歸化策略在張培基先生分析研究 體育運(yùn)動(dòng)專(zhuān)業(yè)

題目歸化策略在張培基先生三篇英譯散文中的應(yīng)用ONTHEDOMESTICATIONSTRATEGYOFZHANGPEIJI’SENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFTHREEESSAYSAcknowledgmentsManypeoplehaveofferedmevaluablehelpinmythesiswriting,includingmytutor,myclassmatesandmyparents.Firstly,IwouldliketogivemysinceregratitudetoProf.MaBaoying,mysupervisorwho,withextraordinarypatienceandconsistentencouragement,gavemegreathelpbyprovidingmewithnecessarymaterials,adviceofgreatvalueandinspirationofnewideas.Itishersuggestionsthatdrawmyattentiontoanumberofdeficienciesandmakemanythingsclearer.Withoutherstrongsupport,thisthesiscouldnothavebeenthepresentform.MyheartfeltthanksalsogotoProf.LiQiang,myteacherofthesiswritingcourse,forhishelpinthemakingofthisthesisaswellashisenlighteninglecturesfromwhichIhavebenefitedagreatdeal.Then,Iampleasedtoacknowledgemyclassmatesfortheirinvaluableassistancethroughoutthepreparationoftheoriginalmanuscript.Theygraciouslymakeconsiderablecommentsandsoundsuggestionstotheoutlineofthispaper.Besides,Iamextremelygratefulformyroommatesfortheircommentsandwiseadvicethoughtheiradviceisnotalwaystaken,wherefaultsandinfelicitiesremain.Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomyparentsfortheirsupport;thecomputertheyprovidedformetosearchforinformationisofgreathelptocompletethisthesis.

AbstractWiththestrengtheningofChina’scomprehensivenationalstrength,Chinesecultureisnowwidelyspreadthroughouttheworld.EnglishtranslationofChineseliteraryservesasabridgeforEnglishreaderstounderstandChinaintheprocessoftheculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountries.ProseisaliterarygenrefullofflexibilityoccupiesanimportantpositioninChineseliterature.ModernChinese-prosefullydisplayedtheculturalheritageandsocialcustomsofChina.TranslationofmodernChineseproseisconduciveforEnglishreaderstounderstandChina,andthequalityofitstranslationalsoreflectsthetranslator’scapability.ThisthesisholdsthatdomesticationisaneffectivestrategyforthetranslationofmodernChineseprose,whichhelpsthereadertobetterunderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.TheapplicationofDomesticationStrategyintranslatingChineseprosewillmakethetranslatedtextmorereadabletotheEnglishreaders.ThisthesisattemptstoanalyzethreetypicalessaysinSelectedModernChineseEssays(1)throughcontrastinthelanguageandcaseanalysis,hopingtoexplorethepositiveeffectsofDomesticationStrategyonmodernChineseprosetranslation.Keywords:DomesticationStrategy;ChinesetoEnglishtranslation;prose摘要隨著中國(guó)綜合國(guó)力的增強(qiáng)，中國(guó)文化在世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛傳播。中國(guó)與英語(yǔ)國(guó)家之間的文化交流日益增多，在此過(guò)程中，英譯中文文學(xué)作品為英語(yǔ)讀者搭建了一座了解中國(guó)的橋梁。散文是一種靈活的文學(xué)體裁，在文學(xué)中占據(jù)著重要的地位。其中，中國(guó)現(xiàn)代散文充分展示了中國(guó)現(xiàn)代的文化底蘊(yùn)和社會(huì)風(fēng)俗，譯好中國(guó)現(xiàn)代散文有利于英語(yǔ)讀者了解中國(guó)，同時(shí)能否將其譯好也是對(duì)譯者翻譯功底的考驗(yàn)。本文認(rèn)為歸化是英譯中國(guó)現(xiàn)代散文的一種有效策略，能幫助減少中西文化之間的差異，翻譯過(guò)程中能將中文作品中具有中國(guó)特色的內(nèi)容處理成易于英語(yǔ)讀者理解的內(nèi)容。