英國歷史文化概況UNIT 1 Origin and History

OriginandHistoryUnit1CONTENTSTeachingAimsTextATextBSupplementaryReadingTEACHINGAIMS:Afterstudyingthisunit,youarerequiredto:HaveageneralideaoforiginandhistoryoftheUK.2.Understandtheoriginandhistory.3.Masterthedifficultwordsandexpressions.TextA

TheOriginandHistoryoftheUKTextAPreview:TextAReadingComprehension:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.JuliusCaesaroftheRomanRepubliconceattemptedtoinvadein55BC;althoughlargelyunsuccessful,hemanagedtosetupaclientking.()2.Christianitywasfirstintroducedaround43ADbytheRomans.()3.TheNormanconquestofEnglandaccomplishedbyanarmyledbyDukeWilliamofNormandyoccurredin1066,whichhadaprofoundandpermanenteffectontheEnglishlanguage.()TextAReadingComprehension:4.TheBlackDeathepidemichitEngland,startingin1348,iteventuallykilleduptotwothirdsofEngland'sinhabitants.()5.Overissuesrelatingtodivorce,HenryVIIIbrokefromcommunionwiththeCatholicChurchproclaimedhimselftheheadoftheChurchofEngland.()6.DuringtheElizabethanperiod,anEnglishfleetdefeatedaninvadingDutchArmada.()7.ItwasnowconstitutionallyestablishedthatKingandParliamentshouldruletogether,andKinghavetherealpower.()TextAReadingComprehension:8.IndustrialRevolutionwasaperiodofprofoundchangeinthesocioeconomicandculturalconditionsofEngland.()9.AlthoughNapoleonplannedtoinvadeEngland,itfailedandfosteredaconceptofaunitednationalBritishpeople,sharedwiththeScotsandWelsh.()10.IntheWorldWarI,theUnitedKingdomwasaspartoftheAllies,whileinWorldWarII,itwasnot.()TextANotes:1.TheNormanconquestofEnglandbeganon28September1066withtheinvasionofEnglandbyWilliam,DukeofNormandy,whobecameknownasWilliamtheConquerorafterhisvictoryattheBattleofHastingson14October1066,defeatingthekingHaroldIIofEngland.TheNormanconquestwasapivotaleventinEnglishhistory.Itlargelyremovedthenativerulingclass,replacingitwithaforeign,French-speakingmonarchy,aristocracy,andclericalhierarchy.This,inturn,broughtaboutatransformationoftheEnglishlanguageandthecultureofEnglandinaneweraoftenreferredtoasNormanEngland.TextANotes:2.TheHouseofPlantagenetwasaroyalhousefoundedbyGeoffreyVofAnjou,fatherofHenryIIofEngland.PlantagenetkingsfirstruledtheKingdomofEnglandinthe12thcentury.TheirpaternalancestorsoriginatedintheFrenchprovinceofGatinaisandgainedtheCountyofAnjouthroughmarriageduringthe11thcentury.Thedynastyaccumulatedseveralotherholdings,buildingtheAngevinEmpirewhichatitspeakstretchedfromthePyreneestoIrelandandtheborderwithScotland.TextANotes:3.TheHundredYears’Warwasaseriesofwarswagedfrom1337to1453bytheHouseofValoisandtheHouseofPlantagenet,alsoknownastheHouseofAnjou,fortheFrenchthrone,whichhadbecomevacantupontheextinctionoftheseniorCapetianlineofFrenchkings.TheHouseofValoisclaimedthetitleofKingofFrance,whilethePlantagenetsclaimedthethronesofbothFranceandEngland.ThePlantagenetkingswerethe12th-centuryrulersofthekingdomofEngland,andhadtheirrootsintheFrenchregionsofAnjouandNormandy.TextANotes:4.TheWarsoftheRoseswereaseriesofdynasticcivilwarsforthethroneofEnglandfoughtbetweensupportersoftworivalbranchesoftheroyalHouseofPlantagenet:thehousesofLancasterandYork(the"red"andthe"white"rose,respectively).Theywerefoughtinseveralsporadicepisodesbetween1455and1485,althoughtherewasrelatedfightingbothbeforeandafterthisperiod.ThefinalvictorywenttoarelativelyremoteLancastrianclaimant,HenryTudor,whodefeatedthelastYorkistkingRichardIIIandmarriedEdwardIV’sdaughterElizabethofYorktounitethetwohouses.TheHouseofTudorsubsequentlyruledEnglandandWalesfor117years.TextANotes:5.OliverCromwell(克倫威爾)(25April1599–3September1658)wasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderwhooverthrewtheEnglishmonarchyandtemporarilyturnedEnglandintoarepublicanCommonwealth,andruledEngland,Scotlandand

