2001年研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)模擬題及參考答案

2001年研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)模擬題及參考答案SectionA1.TheschoolboarddeemeditadvisablethatMr.Smith____tothepositionsincehehasmuchexperienceinteachingaffairs.A.willbeassignedB.hastobeassignedC.mustbeassignedD.beassigned2.Thespeedofcommunicationstoday,____opposedtothatofyesterday,hasgreatlyalteredthemannerinwhichbusinesstodayisconducted.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.as3.Maryclaimedthatherwalletwasstolen,notlost,butherfriendsaidshe______itonthecounterwhileshoppingdowntown.A.mightleaveB.mustleaveC.shouldhaveleftD.mayhaveleft4.Thecommitteememberslistenedquietlyastheunionrepresentativereadthedemandsthathisfollowers____for.A.bedemonstratingB.demonstrateC.hadbeendemonstratingD.havedemonstrated5.Theyimposednopre-conditions____thatthemeetingshouldbeheldintheircapitalassoonaspossible.A.ratherthanB.morethanC.nothingelsethanD.otherthan6.Theeditorsayswewillpublishtheschoolpaperthisweek,____.A.whatmaycomeB.comewhatmayC.maywhatcomeD.mightwhatcome7.Inanationthatpridesitself____acommitmenttoequalityofopportunitywomen'sprogressintheworkplacecanonlybeseenasinevitableandfair.A.inB.onC.forD.with8.Thequestionastowhetheranobjectpossessesaparticularcombinationofpropertiesis____amatteroffactaswhetheritpossessesanyoneofthem.A.notsomuchB.muchasC.notmuchofD.asmuch9.Thedifferencebetweenawinnerandaloseristhattheformerneverlosesheart,when___withimmensedifficulties.A.confrontingB.havingconfrontedC.havingbeenconfrontedD.confronted10.TheShoppingCenterisreportedinthelocalnewspaper____inafireacoupleofdaysago.A.tobedestroyedB.destroyedC.tohavebeendestroyedD.havingbeendestroyedSectionB11.Thereisno(Adenying)thefactthatmanygeneraltexts(Baswellas)numerousresearcharticles(Con)interviewinginfields(Dratherthan)journalismhavebeenwritten.12.Notuntil(Apeoplebegan)toimprove(Btheir)domesticatedplantsandanimals,(Cthinkingandplanningplayed)apartinthedevelopmentofnewkindsof(Dliving)things.13.(AAsis)generallyaccepted,some(Bbloodstypes)arequitecommon,othersareregionallydistributed,and(Cstill)othersare(Dfewandfarbetween)everywhere.14.Thatmodernscience(Aknowstosave)womenwhoareunabletogiveabirth(Bto)babiesbynormal(Cmeans)isoneofthemiraclesof(Dthe)twentiethcentury.15.Hedoesn't(Astrike)me(Bas)apersonwhogetsangryhastily,but(Cratherone)whois(Dquicktodefend)himself.16.Fortyyearsago,(Awhen)theparentsoftoday'shighschoolseniorswerethemselves(B.inschool),ahigh-schooleducationwas(C.sufficientenough)togetready(D.for)mostoccupations.17.Weshall(A.againandagain)findtheearliestsensesofaword(Bflourished)forcenturies(Cdespite)avastovergrowthoflatersenseswhich(D.mightbe)expectedtokillthem.18.Therehavebeen(A.agreatmany)explanations,someofthem(B.are)verycomplicated,(C.to)thegreatdemandforcollegeeducationinAmerica,andtheyareprobablyalltrue(D.insomemeasure).19.Publictransportationin(A.mostofthe)nationisexpanding.(B.Moreover),theuseofsubwaysandbusesis(C.declining)inthemetropolitanareas(D.inquestion).20.ThisisDr.Jackson(A.calling).Ifanyone(B.asksfor)mewhileIamaway(C.from)thehospital,ask(D.them)tocallbackthisafternoon.SectionC21.Itwasalongtimebeforethecutonmyhand_____completely.A.healedB.curedC.improvedD.recovered22.Weshallverymuch_____itifyouwillofferussomenewitemstoenlargeourpresentbusinessscope.A.gratitudeB.obligeC.appreciateD.honor23.Themothersaidshewould____hersonwashingthedishesifhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.A.letdownB.letaloneC.letoffD.letout24.Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered_____ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently25.NewmineralresourcesmaybediscoveredduringtheforthcomingAntarctic_____.A.excursionB.executionC.extractionD.expedition26.Probabilityisthemathematicalstudyofthe____ofanevent'soccurrence.A.desireB.likelihoodC.resultD.effect27.Itwassuchadangerousscene:theboywas____drownedintheriverjustnow.A.nothingbutB.allbutC.anythingbutD.butthat28.Inmanyculturespeoplewhowerethoughttohavetheabilityto___dreamswerelikelytobehighlyrespected.A.interpretB.inheritC.interveneD.impart29.Humanbehaviorismostlyaproductoflearning,whereasthebehaviorofananimaldependsmainlyon____.A.consciousnessB.instinctC.impulseD.response30.Thegovernmentwillbebetterableto____otherproblemsbecauseitwon'tbecaughtupinplanningaheadforfuturepopulationgrowth.A.challengeB.releaseC.eliminateD.tackle31.Thedoctorassuredmethatthepainwould____onehourafterItookthemedicine.A.wearoutB.crossoutC.wearoffD.cutoff32.Theyhavebeenwaitingformanyhourstoseethesinger,buttheairplanemusthavebeen____.A.behindthetimesB.behindscheduleC.aheadoftimeD.innotime33.Mostgoodwritersuseeverymeansattheir_____tomakethereader'swaysmoothandeasy.A.convenienceB.disposalC.willD.request34.Thereferenceshemadetoherfriend,thepoet,wasinterestingbuttoo____foranyonetoappreciate.A.drasticB.obsoleteC.obscureD.distinct35."Whoisresponsibleforsendingoutmisinformation?""Mostofthefaultlies____theadministration."A.inB.toC.onD.with36.Wecouldseethathewastryingto____hisownresponsibilityforthedelay,insteadofacceptinghisfault.A.runoverB.smoothoverC.passoffD.turndown37.IntheSpringExportCommoditiesFairthe_____hisownresponsibilityforthedelay,insteadofacceptinghisfault.A.successionB.arrayC.stringD.procession38.Inordertoprotectanddevelopitsownautomobileindustry,thegovernmentplacedrestrictions____thenumbersofforeigncarsthatcouldbeimported.A.toB.onC.forD.about39._____itisagoodthingIdidnotgetthepostIhadappliedfor,thoughImustadmitthatIwasdisappointedatthetime.A.ByawayB.InawayC.InthewayD.Innoway40.Whenpeoplehavetheirbasicneedssatisfied,theybegintothinkofotherthingstofulfiltheirlife____.A.necessitiesB.requirementsC.appreciationD.expectationsPartIICloseAsisknowntoall,theUnitedStatesisa"CarEmpire".Thenumberofitsautomobileshas41----muchmorerapidlythanthatof42---forautomobiles,andmanyAmericancitiesarenotequippedto43----allthecarsownedbythepeople.Themajorproblemisalackofparking44----.Itisaverysimplemattertodriveacardowntown,45---itisdifficulttofindaplacetoparkitoncethecarisintown.Soitis46----withmillionsofprivateautomobilesallcities47----maintainasystemofpublictransportation.Suchasystem,calledatransitsystem,isoperated48----apermitgrantedbythecitytoasinglefirmwhich49---toprovidetransportation.The50----trendinnearlyallthecitiesinthecountryistowardanall-bustransitsystem.41.A.reducedB.grownC.diminishedD.extended42.A.equipmentsB.regulationsC.appliancesD.facilities43.A.handleB.treatC.guideD.govern44.A.environmentB.surroundingsC.roomsD.spaces45.A.thatB.soC.butD.hence46.A.thatB.becauseC.whetherD.why47.A.yetB.stillC.justD.even48.A.withB.forC.underD.by49.A.approvesB.agreesC.favorsD.obliges50.A.modernB.contemporaryC.previousD.presentPartIIIReadingComprehension1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletopossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabor,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesanmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawill-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation---andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolorofashirtissubtlypersuasive---advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewill-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat____.A.heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertisingB.everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsumingC.advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelseD.itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesadvertising?A.Securinggreaterfame.B.Providingmorejobs.B.Enhancinglivingstandards.D.Reducingnewspapercost.53.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis___.A.verypreciseinpassinghisjudgementonadvertisingB.interestedinnothingbutthebuyers'attentionC.correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformationD.obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising54.Intheauthor'sopinion,____A.advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformationB.advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemoverC.thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyerD.thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisement.2Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatitispainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasdailyenergycycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyouare"hot".Thatistrue.Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisatitspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologues(自言自語(yǔ))as:"Getup,John!You'llbelateforworkagain!"ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathistemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Jr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplateranyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthemorningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.55.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?A.Unawarenessofenergycycles.B.Familiarmonologues.C.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.D.Attemptstocontroltheenergycycleofotherfamilymembers.56.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthemorning,heshould____.A.changehisenergycycleB.overcomehislazinessC.getupearlierthanusualD.gotobedearlier57.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill____.A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday'sworkB.helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyinthedayC.enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutineworkD.keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday58.WhichofthefollowingstatementsinNOTTRUE?A.Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone'senergy.B.Dr.Kleitmanexplainswhypeoplereachtheirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.C.Habithelpsoneadapttohisownenergycycle.D.Childrenhaveenergycycles,too.3Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage----alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelings.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,hemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromsore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity,wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,becausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.But,inaddition,itisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly.59.Themostimportantadvancesmadebymankindcomefrom____.A.technicalapplicationsB.apparentlyuselessinformationC.thenaturalsciencesD.philosophy60.TheauthorpointsoutthattheGreekswhostudiedconicsections_____.A.weremathematiciansB.wereinterestedinnavigationC.wereunawareofthevalueoftheirstudiesD.workedwithelectricity61.