本文通過(guò)語(yǔ)言對(duì)比，案例分析，對(duì)《英譯中文現(xiàn)代散文選（一）》中的三篇譯作進(jìn)行定量研究，以探究歸化策略在英譯中國(guó)現(xiàn)代散文中起到的積極作用。關(guān)鍵詞:歸化策略；英譯漢；散文ContentsAcknowledgments iiAbstract iii摘要 iv1. Introduction 11.1TheTheoryofDomesticationStrategy 11.2Mr.ZhangandHisProseTranslations 12. LiteratureReview 32.1Studiesabroad 32.2DomesticStudy 43. ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyintheSelectedEssays 53.1SignificanceoftheSelectedEssays 53.1.1LinguisticFeaturesoftheOriginalTexts 53.1.2LinguisticFeaturesofTranslatedTexts 63.2ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyinSelectedEssays 63.2.1AtLexicalLevel 63.2.2AtSyntacticLevel 103.2.3AtTextualLevel 114. Conclusion 15References 16IntroductionInthischaptertheauthorwouldliketointroducerelevanttheorytobeusedinguidingthewritingofthisthesisandbasicbackgroundofprofessorZhangPeijiandhisworks.1.1TheTheoryofDomesticationStrategyIn1995,Venuti,afamousAmericanscholar,publishedhismonographTheTranslator’sInvisibility:“AHistoryofTranslation”.Hestatedthattranslationcouldneverbecompletelyequaltotheforeigntextthoughthetranslatortryasmuchaspossible,thetranslatorhastomakeachoicebetweenthedomesticatingmethodandtheforeignizationmethod.Thedomesticatingmethodreducestheforeignnessofsourcetext,andfitsthetargetlanguageculturalvalues.Whiletheforeignizationmethodkeepthestrangenessandstayexotic,makereadersfeelabroad(1995:20).“Foreignizingmethod”and“Domesticatingmethod”arerecognizedas“ForeignizationStrategy”and“DomesticationStrategy”lateron.CowieandShuttleworth(1997:44)oncealsostatedintheirdictionarythatDomesticationStrategyisatermthatVenutiappliedtogiveadescriptionoftranslationstrategy,itadoptsastyleoftransparencyandfluencytoachievethegoalofminimizingtheestrangementofthesourcelanguagetextfortargetlanguagereaders.Accordingtoitsgivendefinitions,DomesticationStrategyadoptsatranslatingmethodoftransparentandfluent,andaimstoreducethestrangenessoftheoriginaltext.1.2Mr.ZhangandHisProseTranslationsZhangPeijiisapreeminentacademicianandanexpertintranslation.ZhangPeijiwasbornin1921,inFuzhou,Fujian,China.HemovedtoShanghaiwithhisfamilywhenhewasachild,andspentmostofhischildhoodthere.HegraduatedasaBachelorofArtsin1945inEnglishLanguageandLiteratureDepartmentofSt.John’sUniversityinShanghai.Speakingoftranslation,ProfessorZhanghasmadegreatachievementsinboththeoryandpractice.HecompiledACoursebookinEnglish-ChineseTranslationin1980,whichhasbeenemployedasatextbookintranslationforEnglishmajorsinChinaforaboutthreedecades.Astotranslationpractice,ProfessorZhanghasworkedasatranslatorforabout50years.Histranslationsareverypopularwithalargenumberofreaders.SelectedModernChineseEssaysisthemostrepresentativeworkofhis,makingagreatcontributiontoChina’sculturalexchangewithEnglish-speakingcountries.Itconsistsoffourvolumes,andthreeessaysofthefirstvolumeareselectedforanalysisinthispaper.Theoriginalsofalltheessaysinthisvolumearewrittenbysomewell-knownChinesewriters,tonameafew,MaoDun,HuShi,LuXun,GuoMoruo,YeShengtao,LaoShe,ZhuZiqing,Bajin,LiDazhaoand,Bingxin.Additionally,allproseselectedaremasterworksoftheseoutstandingwritersand,enjoyahighreputationamongChinesereadersofdifferentbackgrounds.LiteratureReviewItisvitalforustoknowtherelevantstudiesaboutDomesticationStrategybeforewestarttoexploreitssignificance.ThischapterintroducestherelevantstudiesaboutDomesticationStrategy.2.1StudiesabroadEugeneNidaisoneoftherepresentativesofthedomesticationschool.Theessenceofhisfamoustranslationtheory,dynamicequivalenceandfunctionalequivalence,istofollowthelanguagehabitandculturemodelofthetargetlanguage.Heholdsthattheessenceoftranslationisthetransformationofform.Nidaputsthemeaningfirst,emphasizingthereader’sresponse,sohisdefinitionofequivalenceisalsomeasuredbythereader’sresponse.AccordingtoNida(1993:18),translationreferstothereproductionofthesourcetextfromthesemanticstothestylisticequivalentsinthetargetlanguage,usingtheclosestandmostnaturalequivalence.Fromasocialandculturalstandpoint,hearguesthattranslationshouldbecenteredonthetargettextandthetargetreaders,andthetranslationshouldbesmoothandnatural.Anythingintheoriginaltextthathindersthereader’sunderstandingshouldbedealtwithtoensurethatthetargetreaderscanusetheleasteffort.Nidareplicateshisviewonvariousoccasionsthat“thetranslationshouldbeessentiallytheclosestnaturalequivalentofsourceinformation”.TennesseeWilliams(2004:32)suggestedinAStreetcarNamedDesire(欲望號(hào)街車(chē)),“IfVirgilmustspeakEnglish,thenheshouldbelikenativespeakersofEnglishsay,likethepeopleofthiserathatisappropriate.”Williams’sremarksreflecttheideaofnaturalizationandthepopularizationofthetranslationstrategy.LawrenceVenuti(1995:20),inhisbookTheTranslator’sInvisibility—“AHistoryofTranslation”,referredtothefirstapproachas“foreignization”,whichwasdesignedtoconveytheexoticfeaturesoftheoriginal,whichthereaderreadasiftravelingabroad,everythingisfresh.Anotherapproachwascalled“domestication”.Inshort,DomesticationStrategytriestoconformtothetargetlanguagetranslationnormsandculturalcharacteristics,withoutthetranslationofthe“foreigner”,thereaderwillfeelasintimateastheirmothertongue.2.2DomesticStudyInmodernChinesehistory,freetranslationanddomesticationhasbeenthemainstreamofliterarytranslation.Assignificanttranslators,bothYanFuandLinShupracticeddomesticationintheirtranslations.Chinesemodernprosetranslationbelongstothecategoryofliterarytranslation.WhenitcomestothedomesticationinthetranslationofChineseprose,itisnecessarytostartwiththeapplicationofdomesticationinliterarytranslation.Infact,therehasbeenmuchdiscussionaboutwhetherliterarytranslationisadomesticatedtranslationoraforeignizedtranslation.Manyscholarsandtranslatorsalsoexpressedtheirviewsandmanydifferentopinionswereshared.Inhis2002articleintheChineseTranslation,ProfessorSunZhiliobservesthatChina’sliterarytranslationwillgraduallytransformfromdomesticationtoforeignization.HewrotethatthetranslationofChineseliteratureinthe21stcenturywillfurthertendtoforeignizedtranslation,andthecoreofitistotrytointerprettheheterogeneouselementsoftheoriginal,specifically,istotrytoconveytheoriginalexoticculturalcharacteristics,foreignlanguageforms,aswellastheauthor’sunusualwritingtechniques.Anotherscholar,GuoJianzhong(2009)arguesthatbothdomesticationandforeignizationcanachievetheirrespectivemissionsinthecultureofthetargetlanguage,andthushavetheirownvalueinviewsofdifferentpurposes,texttypes,authorintentionsandreadership.Thisthesistendstoelaboratethatatallevents,DomesticationStrategyisalwaysanimportantguidingprincipleofliterarytranslation.ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyintheSelectedEssaysInthissection,theauthorillustratestheapplicationofdomesticationinZhang’sversionsbyanalyzingtypicalexamplesselectedfromthreetranslatedworks.Theanalysesareconductedatsyntacticlevel,textuallevelandlexicallevel.3.1SignificanceoftheSelectedEssaysInthisthesistheauthorselectedthreetypicalessaystothepositiveinfluenceofapplyingDomesticationStrategyintheprocessofChinese-Englishtranslation.Thefollowingarethemajorcharacteristicsoftheselectedessays,boththeoriginalandtranslatedversions.3.1.1LinguisticFeaturesoftheOriginalTexts“艱難的國(guó)運(yùn)與雄健的國(guó)民”(NationalCrisisVSHeroicNation),iswrittenbyLiDazhao,apatrioticwriterinChinaduringitsturbulentperiodofhistory.HewrotethisessaytoencourageChinesepeopletodevotethemselvestothegreatcauseofsavingthenation.Inhiswriting,manyfour-characterexpressionsfullofChinesecharacteristicsareemployed,suchas“艱難險(xiǎn)阻”(difficultiesandobstacles),“平原無(wú)際”(plainslyingboundless),and“回環(huán)曲折”(teistandturn).Some,whentranslated,wouldbestrangetoEnglishreaderswithoutusingDomesticationStrategy.Meanwhile,reduplicatedwordsarealsopresentedinit,forinstance,“浩浩蕩蕩”(mighty),“高高興興”(cheerfully),“濁流滾滾”(turbidtorrents),whicharealsoinappropriatetodirectlytranslateintoEnglishwithoutDomesticationStrategyfunctioning.ThewriterusesanalogytoillustratesimilaritybetweenamightylongriverandthespiritoftheChinesenation.Theessayhasaclearandrationalstructure,athoroughexplanationofthereasonwhyChinesepeopleshouldbemorepositiveaboutwhattheyarefacing.Thedynamicthelanguagecreatedismagnificentandpowerful,passionatelyexpressedtheideathewritertriedtorevealtohisreaders.“匆匆”(TransientDay)waswrittenbyZhuZiqing,oneofthemostimportantwritersoftheMayFourthMovement.Theessayrevealsthewriter’sgrievanceinsadness,andreflectsthegeneralmoodoftheintellectualyouthduringtheMayFourthMovement.ZhuZiqingusedaseriesofparallelsentencesthataremostlyshort,appeartobelightandsmoothintextuallevel.Theapplicationofreduplicationmakesitslanguagerhythmic.“巷”(TheLane)waswrittenbyKeLing,reflectedthedepressionofthewriter.Alotofculture-loadedwordsareusedtodescribethelanesindifferentareasofChina.Idiomsarealsoappliedfrequently,makingtheprocessoftranslationmorecomplicatedfortranslator.3.1.2LinguisticsFeaturesofTranslatedTexts“艱難的國(guó)運(yùn)與雄健的國(guó)民”wastranslatedintoNationalCrisisvsHeroicNationbyprofessorZhang.Thetranslatedversionisrationalfromtheperspectiveofthelanguageitself,whichisnotdifficultfortheEnglishreaderstounderstand.Itsufficientlycreatedthedynamicoftransparencyandfluency.ExpressionsoftypicalChinesecharacteristicssuchas“浩浩蕩蕩”(mighty),“一瀉萬(wàn)里”(surgeforwardwithirresistibleforce),“絕壁斷崖”(steepcliffs)andsoon,theyareallhandledproperlythroughtheuseofDomesticationStrategy.3.2ApplicationofDomesticationStrategyinSelectedEssaysInthissection,theauthorillustratestheapplicationofdomesticationinZhang’sversionsbyanalyzingtypicalexamplesselectedfromthethreetranslatedessays.Theanalysesareconductedatlexicallevel,syntacticlevelandtextuallevel.3.2.1AtLexicalLevelItisacommonacknowledgementthattherearealotofdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Thesameimplicationisoftendeliveredbycompletelydifferentterms.Forinstance,“白發(fā)”inChineseand“greyhair”inEnglishrefertothesamething.Besides,sometimesdistinctimplicationsaredeliveredbythesamewordorexpression.Anotherexample,“紅”,apositivewordinChinese,meaningred,isoftenconnectedwithluckinessandhappiness,whileinEnglishtheword“red”isoftenconnectedwithbloodandconsideredasunluckyinsomeWesterncultures.Intheprocessoftranslation,thiskindoflexicaldifferenceshouldbetakenintoaccounttoapplyasuitabletranslationstrategy.Atthelexicallevel,theapplicationoftheDomesticationStrategyismainlyreflectedinthetranslationofreduplicationandfour-characterphrasesinChinese,andsometimesinthetranslationofcultural-loadedwords.Observeandanalyzethefollowing.Example1:SourceText:人類(lèi)在歷史上的生活正如旅行一樣。旅途上的征人所經(jīng)過(guò)的地方，有時(shí)是坦蕩平原，有時(shí)是崎嶇險(xiǎn)路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，因是高高興興的向前走，走到崎嶇的境界，愈是奇趣橫生，覺(jué)得在此奇絕壯絕的境界，愈能感到一種冒險(xiǎn)的美趣。(ZhangPeiji,2007:1)TargetText:Thehistoricalcourseofman’slifeisjustlikeajourney.Atraveleronalongjourneypassesthroughnowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad.Whileadeterminedtravelercheerfullycontinuoushisjourneyuponreachingasafeandsmoothplace,hefindsitstillmorefascinatingtocometoaruggedplace,theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich,hefeels,isbetterabletogenerateinhimawonderfulsensationofadventure.(ZhangPeiji,2007:3)Example1isselectedfromanessaywrittenbyLiDazhaoandtranslatedbyprofessorZhang.Asarevolutionist,LiDazhaowrotethisessaytoencourageChinesepeopletobravelymarchthroughdifficultiesandhardshipsinthecourseofhistory.Therearefivefour-characterexpressionsappliedinoriginaltext:“坦蕩平原”(broad,levelplain),“崎嶇險(xiǎn)路”(rugged,hazardousroad),“高高興興”(cheerfully),“奇趣橫生”(fascinating),“奇絕壯絕”(enormouslymagnificentspectacle).Theyformedastructureofsmoothandfluent,composinganeatandpowerfulsentencefullofstrengthandrhythm.LinguisticsformsofChineselanguageareunique,includingmanyfour-characterphrases,suchasidiomsandnon-fixedphrases,whicharetypicalformsofChineselinguistics.Chineseproseappliestheseexpressionsalot.However,Englishdoesnothavesuchexpressions.Therefore,ProfessorZhangappliedDomesticationStrategytotranslatethesefour-characterphrasesinthiscase.“有時(shí)是坦蕩平原,有時(shí)是崎嶇險(xiǎn)路”isrenderedinto“nowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad”.“高高興興地往前走”istranslatedinto“cheerfullycontinuoushisjourney”.