Ireland.

CromwellwasoneofthecommandersoftheNewModelArmywhichdefeatedtheroyalistsintheEnglishCivilWar.AftertheexecutionofKingCharlesIin1649,Cromwelldominatedtheshort-livedCommonwealthofEngland,conqueredIrelandandScotland,andruledasLordProtectorfrom1653untilhisdeathin1658.TextANotes:6.TheVictorianeraoftheUnitedKingdomwastheperiodofQueenVictoria’sreignfrom20June1837untilherdeathon22January1901.ItwasalongperiodofprosperityfortheBritishpeople.Theeraisoftencharacterizedasalongperiodofpeace,knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation,temporarilydisruptedbytheCrimeanWar,althoughBritainwasatwareveryyearduringthistime.Towardstheendofthe19thcentury,thepoliciesofNewImperialismledtoincreasingcolonialconflictsandeventuallytheAnglo-ZanzibarWarandtheBoerWar.Domestically,theagendawasincreasinglyliberalwithanumberofshiftsinthedirectionofgradualpoliticalreformandthewideningofthevotingfranchise.TextANewWordsandExpressions:JuliusCaesaroftheRomanRepublicattemptedtoinvadetwicein55BC.RomanmilitarywithdrawalsleftBritainopentoinvasionbypagan,seafaringwarriorsfromnorth-westerncontinentalEurope,chieflytheAngles,SaxonsandJuteswhohadlongraidedthecoastsoftheRomanprovinceandnowbegantosettle.TextANewWordsandExpressions:3.accession[?k'se??n]n.增加；就職；到達

vt.登記入冊OverthefollowingcenturiesthisprocessofpoliticalconsolidationcontinuedandthenativeroyaldynastywasrestoredwiththeaccessionofEdwardtheConfessorin1042.在幾百年間政治整合過程一直持續(xù)，直到1042年隨著懺悔者愛德華的就職外鄉(xiāng)王朝才得以恢復。4.succession[s?k'se??n]n.連續(xù)；繼位；繼承權；輪栽AdisputeoverthesuccessiontoEdwardledtotheNormanconquestofEnglandin1066,accomplishedbyanarmyledbyDukeWilliamofNormandy.TextANewWordsandExpressions:5.dispossession[,disp?'ze??n]n.剝奪；驅逐；強占不動產6.elite[ei'li:t]n.精英；精華；中堅分子7.aristocracy[,?ri'st?kr?si]n.貴族；貴族統(tǒng)治；上層社會；貴族政治ThisconquestledtothealmosttotaldispossessionoftheEnglisheliteanditsreplacementbyanewFrench-speakingaristocracy,whosespeechhadaprofoundandpermanenteffectontheEnglishlanguage.此次征服導致了英語的精華幾乎完全剝奪，取而代之的是一種新的講法語的貴族統(tǒng)治，而這種統(tǒng)治對英語語言造成了深遠的影響。TextANewWordsandExpressions:8.monarch['m?n?k]n.君主，帝王；最高統(tǒng)治者9.reign[rein]vi.統(tǒng)治；支配；盛行；君臨n.統(tǒng)治；統(tǒng)治時期；支配Theyreignedforthreecenturies,provingnotedmonarchssuchasRichardI,EdwardI,EdwardIIIandHenryV.他們統(tǒng)治了三個世紀，證實了像查理一世、愛德華三世和亨利五世這些著名的君主。10.sovereign['s?v?rin]adj.至高無上的；有主權的；n.君主；獨立國；最高統(tǒng)治者Theperiodsawchangesintradeandlegislation,includingthesigningoftheMagnaCarta,anEnglishlegalcharterusedtolimitthesovereign'spowersbylawandprotecttheprivilegesoffreemen.這一期間貿易和法律都發(fā)生了變化，包括大憲章的簽署，這是一部用法律來限制君主權力和保護自由民特權的英國法律章程。TextANewWordsandExpressions:11.monasticism[m?'n?stisiz?m]n.修道院生活；禁欲主義；出家；隱修制度12.patronage['p?tr?nid?]n.贊助；光臨；任免權Catholicmonasticismflourished,providingphilosophersandtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgewerefoundedwithroyalpatronage.天主教修道蓬勃開展，為哲學家以及牛津劍橋大學的建立提供了皇家贊助。TextANewWordsandExpressions:13.fief[fi:f]n.封地，采邑thePrincipalityofWalesbecameaPlantagenetfiefduringthe13thcenturyandtheLordshipofIrelandwasgiftedtotheEnglishmonarchybythePope.在13世紀威爾士公國成為了金雀花封地，愛爾蘭的統(tǒng)治權也被教皇賦予了英國君主立憲制。14.epidemic[,epi'demik]adj.流行的；傳染性的n.傳染病；流行病；風氣等的流行TheBlackDeathepidemichitEngland,startingin1348,iteventuallykilleduptohalfofEngland'sinhabitants.黑死病于1348年盛行英格蘭，最終害死了一半的英國居民。TextANewWordsandExpressions:15.assert[?'s?:t]vt.維護，堅持；斷言；主張；聲稱16.supremacy[sju'prem?si]n.霸權；至高無上；主權；最高地位TheformerbroughtthecountrybacktoCatholicism,whilethelaterbrokefromitagain,moreforcefullyassertingthesupremacyofAnglicanism.前者讓國家重新歸于天主教，而后者那么再一次突破，更加強有力地維護著英國國教的至高至上。TextANewWordsandExpressions:17.respectively[ri'spektivli]adv.分別地；各自地，單獨地18.dub[d?b]vt.配音；輕點；打擊；授予稱號n.笨蛋；鼓聲ForinstanceatManchesterandBirmingham,dubbed"WarehouseCity"and"WorkshopoftheWorld"respectively.例如，曼徹斯特和伯明翰就分別被授予了“倉庫城〞和“世界工廠〞的稱號。19.restoration[,rest?'rei??n]n.恢復；復位；王政復辟；歸還AfterCromwell'sdeath,andhissonRichard'sresignationasLordProtector,CharlesIIwasinvitedtoreturnasmonarchin1660withtheRestoration.在克倫威爾去世以及作為君主護衛(wèi)者的其子理查德的放棄之后，查理二世應邀于1660年以君主的身份復位。TextANewWordsandExpressions:20.suspend[s?'spend]vt.延緩，推遲；使暫停；使懸浮vi.懸??；[體]禁賽AmongthestatutessetdownwerethatthelawcouldonlybemadebyParliamentandcouldnotbesuspendedbytheKing,andtheKingcouldnotimposetaxesorraiseanarmywithoutpriorapprovalbyParliament.21.gut[ɡ?t]n.內臟；腸子；劇情；膽量；海峽vt.取出內臟adj.簡單的；本質的，根本的TheGreatFireofLondonin1666guttedtheCityofLondonbutitwasrebuiltshortlyafterwards.TextANewWordsandExpressions:22.initiative[i'ni?i?tiv]n.主動權；首創(chuàng)精神adj.主動的；自發(fā)的；起始的AspartoftheUnitedKingdom,theareajoinedacommonmarketinitiativecalledtheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywhichbecametheEuropeanUnion.作為英國的一局部，該地區(qū)參加了一個起初稱為歐洲經濟共同體，后來成為了歐盟的共同市場。23.innovation[,in?u'vei??n]n.創(chuàng)新，革新；新方法UnderthenewlyformedKingdomofGreatBritain,outputfromtheRoyalSocietyandotherEnglishinitiativescombinedwiththeScottishEnlightenmenttocreateinnovationsinscienceandengineering.在新成立的大不列顛王國下，皇家學會和其他舉措也蘇格蘭啟蒙運動相結合，創(chuàng)造了在科學和工程方面的革新。TextANewWordsandExpressions:24.metropolitan[,metr?'p?lit?n]adj.大都市的；宗主國的；大主教轄區(qū)的25.prestigious[pre'stid??s]adj.有名望的；享有聲望的LondonbecamethelargestandmostpopulousmetropolitanareaintheworldduringtheVictorianera,andtradewithintheBritishEmpire—aswellasthestandingoftheBritishmilitaryandnavy—wasprestigious.26.decolonization[di:,k?l?nai'zei??n]n.非殖民地化，

殖民地自治化Followingthewar,theBritishEmpireexperiencedrapiddecolonization,andtherewasaspeedingupoftechnologicalinnovations.TextANewWordsandExpressions:27.subcontinent[,s?b'k?ntin?nt]n.次大陸Sincethe20thcenturytherehasbeensignificantpopulationmovementtoEngland,mostlyfromotherpartsoftheBritishIsles,butalsofromtheCommonwealth,particularlytheIndiansubcontinent.20世紀以來就出現(xiàn)了顯著的前往英國的人口運動，其中大局部是來自英倫三島的其他部位，但也有英聯(lián)邦國家的，尤其是印度次大陸的。28.jurisdiction[,d?u?ris'dik??n]n.司法權，審判權，管轄權；

權限，權力EnglandandWalescontinuedtoexistasajurisdictionwithintheUnitedKingdom.英格蘭和威爾士作為聯(lián)合王國系統(tǒng)內的權限繼續(xù)存在。TextANewWordsandExpressions:29.patriotism['p?tri?tiz?m]n.愛國主義；愛國心，愛國精神DevolutionhasstimulatedagreateremphasisonamoreEnglish-specificidentityandpatriotism.權力下放更加刺激了人們對英語具體身份以及愛國主義的注重。30.referendum[,ref?'rend?m]n.公民投票權；外交官請示書ThereisnodevolvedEnglishgovernment,butanattempttocreateasimilarsystemonasub-regionalbasiswasrejectedbyreferendum.英國政府沒有下放權力，但其企圖在次區(qū)域的根底上建立一個類似系統(tǒng)的想法通過公民投票被否決了。TEXTAAssignment:FinishtherestofexercisesofTextAPreviewTextBTextB

