英語(yǔ)閱讀理解-主旨大意 大集合

英語(yǔ)閱讀理解一一主旨大意大集合

2011屆英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專練

主旨大意題

A.設(shè)題方式

①.考查文章的中心思想

Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat.

Thepassageismainlyabout—.

Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthe

passage?

②,考查文章標(biāo)題的選擇

Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis.

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis.

③.考查作者的寫作態(tài)度和意圖

Whatistheauthor?smainpurposeinthispassage?

Thewriter'spurposeinwritingthisstoryis.

Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell___.

Thewriter'sattitudetoward…is___.

B.干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)

①.以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。

②.斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者

以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。

③.主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過(guò)大，超過(guò)文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。

④.張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。考生不

注意的情況下，會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。

⑤.無(wú)中生有或似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析

之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。

C.解題指導(dǎo)

1.分清主次，抓住主干，找出主題句。

主題句是歸納表達(dá)文章中心思想的句子，它的出現(xiàn)有四種情況：

1）主題句在開頭。主題句出現(xiàn)在段落或文章的開頭部分,起著開宗明義、點(diǎn)明主題的作用,

它可以使讀者?開始就明白文章所講的內(nèi)容主旨。而支撐句則使用一些具體的人、物、數(shù)

字或具體的步驟來(lái)闡述或論證主題，常伴有forexample\i.e.\thatis\first\

second\finally\once\anothertime\foronething等詞。

2）主題句在結(jié)尾。用歸納法寫的文章,其結(jié)構(gòu)是表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子放在前面,概述性的句子

放在后面,并以此而結(jié)尾,所以結(jié)尾的句子起著總結(jié)歸納、畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用，多伴有so

\therefore\thus\inshort\asaresult\thatiswhy等詞。

3）考生可以快速瀏覽每段首尾兩句來(lái)確定每段的主題句，從而確定文章的主題句。

【考例分析1JEverydayweexperienceoneofthewondersoftheworldaround

uswithoutevenrealizingit.Itisnottheamazingcomplexityoftelevision.

Northeimpressivetechnologyoftransport.Theuniversalwonderweshareand

experienceisourabilitytomakenoiseswithourmouths,andsotransmit

ideasandthoughtstoeachother'sminds.Thisabilitycomessonaturally

thatwetendtoforgetwhatamiracle（奇跡）itis.

75.Thispassageismainlyabout.（2010?江西卷?E-節(jié)選自文章第一

段）

A.thedevelopmentofbodylanguage

B.thespecialrolehumansplayinnature

C.thepowertoconveyinformationtoothers

D.thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimalsinlanguageuse

【考例分析2】MyfewminuteswithMr.Galbreathchangedmylife.NowItryto

treateveryonewithrespect,nomatterwhoIthinktheyare,andnomatter

anotherhumanbeingwithkindnessandsincerity.

59.Whatisthemessagemainlyexpressedinthestory?（2010年重慶卷A篇一節(jié)

選自文章最后一段）

A.Weshouldlearntobegenerous.

B.Itishonorabletohelpthoseinneed.

C.Peopleinhighpositionsarenotlikewhatweexpect.

D.Weshouldavoidjudgingpeoplebytheirappearances.

【考例分析3】Weoftendon,trememberthingsaswellwhenwe,retryingto

manageseveraldetailsatthesametime.Withoutmentalfocus,wemaynotpay

enoughattentiontonewinformationcomingin,soitnevermakesitintoour

memorystores.Thatisoneofthemainreasonsweforgetpeople,snames

evensometimesrightaftertheyhaveintroducedthemselves.Multitaskingcan

alsoaffectourrelationships.Ifsomeonecheckstheire-mailwhileonthe

phonewithafriend,theymaycomeoffasabsent-mindedordisinterested.It

canalsocausethatpersontomissoroverlookkeyinformationbeingpassedon

tothem.

52.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?（2010年浙江卷C篇一節(jié)選自文章最后

一段）

A.Multitaskinghasbecomeawayoflife.

B.Multitaskingoftenleadstoefficiencydecline.

C.Multitaskingexercisesneedtobeimproved.

D.Multitaskingenablespeopletorememberthingsbetter.