“愈是奇趣橫生”isrenderedas“findsitstillmorefascinatingto”;“奇絕壯絕的境界”istranslatedinto“theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich”.Aswecanseeitinthetargettext,allthefour-characterexpressionsintheoriginaltextarenotdirectlytranslatedintofour-wordphrases.Theyaretranslatedintoacceptableexpressionsforforeignreaders.AccurateunderstandingofthesephrasesandproficiencyinEnglishgrammararebothvitalforthetranslation,allowingthetranslatortorenderthemintoappropriatephrasesandstructuresfollowingtheruleofEnglishlanguage,explainingtheircoremeaningvividlyandprecisely.ProfessorZhangtranslatedfour-characterphrasesintoEnglishbyusingDomesticationStrategyinalmosteverycase.ThemajorcauseofthefrequencyoftheapplicationofDomesticationStrategyinZhang’sworksisthedistinctivelinguisticsdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineselanguage.Firstly,Chineselanguagehasadistinctmodeofrepetitiontostresstheimplication.Secondly,thefour-characterphrasesinChineselanguagearedistinctfromEnglishlanguage.ThusnosuchexpressionswouldbeappliedinEnglish.Itisacommonlyacknowledgedthateverythinghasitstwosides.Whileitisausualanduniquemannertousefour-characterexpressionsinChineselanguage,DomesticationStrategydoeshelptoreducethestrangenessanddeliverstheimplicationmoreprecisely,helpingEnglishreaderstohaveaprofoundunderstandingofthetext.However,byreadingdomesticatedversionofawork,theEnglishreaderwouldnotbeenjoyingthecompletebeautyofChineseculturesincesomeofthemarenotawareoffour-characterexpressionsinChineselanguage.Hopefully,duetothewidespreadofChineseculture,therehasbeencountlessEnglish-speakingpeoplelearningbothChinesecultureandlanguage,thereforeChinesecharacteristicsisfamiliartomoreandmoreEnglishreaders.ThetranslationofreduplicatedwordsalsorequirestheapplicationofDomesticationStrategy.ReduplicationisarepresentativeChineseexpression.Itisusedtodescribetherepetitionofmorphemes,words,syllablesandsoon,soastocreateanaestheticsensationtothereaders.Reduplicatedwordshavevarioustypesofmode,suchas“金燦燦”(golden)isABBtype;“高高興興”(cheerfully),isAABBtype;“輕輕地”(gently)isAAtype,“熱鬧熱鬧”(bustling)isABABtype.ReduplicatedwordsusuallyappearinthesemodesinmodernChineseessays.FollowingexamplescanshowushowexactlyprofessorZhangtranslatedreduplicationsintoEnglish.Example2:SourceText:我不禁頭涔涔而淚潸潸了。(ZhangPeiji,2007:55)TargetText:Atthethoughtofthis,sweatoozesfrommyforeheadandtearstrickledownmycheeks.(ZhangPeiji,2007:57)Example3:SourceText:早上我起來(lái)的時(shí)候,小屋里射進(jìn)兩三方斜斜的太陽(yáng)。太陽(yáng)他有腳啊，輕輕悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟著旋轉(zhuǎn)。(ZhangPeiji,2007:55)TargetText:WhenIgetupinthemorning,theslantingsuncaststwoorthreesquarishpatchesoflightintomysmallroom.Thesunhasfeettoo,edgingawaysoftlyandstealthily.And,withoutknowingit,Iamalreadycaughtinitsrevolution.(ZhangPeiji,2007:57)Example4:SourceText:我赤裸裸來(lái)到這世界，轉(zhuǎn)眼間也將赤裸裸的回去罷？(ZhangPeiji,2007:56)TargetText:Ihavecometothisworldstarknaked,andinthetwinklingofaneye,Iamtogobackasstarknakedasever.