ElizabethIofEnglandTextBPreview:TextBReadingComprehension:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.ElizabethwasthefifthandlastmonarchoftheTudordynasty.()2.ItwasexpectedthatElizabethwouldmarry,butdespiteseveralpetitionsfromparliamentandnumerouscourtships,sheeverdid.()3.ItwastheheightoftheEnglishRenaissanceandsawthefloweringofEnglishpoetry,musicandliterature.()TextBReadingComprehension:4.AnattemptbyPhilipIIofSpaintoinvadeEnglandwiththeSpanishArmadain1688wasfamouslydefeated.()5.SomehistoriansdepictElizabethasabad-temperedruler,whoenjoyedmorethanhergreatdecision.()6.TheElizabethanAgeisviewedsohighlybecauseofthe7.periodsneitherbeforenorafter.7.Francewasembroiledinitsownreligiousbattlesthatwouldonlybesettledin1598withtheEdictofNantes.()TextBReadingComprehension:8.Elizabeth’sreignisfamousforthedefeatoftheArmada,andforsuccessfulraidsagainsttheSpanish.()9.UnderElizabeth,thenationgainedanewself-confidenceandsenseofsovereignty,asChristendomfragmented.()10.Althoughsomehistorianshavecalledherlucky,ElizabethIdidnotbelievethatGodwasalwaysprotectingher.()TextBNotes:1.TheTudordynastyorHouseofTudorwasaEuropeanroyalhouseofWelshoriginthatruledtheKingdomofEnglandanditsrealms,includingtheLordshipofIreland,latertheKingdomofIreland,from1485until1603.ItsfirstmonarchwasHenryTudor,adescendantthroughhismotherofalegitimizedbranchoftheEnglishroyalHouseofLancaster.TheTudorfamilyrosetopowerinthewakeoftheWarsoftheRoses,whichlefttheHouseofLancaster,towhichtheTudorswerealigned,extirpated.TextBNotes:2.TheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandisatitleheldbytheBritishmonarchswhichsignifiestheirtitularleadershipovertheChurchofEngland.Eventhoughthemonarch’sauthorityovertheChurchofEnglandisnotstrong,thepositionisstillveryrelevanttothechurchandismostlyobservedinasymboliccapacity.TheSupremeGovernorformallyappointshigh-rankingmembersofthechurchontheadviceofthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom,whoisinturnadvisedbychurchleaders.TextBNotes:3.TheChurchofEnglandistheofficiallyestablishedChristianchurchinEnglandandtheMotherChurchoftheworldwideAnglicanCommunion.ThechurchconsidersitselfwithinthetraditionofWesternChristianityinEnglandanddatesitsformalhistoryfromStAugustineofCanterbury’smissionin597.TextBNotes:4.WilliamShakespeare(莎士比亞)(baptized26April1564;died23April1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld’spre-eminentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland’snationalpoetandthe“BardofAvon〞.Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaboration,consistofabout38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.HisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywrightTextBNotes:5.ChristopherMarlowe(馬洛)(baptized26February1564;died30May1593)wasanEnglishdramatist,poetandtranslatoroftheElizabethanera.AstheforemostElizabethantragedian,nexttoWilliamShakespeare,heisknownforhisblankverse,hisoverreachingprotagonists,andhismysteriousdeath.TextBNotes:6.FrancisBacon(培根)(22January1561–9April1626)wasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandpioneerofthescientificmethod.HeservedbothasAttorneyGeneralandLordChancellorofEngland.Althoughhispoliticalcareerendedindisgrace,heremainedextremelyinfluentialthroughhisworks,especiallyasphilosophicaladvocateandpractitionerofthescientificmethodduringthescientificrevolution.TextBNewWordsandExpressions:1.regnant['reɡn?nt]adj.統(tǒng)治的；占優(yōu)勢的；

流行的，廣泛的ElizabethIwasqueenregnantofEnglandandIrelandfrom17November1558untilherdeath.伊麗莎白一世于1558年11月17直至去世，任英格蘭和愛爾蘭女王2.bequeath[bi'kwi:e]vt.遺贈；把…遺贈給；把…傳下去Herhalf-brother,EdwardVI,bequeathedthecrowntoLadyJaneGrey,cuttinghishalf-sistersoutofthesuccession.Hiswillwassetaside.她同父異母的兄弟愛德華六世切斷了其妹的繼承權而把王冠遺贈予簡格雷夫人。而他的遺囑被駁回。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:3.execute['eksikju:t]vt.實行；執(zhí)行；處死LadyJaneGreywasexecuted,andin1558ElizabethsucceededtheCatholicMaryI,duringwhosereignshehadbeenimprisonedfornearlyayearonsuspicionofsupportingProtestantrebels.4.motto['m?t?u]n.座右銘，格言；箴言Oneofhermottoeswas“videoettaceo“(〞Isee,andsaynothing〞).她的座右銘是“明察無言〞〔直譯：“我觀看，但我沉默〞〕。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:5.reign[rein]vi.統(tǒng)治；支配；盛行；君臨，n.統(tǒng)治；統(tǒng)治時期；支配TheElizabethanerawasatimeassociatedwithQueenElizabethI’sreignandisoftenconsideredtobethegoldenageinEnglishhistory.7.realm[relm]n.領域，范圍；王國Myreignhathbeenpeaceable,andmyrealmareceptacletothyafflictedChurch.我的統(tǒng)治已是和平安定的，我的王國是你受難教徒的避難所。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:8.petition[pi'ti??n]n.請愿；祈求；[法]訴狀，vi.請愿；請求，