4）值得注意的是:有些文章和段落無(wú)明顯的主題句,只是暗示性地體現(xiàn)主題。這就要求考

生在閱讀過(guò)程中，根據(jù)文章中所敘述的事實(shí)或提供的線索來(lái)概括和總結(jié)文章的大意。

2.理清層次關(guān)系，，選出最佳標(biāo)題

標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精練表達(dá),多為一個(gè)名詞詞組，短小明了，函蓋性強(qiáng)。做這類題目

時(shí),要在閱讀全文的基礎(chǔ)匕把握好層次關(guān)系。注意選項(xiàng)的歸納范圍要恰如其分，干擾項(xiàng)往

往是局部信息，是某一小節(jié)或文章里的某一句。所以我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)要反復(fù)推敲，把概括范

圍過(guò)窄或過(guò)寬的選項(xiàng)過(guò)濾掉。

【考例分析4】Whenyou'relyingonthewhitesandsoftheMexicanRiviera,

thestresses（壓力）oftheworldseemamillionmilesaway.Hey,stop!Thisis

novacation-youhavetofinishsomething!

49.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?（2010年全國(guó)卷IIB篇-節(jié)選自

文章第一段）

A.AdventuresinTravelWritingB.WorkingasaFoodCritic

C.TravelGuidesontheMarketD.VacationingforaLiving

【考例分析5】ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren'sabilitytolearnand

evenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestin

thelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.

67.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?（2010年遼寧卷C篇一節(jié)選自文

章第一段）

A.ComputersorTelevision

B.EffectsofTelevisiononChildren

C.StudiesonTVandCollegeEducation

D.TelevisionandChildren，sLearningHabits

【考例分析6】Toerrishuman.Toblametheotherguyisevenmorehuman.

Commonsenseisnotallthatcommon.

Whytellthetruthwhenyoucancomeupwithagoodexcuse?

Thesethreepopularmisquotes（戲謔的弓|語(yǔ)）aremeanttobejokes,andyetthey

tellusalotabouthumannature.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeeda

partofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledon'twanttoacceptthe

responsibilityfortheproblem.Perhapsitisthenaturalthingtodo.The

originalquoteabouthumannaturewentlikethis:"Toerrishuman,to

forgive,divine（神圣的）."Thissayingmirrorsanideal:peopleshouldbe

forgivingofothers'mistakes.Instead,wetendtodotheopposite-find

someoneelsetopasstheblameonto.However,takingresponsibilityfor

somethingthatwentwrongisamakingofgreatmaturity.

55.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforhispassage?（2010年天津卷D篇一節(jié)選自

文章第一部分）

A.AMirrorofHumanNatureB.ToBlameortoForgive

C.AMarkofMaturityD.TruthorExcuse

3.抓住關(guān)鍵詞，判斷作者意圖

作者在描述事實(shí)或傳遞信息時(shí),不管他的意圖是什么，其觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度都不可避免地在文章

中反映出來(lái)。常見的涉及到作者態(tài)度的詞有褒義類詞(approving,positive,optimistic,

等)，貶義類詞(critical,pessimistic,doubtful,questioning)和中性類詞

(indifferent,serious,objective,concerned,neutral)o這就要求考生在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)

特別注意文章的措辭,尤其注意那些表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞如

improving,encouraging,disappointing,fail,ignore等，以及作者對(duì)人物語(yǔ)言、行

為和思想的描寫,從中領(lǐng)悟作者的寫作意圖和態(tài)度。

【考例分析7】Theworldofmake-believeisnotnecessarilybad.Butwhenthe

worldoffantasybecomestheonlyoutlet(出路)foroursenseofwonder,then

wearereallymissingsomething.Wearemissingaconnectionwiththeliving

world.Otherwonderfulworldsexistallaroundus.Butevenmoreinteresting

isthatifwelookcloselyenough,wecanseethattheseworlds,inabroad

sense,arereallypartofourown.(2010年重慶卷E篇-節(jié)選自文章第一段)

75.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toshowusthehiddenbeautyinourworld.

B.Towarnusnottogetlostinthefantasyworld.

C.Toargueagainstthemisuseofthesenseofwonder.

D.Todiscusstheinfluenceoftheworldofmake-believe.

4.小結(jié)：總之，主旨大意類題雖然綜合性強(qiáng)，對(duì)考生的能力要求較高，但只要我們掌握

了一定的解題技巧，在讀懂讀透文章的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)對(duì)比四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)之間的內(nèi)涵與外延之

間的差異，定能準(zhǔn)確地找出正確答案。

在高考閱讀理解中，主題概括類試題的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨

和大意也是《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》和《考試說(shuō)明》對(duì)考生的基木要求之一。只有通過(guò)閱讀掌握

了文章的主題，才能正確理解文章，進(jìn)而根據(jù)文章的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)推測(cè)作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。

主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考

實(shí)踐，這類題目考察的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在

理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高

度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。選擇“主題”旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要

內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見的提問(wèn)方式有：

1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?