(ZhangPeiji,2007:58)Example2,3,and4areselectedfrom“匆匆”(TransientDays),writtenbyZhuZiqingandtranslatedbyprofessorZhang.Originaltextcontainssixreduplicatedwords.Theyarevitalforreaderstounderstandthetext,butEnglishlanguagedoesnothavethesamelinguisticphenomenon,soprofessorZhangrenderedthemintoEnglishbyusingDomesticationStrategy.Inexample2,“頭涔涔”istranslatedinto“sweatoozesfrommyforehead”,“淚潸潸”istranslatedinto“tearstrickledownmycheeks”,thesetwoexpressionshavevividlydescribedtheanxietyrevealedinoriginaltext.Therearethreereduplicatedwordsinexample3,“斜斜的”istranslatedinto“slanting”,“輕輕悄悄地”istranslatedinto“softlyandstealthily”,“茫茫然”isrenderedinto“withoutknowingit”.Thesewordsintheoriginaltextareusedtodescribethesecretmovementofthesun,thepassageofthetimeandtheunawarenessofthewriter.ProfessorZhangtranslatedthembymeansofDomestication,renderedthemintoacceptableexpressionsforEnglishreaders.Hechangedtheformofthembutkeptthecoremeaningofthem,makingEnglishreadershavethesamereactionasChinesereaders.3.2.2AtSyntacticLevelThereisahugedifferencebetweenEnglishsyntaxandChinesesyntax.ThestructureofEnglishsentencefollowsastrictrule.Thesentencehastobecomplete,theformofitisstandardized,althoughsomesentencesarelongandcomplex,buttheformisstillstandardized.SubjectsandverbsareindispensableforanEnglishsentence.Otherpartsofthesentenceareinterspersedamongthem.However,thestructureofChinesesentencesismoreflexible.Itissometimespresentedwithoutsubjectwhilethemeaningisstillcomplete.SubjectsandverbsarenotindispensableforaChinesesentence,whichfocusesonthemainideaandthelogic,butnotnecessarilytheintegrationofthestructureofthesentence.Run-onsentencesarefrequentlyemployedinChineselanguage,thatistosay,onesentencecanhavemanyclauses.Thisdifferenceisthatitmakesthetranslationmorecomplicated,anditiscrucialfortranslatorstohandleitproperly.ThefollowingexamplescanhelpustoseehowDomesticationStrategyisappliedbyprofessorZhangintranslatingsuchsentences.Example5:SourceText:愛(ài)逐臭爭(zhēng)利，輜鐵必較的，請(qǐng)到長(zhǎng)街鬧市去；愛(ài)輕嘴薄舌，爭(zhēng)是論非的，請(qǐng)到茶館酒樓去；愛(ài)鑼鼓鉦鏜，管弦嗷嘈的，請(qǐng)到歌臺(tái)劇院去，愛(ài)寧?kù)o淡泊，沉思默想的，深深的小巷在歡迎你！(ZhangPeiji,2007:269)TargetText:Thosewhostriveafterfameandgain,andhaggleovereverypenny,pleasegotothedowntownarea!Thosewhoaresharp-tonguedandquarrelsome,pleasegototheteahouseorrestaurant!Thosewholovedeafeninggongsanddrumsaswellasnoisywindandstringinstruments,pleasegototheoperahouseortheatre!Thosewhoaregiventoprofoundmeditationandaquietlifewithoutworldlydesires,welcometothelane!(ZhangPeiji,2007:272)Example5isselectedfrom“巷”(TheLane),anessaywrittenbyKeLingandtranslatedbyprofessorZhang.Itisatypicalno-subjectsentenceintheoriginaltext.Chinesereaderswouldnotevennoticethereisamissingpartinthissentence,fortheyhavegotusedtoChineselanguage.Soitdoesnotaffectthemwhilereading.ButitwouldbestrangetoEnglishreadersifthereisnosubjectinsentences,sinceEnglishhasastandardsentencestructure.Theomittedsubjectistheimplicit“peoplestriveafterfameandgain”.Thatisthereasonwhy“thosewhostriveafterfameandgain”isaddedasthesubjecttothetranslatedsentence.ThusEnglishreaderscanunderstandtheprecisemeaningofthesentence.Thetranslatorhasachievedthegoalofcommunicationbychangingthestructureoforiginalsentenceduringtheprocessoftranslating.Itisnotdifficulttojudgethatexample5iswelldomesticated.3.2.3AtTextualLevelAccordingtoBeaugrandeandDressier(1981:32),thereareseventextualstandards.Theyarecohesion,coherence,intentionality,acceptability,informativity,situationalityandintertextuality.IntensediscussionhadbeenmadebetweencohesionandcoherenceDifferentopinionshavebeenmadebymanyacademicians.HallidayandHasan(1976:11)introducedthatcohesionreferstobasicconnectionsofmeaningsinthecontentsofthetext.BeaugranderandDressier(1981:7)pointedout,“Coherenceisclearlynotamerefeatureoftexts,butrathertheoutcomeofcognitiveprocessesamongtextusers.”Hoey(1991:12)summedupthedifferencesbetweencohesionandcoherenceasfollows.Wewillassumethatcohesionisapropertyofthetext,andthatcoherenceisafacetofthereader’sevaluationofatext.Inotherwords,cohesionisobjective,capableinprincipleofautomaticrecognition,whilecoherenceissubjectiveandjudgmentsconcerningitmayvaryfromreadertoreader.Inthefollowing,theauthorwillshowhowProfessorZhangappliestheDomesticationStrategyinthetextuallevel,andtomaintainthetextualcohesionandcoherence.Astocohesion,thispartdiscusseshowProfessorZhangrenderedsentencerelationswithconjunctions.Astocoherence,thissectionillustrateshowcoherenceiskeptinthetranslatedexamples.Cohesioninatextisoftencreatedbyfourways:reference,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalorganization.Conjunctionswillbemainlydiscussedhere.Conjunctionsareoftenusedtoexpressthesemanticandlogicalrelationsbetweenclauses,sentencesorparagraphs.TheymaybeconsideredasoneofthemostdistinctdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.TextsinChineseinvolvemuchfewerconjunctionsthantextsinEnglish,forChineseisaparataxis-orientedlanguage,whileEnglishishypotaxis-orientedlanguage.SemanticandlogicalrelationsbetweensentencesareimpliedwithinsentencesinChineselanguage,whileitisnecessarytouseconjunctionsbetweenclauses,sentencesorparagraphstoindicatetheminEnglish.Inthefollowingpart,wewillseehowProfessorZhangpreservedcohesionandcoherenceintextsbymeansofcohesivedevices.Example6:SourceText:在逃去如飛的日子里，在千門(mén)萬(wàn)戶(hù)的世界里我能做些什么呢?只有徘徊罷了，只有匆匆罷了;在八千多日的匆匆里，除徘徊外，又剩些什么呢?過(guò)去的日子如輕煙，被微風(fēng)吹散了，如薄霧，被初陽(yáng)蒸融了;我留著些什么痕跡呢?我何曾留著像絲樣的痕跡呢?我赤裸裸來(lái)到這世界，轉(zhuǎn)眼間也將赤裸裸的回去罷，但不能平的，為什么偏要白白走這一遭啊?(ZhangPeiji,2007:55-56)TargetText:Livinginthisworldwithitsfleetingdaysandteemingmillions,whatcanIdobutwaverandwanderandliveatransientlife?WhathaveIbeendoingduringthe8,000fleetingdaysexceptwaveringandwandering?Thebygonedays,likewispsofsmoke,havebeendispersedbygentlewinds,andlikethinmists,havebeenevaporatedbytherisingsun.WhattraceshaveIleftbehind?No,nothing,notevengossamer-liketraces.Ihavecometothisworldstarknaked,andinthetwinklingofaneye,Iamtogobackasstarknakedasever.However,Iamtakingitverymuchtoheart:whyshouldIbemadetopassthroughthisworldfornothingatall?(ZhangPeiji,2007:57-58)Example6hasbeenselectedfromanessaynamed“匆匆”(TransientDays)writt