vt.請愿；請求；懇求9.courtship['k?:t?ip]n.求愛；求婚；求愛期ItwasexpectedthatElizabethwouldmarry,butdespiteseveral

petitionsfromparliamentandnumerouscourtships,she

neverdid.據(jù)估計伊麗莎白會結婚的，但盡管有幾次來自議會和眾多的求愛請愿，她從沒有過。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:Asshegrewolder,Elizabethbecamefamousforhervirginity,andacultgrewuparoundher,whichwascelebratedintheportraits,pageants,andliteratureoftheday.隨著年紀的增長，伊麗莎白以其童真著名，一種頌揚于肖像、歷史劇以及文學作品的崇拜圍繞她形成了。12.sibling['sibli?]n.兄弟姊妹；民族成員Ingovernment,Elizabethwasmoremoderatethanherfatherandsiblings.在治理方面，伊麗莎白比其父親和兄弟姐妹們更為溫和穩(wěn)健。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:13.expedition[,ekspi'di??n]n.遠征；探險隊；迅速AnattemptbyPhilipIIofSpaintoinvadeEnglandwiththeSpanishArmadain1588wasfamouslydefeated,butthetideofwarturnedagainstEnglandwithanunsuccessfulexpeditiontoPortugalandtheAzores,theDrake-NorrisExpeditionof1589.14.assessment[?'sesm?nt]n.評定；估價Somehistoriansaremorereservedintheirassessment.一些歷史學家對其評估有所保存。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:15.depict[di'pikt]vt.描述；描畫TheydepictElizabethasashort-tempered,sometimesindecisiveruler,whoenjoyedmorethanhershareofluck.他們將伊麗莎白描繪成一個脾氣暴躁、有時優(yōu)柔寡斷，更多時候享有其好運的統(tǒng)治者。16.rebellion[ri'belj?n]n.叛亂；對抗；謀反；不服從ThereafterSpainprovidedsomesupportforIrishCatholicsinadebilitatingrebellionagainstEnglishrule,andSpanishnavalandlandforcesinflictedaseriesofreversalsagainstEnglishoffensives.此后西班牙在愛爾蘭天主教徒對英格蘭統(tǒng)治進行衰弱叛亂的時候為其提供了一些支持，于是西班牙海軍和陸軍部隊對英國的進攻造成了一系列的形勢逆轉。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:17.charismatic[,k?riz'm?tik]adj.超凡魅力的；神賜能力的18.dogged['d?gid]adj.頑強的；頑固的，vt.跟蹤；尾隨19.ramshackle['r?m,??kl]adj.搖晃的；放縱的20.jeopardize['d?ep?daiz]vt.危害；使陷危地；使受危困Elizabethisacknowledgedasacharismaticperformerandadoggedsurvivor,inanagewhengovernmentwasramshackleandlimitedandwhenmonarchsinneighboringcountriesfacedinternalproblemsthatjeopardizedtheirthrones.在政府能力有限搖搖欲墜，在鄰國君主面臨危及自己王位的內部問題的這樣一時代，伊麗莎白是被公認的一位有著超凡魅力的執(zhí)行者，是一位堅強頑固的幸存者。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:21.engulf[in'ɡ?lf]vt.吞沒；吞食，狼吞虎咽ItwasabriefperiodoflargelyinternalpeacebetweentheEnglishReformationandthebattlesbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsandthebattlesbetweenparliamentandthemonarchythatengulfedtheseventeenthcentury.22.embroil[im'br?il]vt.使卷入；使混亂Francewasembroiledinitsownreligiousbattlesthatwouldonlybesettledin1598withtheEdictofNantes.TextBNewWordsandExpressions:23.mistress['mistris]n.