2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?

3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

4.Thistextmainlytellsus.

5.Thispassagemainlydealswith.

6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas.選擇“標(biāo)

題”則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)五而嘉詞短語(yǔ)充

當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見的提問(wèn)方式有：

1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?

3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe.

4.Thetopicofthispassageis.

不管是選擇“主題”還是選擇“標(biāo)題”，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，

找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，總是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)

上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。

下面具體分析此類題目的解題技巧：

一、段落及文章整體的主題大意的理解

解這類試題應(yīng)根據(jù)以下幾個(gè)步驟，掌握此類題的解題技巧：

1.尋找主題句，確定文章主題

在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)尋找短文

的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)

尾（含在開頭結(jié)尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾

句是關(guān)鍵。做主題概括類試題多采用瀏覽法

（skimming）,一般不需逐句閱讀，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重

點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式有：

1）文首開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋、支持或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思

想。即演繹法寫作方式。如：

Somethinginchocolatecouldbeusedtostopcoughsandleadtomore

effectivemedicines,sayUKresearchers.

Theirstudyfoundthattheobromine,foundincocoa,wasnearlyathirdmore

effectiveinstoppingcoughsthancodeine,whichwasconsideredthebestcough

medicineatpresent.

TheImperialCollegeLondonresearcherswhopublishedtheirresultsonline

saidthediscoverycouldleadtomoreeffectivecoughtreatment."While

coughingisnotnecessarilyharmful（有害的）itcanhaveamajoreffectonthe

qualityoflife,andthisdiscoverycouldbeahugestepforwardintreating

thisproblem,“saidProfessorPeterBarnes.

Tenhealthyvolunteers（志愿者）weregiventheobromine,codeineorplacebo,

apillthatcontainsnomedicine,duringtheexperiment.Neitherthe

volunteersnortheresearchersknewwhoreceivedwhichpill.Theresearchers

thenmeasuredlevelsofcapsaicin,whichisusedinresearchtocausecoughing

andasasignofhowwellthemedicineisstoppingcoughs.

Theteamfoundthat,whenthevolunteersweregiventheobromine,the

capsaicinneededtoproduceacoughwasaroundathirdhigherthaninthe

placebogroup.Whentheyweregivencodeinetheyneedonlyslightlyhigher

levelsofcapsaicintocauseacoughcomparedwiththeplacebo.The

researcherssaidthattheobromineworkedbykeepingdownanerveactivity（神

經(jīng)活動(dòng)），whichcausescoughing.Theyalsofoundthatunlikesomestandard

coughtreatments,theobrominecausednosideeffectssuchassleepiness.

（2008全國(guó)卷HD篇）

a.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Codeine:ANewMedicineB.ChocolateMayCureCoughs

C.CoughTreatment:AHardCaseB.TheobromineCanCauseCoughs

2）文尾歸納要點(diǎn)，提出建議，以概括主題。即歸納法寫作方式。如：

Ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate,comparedwiththatofa

wildanimal,butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong.Indeed,itsvery

softnessandloosenessisanadvantage;itmakesamangoodatmovingabout

movementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize,becausehecandosomany

differentthingswithhislimbs.Man'sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisown

body.Nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman;nonehassuch

variedgrace;veryfewliveaslongashe;noneissostronginitsnatural

resistancetodisease.Thereforemanhasagreatadvantageinhisbattle

againsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim.

3）文中。通常前面只提巾問(wèn)題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中

導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支持或發(fā)展。如：

Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightinadarknightifatiregoesflat.

Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,

themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomething

inthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand;acamperalsoneeds

oneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.

4）首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫

作方式較為多見。但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步引申

或發(fā)展的意味。如：

（首段）ShuPulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,"Itwas

seeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer."Shesaid,,

（尾段）“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyself

tohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes."Shusaid.

5）無(wú)主題句，即主題句隱含在全文中，沒有明確的主題句，必須根據(jù)文中所提供的事

實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行全面考慮、綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的

是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于寬泛，要恰如其分。如：

b.JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedto

leavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduated

withhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwith

anexcellentlegalbackground.Heispresentlyacorporation1awyerinMiami,

Florida.

b.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer.B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.

C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.

D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.