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideaofthispassageis_____.A.TechnicalProgressB.Man'sDistinguishingCharacteristicsC.LearningforItsOwnSakeD.TheDifferencebetweenScienceandPhilosophy62.Thepracticalscientist______.A.knowsthevalueofwhathewilldiscoverB.isinterestedintheunknownC.isaphilosopherD.conceivesofcontemporarylife4.Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney,become"better"people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon'tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon'tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother'sexperimentsandwritefalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout-oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators.Someobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves-theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat'sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhile,anddoesn'texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We'vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan'tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-yearolds,either.Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,itseems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn'tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthingspeoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresytothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.63.Accordingtotheauthor____?A.peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducationB.peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducationC.allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeD.veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege64.Inthe2ndparagraph,"thosewhodon'tfitthepattern"refersto______.A.highschoolgraduateswhoaren'tsuitableforcollegeeducationB.collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxisC.collegestudentswhoaren'tanybetterfortheirhighereducationD.highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtocollege65.Accordingtopassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat____.A.societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduatesB.highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducation.C.Toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownliving.D.Collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropout.66.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat____.A.moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduates.B.CollegeeducationisnotenoughofonewantstobesuccessfulC.Collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeopleD.intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeroftheydon'tgotocollege.5Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours'wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.67.Whyisthequestionofhoweasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnightnomereacademicone?A.Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.B.Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.C.Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.D.Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.68.Themainproblemoftheround-theclockworkingsystemliesin_____.A.theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomationB.thedisturbanceofthedailycycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequentlyC.thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffectiveD.thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers69.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-hourworkingsystemseemstobe_____.A.tochangeshiftsatlongerintervalsB.tohavelongershiftsC.toemploypeoplewhoworkonnightshiftsonlyE.tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers70.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker'sperformance.B.Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkershasprovedtobethebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.C.Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangeofroutine.D.Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.PartIVEnglish-ChineseTranslation71)TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguage(ESL)inschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingarguments,interestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituation,itisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasabearingonit.)))Untilquiterecently,approachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrills,exercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.(72)Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher'stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkwouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.)))(73)Suchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschool,nordoesitsufficientlyequipESLearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.)))Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaught,ithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermore,thelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.(74)ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroups,varyinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.Whateverthepatternofprovision,themainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.)))Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswitht