng)的機會有多大?②［朗文詞典]Shewasfirstelected_tocongressin1988.她于1988年首次入選國會。③［牛津詞典］Sheelected_to_becomealawyer.她決定做律師。④［2013·湖南高考］Haveyouheardabouttherecentelection?你聽說了最近的選舉了嗎？⑤[朗文詞典］Shewon_the_electionbyalargemargin。她以較大優(yōu)勢在選舉中勝出。易混辨析elect“選舉”，指通過正式方式選擇，后接人及所任職位choose“選擇,抉擇”，用途最廣,指一般的“選擇"，作“抉擇”時側(cè)重意志或判斷select“精選"，指在同類的許多東西中,仔細慎重地加以選擇，標準較為嚴格⑥用elect/choose/select的適當形式填空a．He________tolearnGermanratherthanFrenchinschool。b．I________fourpostcardsandhandedthemtothecashier.c．Obamawas________presidentofAmericaforthesecondtime。答案：a.choseb．selectedc．elected5eq\a\vs4\al（undertakevt.undertook；undertaken著手做，從事，承擔；允諾，答應(yīng))Conditionsimprovedagreatdealandthegovernmentundertookthepreservationofmanyoftheoldesthutongs。（P38)胡同的條件得到了很大的改善，政府對很多早期的胡同進行了修繕和保護。eq\a\vs4\al(undertakesth.承擔……；負責……，undertaketodosth。答應(yīng)做某事；承諾做……,undertakethat。.。擔?！?保證……)①［2015·湖北高考]Wemustactasquicklyaspossiblenow。Justtelluswhether/ifyoucanundertakethetaskornot?，F(xiàn)在我們必須盡快采取行動。你就告訴我們你能否承擔這項任務(wù)吧。②[朗文詞典]Thecountryundertookamassivereformofitslegalsystem。國家進行法律體制的大規(guī)模改革。③［2013·江西高考]TheUnitedNationsOrganization(UNO）couldundertake_to_directthedistributionofaid。聯(lián)合國組織(UNO）可以來指導援助的分配。④Ican’tundertake_thatyouwillmakeaprofit。我不能擔保你會獲利。6eq\a\vs4\al(sentencen。句子;判決;宣判vt。判決；宣判；判刑）IntheUSAinthelast100years，23menhavebeenwronglysentencedtodeathandtherearedoubtsabout400othercases。(P40）在過去的100年里,美國有23人已被錯誤地判處死刑，有另外400件案例遭質(zhì)疑。(1）serveasentence服刑pass/givesentenceonsb.給某人判刑a_death/lifesentence死刑/無期徒刑（2）sentencesb。tosth.給某人判……刑（常用被動語態(tài)）besentenced_todeath/threeyearsinprison被判死刑/三年徒刑①［2014·湖北高考]IfirstsawthissentencewhenIenteredjuniorhighschool。我第一次看到這句話是在我上高中時.②[牛津詞典］Thejudgepassed_sentence_ontheprisoner。法官宣布了對犯人的判決。③［牛津詞典]Shehasservedhersentence，_andwillnowbereleased。她已服刑期滿,現(xiàn)即將獲釋。④［朗文詞典］Hewas_sentenced_tolifeinprisonforthemurder.他因謀殺罪被判終身監(jiān)禁.⑤Themurdererwas_sentenced_todeath.殺人犯被判處死刑。－特別提示－sentence最常見的意思是“句子”;sentence當“判決，宣判，判刑"講時既可作名詞，也可作動詞，常用被動語態(tài)。7eq\a\vs4\al（consequentlyadv。所以,因此）Hehadsustainedabrokenbackwhileworkinginthemines。Consequently,hespenttherestofhislifeinawheelchair.(P41)他在礦井工作時被壓斷了脊骨，結(jié)果，下半輩子都與輪椅為伴了。(1）consequencen。結(jié)果,后果asaconsequence/result＝inconsequence因此;結(jié)果inconsequenceof＝asaconsequenceof由于……的緣故；因而take/facetheconsequences承擔后果(2)consequentadj.作為結(jié)果的；隨之發(fā)生的①［2014·湖南高考］Todealwiththeseproblems，conse－quently，_Ihaveworkedheartandsoultocreatemyownmagicneutralwaterpen.為了解決這些問題，因此我全心全意地工作來創(chuàng)造我自己的圓珠筆。②［牛津詞典]MycarbrokedownandconsequentlyIwaslate。我的汽車壞了，所以我遲到了。③[人教⑥－4］Theconsequenceofarisingsealevelwouldbewidespreadflooding.海平面升高的后果將是洪水泛濫。