除工以上主題句呈現(xiàn)的常見形式外還要注意標(biāo)志詞。文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在

一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。如：onthewhole,asaresult,inshort,therefore,thus,,

Iagreewiththeopinionthat,,;Givenallthesepointsabove,Iwouldsupport

theideathat,,;Forallthereasonsmentionedabove,Iwouldprefer...

2.抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想

尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心句的整體

歸納便是文章的中心思想。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，考生不能只依據(jù)只言片語(yǔ)，或光看文章的某些

段落，而應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排；理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”；考慮文章的組織材料

及支持性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的；分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么內(nèi)容來(lái)表達(dá)的；最后用

簡(jiǎn)明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來(lái)。如：

Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclear

power.

First,theradioactivematerialmusttravelfromitsplaceofproductionto

thepowerstation.Althoughthepowerstationsthemselvesarestronglybuilt,

thecontainersusforthetransportofthematerialsarenot.Normally,only

twomethodsoftransportareinuse,namelyroadorrail.Unfortunately,both

ofthesemayhaveaneffectonthegeneralpublic,sincetheyaresuretopass

near,oreventhrough,heavilypopulatedareas.

Second,thereistheproblemofwaste.Allnuclearpowerstationsproduce

wastesthatinmostcaseswillremainradioactiveforthousandsofyears.It

isimpossibletomakethesewastesnonradioactive,andsotheymustbestored

inoneoftheinconvenientwaysthatscientistshaveinvented.Forexample,

theymaybeburiedundertheground,ordroppedintodesertedmines,orsunk

inthesea.However,thesemethodsdonotsolvetheproblem,sincean

earthquakecouldeasilybreakthecontainers.

Third,theremayoccurthedangerofaleak（泄漏）oranexplosionatthe

powerstation.Aswiththeothertwodangers,thisisnotverylikely,soit

doesnotprovideaseriousobjectiontothenuclearprogram.However,itcan

happen.

Separately,thesethreetypesofdangersarenotagreatcauseforworry.

Takentogether,though,theprobabilityofdisasterisextremelyhigh.

c:Whatisthepassageabout?

A.Usesofnuclearpower.B.Dangersfromnuclearpower.

C.Publicangeratnuclearpower.D.Accidentscausedbynuclearpower.

3.抓住文章主線和關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，歸納文章中心

不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時(shí)主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根

據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。方法是：先弄清該段

落主要講了那幾方面內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納，形成主題。

如：

TheQueen'sEnglishisnowsoundinglessupper-class,ascientificstudyof

theQueen?sChristmasbroadcastshasfound.Researchershavestudiedeachof

hermessagestotheCommonwealthcountriessince1952tofindoutthechange

inherpronunciationfromthenobleUpperReceivedtotheStandardReceived.

JonathanHarrington,aprofessoratGermany*sUniversityofMunich,wanted

todiscoverwhetheraccent（口音）changesrecordedoverthepasthalfcentury

wouldtakeplacewithinoneperson."AsfarasIknow,therejustisnobody

elseforwhomthereisthissortofbroadcastrecords,“hesaid.

Hesaidthenoblewayofpronouncingvowels（元音）hadgraduallylostground

asthenobleupper-classaccentoverthepastyears."Heraccentsounds

slightlylessnoblethanitdid50yearsago.Butthesearevery,verysmall

andslowchangesthatwedon'tnoticefromyeartoyear.”

“Wemaybeabletorelateittochangesinthesocialclasses,hetold

TheDailyTelegraph,aBritishnewspaper."In1952shewouldhavebeenheard

saying'thetmeninthebleckhet'.Nowitwouldbe'thatmanintheblack

hat'.And<hame,ratherthan'home'.Inthe1950sshewouldhavebeen

<lorst,,butbythe1970s'lost'.”

TheQueen*sbroadcastisapersonalmessagetotheCommonwealthcountries.

EachChristmas,thelO-minutebroadcastisputonTVat3pminBritainasmany

familiesarerecoveringfromtheirtraditionalturkeylunch（傳統(tǒng)火雞午餐）.

Theresultswerepublished（發(fā)表）intheJournalofPhonetics.

（2008全國(guó)卷IIB篇）

d.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Therelationshipbetweenaccentsandsocialclasses.

B.TheQueenJsChristmasspeechesonTV.

C.ThechangesinapersonJsaccent.

D.TherecentdevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage.

二、文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定

1.要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語(yǔ)與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系;

2.再看它對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何;

3.要注意題目是過(guò)大還是過(guò)小；

4.要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?；

②過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象概括的大意。

要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡x好標(biāo)題，還需要了解標(biāo)題的基本擬定方式。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，標(biāo)題的擬定方式是：

以話題為核心，將控制性概念的詞按一定的語(yǔ)法濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞

組。

比如某一文章的中心句子為:Coffeeisauniversaldrinkthatisservedin

differentwaysaroundtheworld.

話題：Coffee

控制性概念：isauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundthe

world

標(biāo)題:CoffeeAroundtheWorld

例：2008年高考英語(yǔ)山東卷B篇

FederalregulatorsWednesdayapprovedaplantocreateanationwide

emergencyalert（警寸艮）systemusingtextmessagesdeliveredtocellphones.

Textmessageshavebeenpopularinrecentyears,particularlyamongyoung

people.Thewirelessindustry'stradeassociation,CTIA,estimates（估計(jì)）

morethan48billiontextmessagesaresenteachmonth.

TheplancomesfromtheWarningAlertandResponseNetworkAct,a2006

federallawthatrequiresimprovementstothenation，semergencyalertsystem.

TheacttaskedtheFederalCommunicationsCommission（FCC）withcomingupwith

newwaystoalertthepublicaboutemergencies.

“Theabilitytodeliveraccurateandtimelywarningsandalertsthrough

cellphonesandothermobileservicesisanimportantnextstepinourefforts

tohelpensurethattheAmericanpublichastheinformationtheyneedtotake

actiontoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamiliesbefore,andduring,disasters

andotheremergencies,“FCCChairmanKevinMartinsaid,followingapprovalof

theplan.

Participationinthealertsystembycarriers-telecommunicationscompanies

isvoluntary,butithasreceivedsupportfromthewirelessindustry.

Theprogramwouldbeoptionalforcellphoneusers.Theyalsomaynotbe

chargedforreceivingalerts.

Therewouldbethreedifferenttypesofmessages,accordingtotherules.

Thefirstwouldbeanationalalertfromthepresident,likelyinvolvinga

naturaldisaster.Thesecondwouldinvolve^approachingthreats”,which

couldincludenaturaldisasterslikehurricanesorstormsorevenuniversity

shootings.Thethirdwouldbeforchildabduction（綁架）emergencies,orso-

calledAmberAlerts.

Theservicecouldbeinplaceby2010.

e.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.CellPhoneAlertsProtectingStudents

B.CellPhoneAlertsbyWirelessIndustry

C.CellPhoneAlertsofNationalDisasters

D.CellPhoneAlertsComingSoon

a.答案：Bo本文開篇就道明了主題：巧克力中的某種成分可以治療咳嗽，下文始終圍

繞這個(gè)主題來(lái)展開說(shuō)明。

b.［分析］此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本

身看個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的細(xì)節(jié)(details)綜合起來(lái)進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一

個(gè)沒有言明的主題思想(unstatedmainidea)o由于文中主要涉及了JoshuaBingham接

受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：JoshuaBingham接受過(guò)良好的教育，所以答案是

C?

c.主題分析：第一段Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplying

energybynuclearpower.為文章的主題句。接著從三個(gè)方面論述主題：First,,,

Second,,,Third,,,段首第一句分別為各段的主題句，層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，最后一段進(jìn)

一步歸納全文大意：Dangersfromnuclearpower。故答案為B。

d.答案：Co文章第一段就提到自從1952年以來(lái)研究者就測(cè)試TheQueen'sEnglish

的口音變化；接下來(lái)文章第二段就說(shuō)到這種測(cè)試的全面性和客觀性；第三段和第四段舉例

說(shuō)明這種口音變化的特點(diǎn)。由以上不難分析出文章是針對(duì)一個(gè)人的口音在半世紀(jì)前后的變

化及分析寫的，所以C最恰當(dāng)。

e.答案：D。主旨大意題。第一段開門見山，提出將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)全國(guó)性的短信警報(bào)系統(tǒng)；

最后一段重申主題，對(duì)這種新系統(tǒng)的未來(lái)進(jìn)行展望。因此最準(zhǔn)確的標(biāo)題是D。A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在

protectingstudents；B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在bywirelessindustry；C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在National