④［牛津詞典]Shewasfoundguilty,andlostherjobin_consequence_ofit.她被判有罪，因而失去了工作。⑤[朗文詞典]Hediedas_a_consequence_ofinjurieshereceivedintheaccident.他在事故中受傷致死。過關(guān)演練在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式1．Thisgenerationofyoungpeopleislikelytobe________（burden)withgreaterdebtsthaneverbefore。答案：burdened此處考查過去分詞表示被動。2．[牛津詞典]Therewasgoodfood________abundanceattheparty.答案：ininabundance“大量地”。3．[朗文詞典］Burtonresigned________thecompanyyesterday。答案:fromresignfrom“辭去……職務(wù)”。4．［2013·上海高考]Theschoolboardismadeupofparentswhohavebeen________（elect)tomakedecisionsaboutschoolaffairs。答案:elected此處考查現(xiàn)在完成時的被動形式.5．［牛津詞典］Heunderstood________(finish)thejobbyFriday。答案：tofinishunderstandtodo“答應(yīng)做某事”。6．Hewassentenced________asixmonthsimprisonment。答案：tobesentencedto“被判處……”。7．［朗文詞典]Hedidn'tstudyand________(consequence)failedthefinalexam。答案：consequently副詞consequently在句中作狀語修飾動詞failed。1eq\a\vs4\al(comeintobeing＝comeintoexistence形成,存在；出現(xiàn);產(chǎn)生;誕生)Iflawssuchasthesecameintobeing，ahugeadjustmentwouldberequiredandtherewouldcertainlybediversereactions.（P34)如果像這樣的法律能夠形成的話，社會將需要做巨大的調(diào)整，而且人們的反應(yīng)也一定會各有不同.eq\a\vs4\al（comeintoeffect開始生效，開始實行，comeintouse/service開始使用/應(yīng)用，comeintoforce規(guī)章、制度、法律等開始實施，comeintosight/view看見,comeintofashion開始流行,comeintopower開始執(zhí)政/掌權(quán))①[2013·安徽高考]Astheunhappynewcomersmixedtogetherinthepoorpartsofthecity,thedanceknownasthetango（探戈舞)came_into_being.隨著這些不快樂的初到者聚集到了城市中的貧窮區(qū),一種被叫做探戈的舞蹈出現(xiàn)了。②[外研⑤－6］Inthe1990stheshawlscame_into_fashionamongrichpeople。20世紀90年代，披肩在富人中流行起來.③[朗文詞典］Asweturnedthecorner，thetowncame_into_view.我們拐過彎后,小鎮(zhèn)便映入眼簾。④［朗文詞典]Thenewlawcomes_into_effecttomorrow.這項新法律將于明天生效.2eq\a\vs4\al(showoff炫耀，夸耀)Nobodyhasanydesiretoshowoff。。。(P36）沒有人有炫耀的想法……(1）showup出現(xiàn)，露面；（使）顯眼，（使）顯現(xiàn)showsb./sth.up揭發(fā)……showsb.in/out領(lǐng)某人進來/出去showsb。around/roundaplace帶某人參觀某地showsb.the_way_to領(lǐng)某人去某地（2）（be）onshow＝（be）ondisplay在展出①［2014·課標全國卷Ⅰ改編]Theliontamerusesachairtoshow_offhisskill.馴獸師運用椅子來炫耀他的技巧。②[外研⑥－1］Althoughsomepeopleliketoshow_offtheirwealth，incomeisaveryprivatematterformostAmericans.雖然有些人喜歡炫耀自己的財富，但對大多數(shù)美國人而言，收入是一件非常隱私的事情.③It’sreallygoodofyoutospendsomuchtimeshowingmearound。你真是太熱情了，花這么多時間帶我參觀。④［朗文詞典］Itwas9：20whenhefinallyshowed_up。9點20分時他終于露面了.⑤[牛津詞典]Thedustontheshelfshows_upinthesunshine.在陽光照射下能看見架子上有灰塵。3eq\a\vs4\al（knockintosb。撞上某人，遇上某人)ThereisacaraccidentthereatleastonceaweekandtodayInearlyknockedintosomebodycrossingtheroad!(P36)一周至少有一次汽車交通事故，今天我?guī)缀踝采狭艘粋€橫穿馬路的人！eq\a\vs4\al(knockdown/over撞倒;打倒；拆除,knockaton敲門、窗、墻等，knockout使……失去知覺;擊?。惶蕴?；苦干,knockagainst撞到……上，knockoff減價；中斷，停止）圖解助記①Hewouldalmostknock_intomebeforehesawme.