Disasterso

Readingcomprehension—Mainidea

1.Theeasywayoutisn'talwayseasiest.IlearnedthatlessonwhenI

decidedtotreatDoug,myhusbandofonemonth,toaspecialmeal.Iglanced

throughmycookbookandchoseamenuwhichincludedhomemadebread.Knowing

thebreadwouldtaketine,IstartedonitassoonasDougleftforwork.AsI

wasnotexperiencedincooking,Ithoughtifadozenwasgood,twodozenwould

bebetter,soIdoubledeverything.AsDouglovedoranges,Ialsoopenedacan

oforangeandpoureditallintothebowl.Soontherewasastickydough（面團(tuán)）

coveredwithuglyyellowishmarks.RealizingIhadbeendefeated,Iputthe

doughintherubbishbinoutsidesoTwouldn'thavetofaceDouglaughingat

mywork.Iwentonpreparingtherestifthemeal,and,whenDouggothome,

wesatdowntoCornishchickenwithrice.Hetriedtoenjoythemealbut

seemeddisturbed.Twicehegotupandwentoutside,sayinghethoughthe

heardanoise.Thethirdtimeheleft,Iwenttothewindowtoseewhathewas

doing.Lookingout,IsawDougstandingaboutthreefeetfromtherubbishbin,

holdingthelidupwithastickandlookingintothecontainer.WhenIcame

outofthehouse,hedroppedthestickandexplainedthattherewassomething

aliveinourrubbishbin.Pickingupthestickagain,heheldthelidup

enoughformetosee.Ifeltcold.ButIsteppedcloseandlookedharder.

Withoutdoubtitwasmywork.Thehotsunhadcausedthesoughtodoughto

doubleinsizeandthefermentingyeast（酵母）madethesurfaceshakeandsigh

asthoughtitwerebreathing.Itlookedlikesomeunknownbeingfromouter

space.IcouldseewhyDougwasshaken.Ihadtoadmitwhatthe“l(fā)iving

thing“wasandwhyitwasthere.Idon,tknowhowasmoreembarrassed（尷尬）

bythewholething-Dougorme.

Thewriter'spurposeinwritingthisstoryis

a.totellaninterestingexperience.

b.Toshowtheeasiestwayoutofadifficulty.

c.Todescribethetroublefacinganewlymarriedwoman

d.Toexplainthedifficultyoflearningtocookfrombooks

2Decisionthinkingisnotunlikepokeritoftenmattersnotonlywhat

youthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythink

youthink.Thementalprocess（）issimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehas

oftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,good

thinkers.

ThegreatmathematicianJohnvonNeumannwasoneofthefoundersofgame

theory.Inparticular,heshowedthatallgamesofwperfectinformationn,

gameslikechesswheretheplayerscan,thideanythingorplaytricks;they

don,twinbychance,butbymeansoflogicandskills.Thentherearegames

of“imperfectinformation,likepoker,inwhichitisimpossibletoknow

inadvancethatonecourseofactionisbetterthananother.

Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameof

perfectinformation.Quitthereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfare

gameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Business

decisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactors

()whichwouldevenpuzzle()bestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeople

finditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystill

prefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.

Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis

a.theprocessofreachingdecisionb.thedifferencebetweenpokerand

chessc.thesecretofmakinggoodbusinessplansd.thevalueofinformation

inwinninggames3Mostpeoplefeellonelysometimes,butitusuallyonly

lastsbetweenafewminutesandafewhours.Thiskindoflonelinessisnot

serious,Infact,itisquitenormal.Forsomepeople,though,lonelinesscan

lastforyears.Nowresearcherssaytherearethreedifferenttypesof

loneliness.ThefirstkindofIonelinessistemporary(暫時(shí)的).Thisisthe

mostcommontype.Itusuallydisappearsquicklyanddoesnotrequireany

specialattention.Thesecondkind,situationalloneliness,isanatural

resultofaparticularsituation一forexampleafamilyproblem,thedeathofa

lovesone,ormovingtoanewplace.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscan

causephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoes

notlastformorethanayear.Thethirdkindoflonelinessisthemostsevere.

Unlikethesecondtype,chronic(長(zhǎng)期的)lonelinessusuallylastsmorethantwo

yearsandhasnospecificcause.Peoplewhoexperiencehabitualloneliness

haveproblemssocializingandbecomingclosetoothers.Unfortunately,many

chronicallylonelypeoplethinkthereislittleornothingtheycandoto

improvetheircondition.Psychologistsagreethatoneimportantfactorin

lonelinessisaperson,ssocialcontacts,e.g.friends,familymembers,co-

workers,etc.Wedependonvariouspeoplefordifferentreasons.Forinstance,

ourfamiliesgiveusemotionalsupport,ourparentssharesimila