他幾乎要撞到我時才看到我。②Iknocked_intoanoldfriendofmineintheparkyesterday。我昨天在公園里碰見一位老朋友。－特別提示－knockinto表示“撞上”時，相當于runinto;表示“遇上”時，相當于comeacross,meetwith或meetbychance。③[牛津詞典]Shewas_knocked_downbyabus.她被公共汽車撞倒了。④［牛津詞典]Whattimedoyouknock_offwork？你什么時候下班？⑤［朗文詞典］Heknocked_outhisopponentinthefifthround。他在第5回合擊昏了對手。⑥[朗文詞典]I've_been_knocking_at/onthedoorforfiveminutes。我敲門都敲了5分鐘了。過關(guān)演練選詞填空eq\x（showoff；comeintobeing；knockinto；showup）1．［2013·重慶高考]Ataroundthesametime，mentalhubs________。答案：cameintobeing2．Itwasteno’clockwhenhefinally________.答案：showedup3．[牛津詞典]Thechilddancedaroundtheroom，________toeverybody。答案:showingoff4．Hewasinsuchahurrythathealmost________me.答案：knockedinto1eq\a\vs4\al（Whatifsomemarriedpeoplehaveaffairs？P36,要是一些已婚的人有了婚外戀怎么辦?)Whatif。.。?意為“如果……將怎么辦?”可以看作Whatwillhappenif。.。？的省略形式；還可表示“即使……又有什么關(guān)系”,看作是Whatdoesitmatterif。.。的省略形式。（1)howcome意為“……是怎么回事，為什么”?？梢詥为?后面不接成分)出現(xiàn)在對話的語境中(實質(zhì)上是省略上文提到的事情），也可以在howcome后接語序完整的陳述句。(2）Sowhat?口語用法，認為某事無關(guān)緊要，尤其用于反駁他人的指責，意為“那又如何？"。①[牛津詞典］What_ifitrainswhenwecan'tgetundershelter？假若下起雨來,我們又沒處避雨可怎么辦？②[朗文詞典］What_ifwegetstuckoutthereinthesnow？如果我們被困在雪地里怎么辦呢？③[牛津詞典］He’sfifteenyearsyoungerthanme.So，what_ifheis?他比我小十五歲。即使如此，又有什么了不起？④[朗文詞典]How_comeyoudidn’ttellmethisbefore?你以前怎么沒告訴我這件事？⑤—Andrewwon'tlikeit，youknow.—So_what?Idon'tcarewhatAndrewthinks!——你知道安德魯是不會喜歡的。—-那又怎樣？我才不在乎安德魯怎么想呢！2Theywerethenabletoplaceguardsattheentrancesofthevarioushutongs，whichmadeiteasiertokeepaneyeonpeople'smovements.P38,然后他們就可以在各個胡同路口設(shè)置哨兵，這樣更便于監(jiān)視人們的舉動。句中madeiteasier是“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu),it是形式賓語，真正的賓語是后面的不定式短語tokeepaneyeonpeople’smovements。(1)在“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補足語可以由名詞、形容詞、過去分詞、不定式等來充當。(2)在“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，當“獨一無二的官銜"的名詞作補足語時,名詞前無冠詞。（3)在英語中，動詞let,make，have,feel,listento,lookat,notice，observe，see，watch，hear等后要跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，但被動句中，省掉的to必須加上.①Peopleinthewestmake_it_a_rule_to_buyChristmaspresentsfortheirrelativesandfriends.西方國家的人常在圣誕節(jié)時購買禮物給親屬和朋友。②Thismakes_it_possibleforagricultureandindustryto_developquickly.這使工農(nóng)業(yè)有可能很快發(fā)展。③Wemade_him_monitorofourclass.我們選他為班長。④[2013·山東高考]Sheletmeseethatmakingothersfeelgoodmakes_me_feelgoodtoo。她讓我明白了使他人開心，也會使自己開心.⑤[2014·湖南高考］Make_what_you're_doing_today_important,_becauseyou’retradingadayofyourlifeforit。重視你今天正在做的事，因為你為此付出了生命中的一天。過關(guān)演練Ⅰ。選詞填空eq\x（whatif；howcome；sowhat)1．—Lindadidn'tinviteustotheparty.—________？Idon’tcare。答案：Sowhat2．________thetrainislate?答案：Whatif3．________youdidn’ttellmeearlier？答案：How