英語國家社會與文化(美4)

TheUSA---EducationintheUnitedStatesPrefaceHello,everyone.EarlierIhavetakenyoutolookattheAmericaneconomy,andweknowthattheUnitedStatesisthebiggesteconomicpowerintheworld.However,economydoesnotworkbyitself.OneofthereasonsthattheUnitedStatesbecamepowerfulandwasabletosustainitspowerisbecauseofitsemphasisoneducation.Intoday'sworld,whencompetitionintensifiesonaworldscale,educationisincreasinglybecomingoneofthecrucialanddistinguishingfactorsinmeasuringthehumanresourcespotentialofanation.Inthisunit,wewilllookatthevariousaspectsofAmericaneducation:thetypesofschools,whattheyteachattheschools,abitofhistoryofeducationintheUS,curriculuminthefinestuniversitiesintheUS,andsomenewtrends.Agoodpieceofinformationforyou:youaregoingtohaveaneasytimewiththevocabularyinthisunit-notmanynewwords!Andofthefewnewwords,youmayhaveagoodchanceofknowingsomeofthem,becauseyouareastudentandthisiswhatyoudoeveryday,right?PartIWarm-upquestions

1.Whatdoes"compulsoryeducation"mean?(a)Peoplecandecideforthemselveswhethertheywanttogotoschoolornot.(b)Everyonemustattendreceiveeducationforacertainnumberofyears.(c)Studentsmustlistentotheteacher.

2.IscollegeeducationfreeintheUS?

(a)Yes(b)No3.WhichofthefollowingisnotauniversityintheUS?

(a)YaleUniversity(b)PrincetonUniversity(c)ColumbiaUniversity(d)OxfordUniversity

4.InpublicschoolsintheUS,fundingmainlycomesfrom

(a)taxpayers(b)privatefoundations

(c)privatedonations(d)tuitionfromstudents5.WhichoneofthefollowingistheoldestuniversityintheUS?

(a)Princeton(b)NewYorkUniversity(c)Harvard(d)UniversityofEdinburgh

PartIIFocalpoints1.Goalofeducation(教育目的)2.Differenteducationlawsfordifferentstates(各州教育法)3.Severallevelsofschooling(國家等級考試)4.Curriculaforstudents(課程設置)5.Compulsoryeducationforallchildren(美國義務教育)6.Equaleducationopportunitiesforminoritygroups(少數(shù)民族的平教育機會)7.Strongdemandforhighereducation(高等教育的社會需求)8.Thecomplexsystemofhighereducation(高教的復雜體制)9.Varietiesofcollegesanduniversity(種類繁多的高等院校)10.Trendsindegreeprograms(學位教育趨勢)11.TheServicemen'sReadjustmentAct(軍人重新安置法)12.Affirmativeactionprograms(肯定行動計劃或平權法案)13.Non-traditionalstudents(非傳統(tǒng)學生)amendmentn.

修正案apprenticen.

學徒assignmentn.作業(yè)atomn.原子bachelor'sdegree

學士學位benefactorn.

捐助人boardofeducation

學校董事會，教育委員會businessaccounting

商業(yè)會計categoryn.

類型certificationn.

認證，證書colonialistn.

殖民主義者，美洲大陸早期移民communitycollege

社區(qū)學院comprisev.

包含，由……構成compulsoryeducation

義務教育Computerprogramming

電腦編程conferv.

授予controversial

有爭議的converselyadv.

相反地PartIIIWords&Expressionscoren.

核心counselorn.

輔導員，顧問creditn.

學分curriculumn.

課程設置delegatev.

委派doctoraldegree

博士學位electiven.

選修課elementaryschool

小學endowmentn.

捐款facultyn.

教職員faithn.

信仰flourishv.

繁榮hairstyling

美發(fā)handicapn.

殘疾inquiryn.

探究，質(zhì)詢instructionalmaterial

教材liberalarts

文科literaryn.

識字mainframen.

大型機majorn.

專業(yè)master'sdegree

碩士學位orbitv.

在軌道中運行PartIIIWords&Expressionspenmanshipn.

書寫，書法prestigen.

威望,名聲privateschool

私立學校promptv.

促使publicschool

公立學校quotas

定額，配額rangefrom...to

從……到recommendationn.

推薦reservev.

保留scholasticaptitudetests

學習能力測試scopen.

范圍secondaryschool

中學segregatev.

分離，隔開socialmobility

社會流動性，指取得較高的社會地位statisticaladj.

數(shù)據(jù)的tragicadj.

悲劇性的transferv.

轉學tuitionn.

學費tutorn.

私人教師,指導教師undergraduaten.

本科生PartIIIWords&Expressionsundertakingn.

任務upswingn.

上漲，回升veteran

老兵，退伍兵vocationaladj.

職業(yè)的PartIVLanguagepointsTheGuidingPrincipleofAmericanEducationEachcitizenshouldreceivethebesteducationpossibleEveryoneshouldgetequalopportunitytoreceiveatleastsomeeducation

I.thegoalofeducation---Toachieveuniversalliteracyandtoprovideindividualswiththeknowledgeandskillsnecessarytopromoteboththeirownindividualwelfareaswellasthatofthegeneralpublic.普及教育，并使每個人掌握必要的知識和技能。這不僅能提高人的福利，同時也改善了公眾的福利。

---Studentsfromkindergartentothe12thgradeattendclassesforanaverageof5hoursaday,5daysaweek.IdealsofModernAmericanEducationAsmanypeopleaspossibleshouldhaveaccesstoasmucheducationastheywant;Toproductasocietythatistotallyliterateandleteducationfunctionunderlocalcontrol;Scholarsandstudentsshouldbeencouragedtoworkfordiscoveringnewinformationorconceivingnewwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown.II.expenditureofeducation---About90%ofAmericanstudentsattendpublicschoolssupportedbyAmericantaxpayers.Religiousinstructionisnotgiveninpublicschools.Inpublicschoolswherepublictaxesareinvolved,spendingandtheschoolcurriculum,teacherstandardsandcertificationareguidedbyboardsofeducation(policymakersforschools)atthestateordistrictlevel.

---Theother10%attendprivateschools,forwhichtheirfamilieschoosetopayspecialattendancefees.80%privateschoolsintheU.S.arerunbychurches,synagogues(猶太教教學)orotherreligiousgroups.Religiousteachingsareapartofthecurriculum.Privateschoolsthatmeetstatestandardsusethefeestheycollectastheythinkbest.---Thecombinedexpensesofbotheducationsystems,publicandprivate,exceed$190,000millionayear.(1900億美元)

---Boardsofeducation(policymakersofschools)atthestateand/ordistrictlevelwillguidethespending,theschoolcurriculum,teacherstandardsandcertification,andtheoverallmeasurementofstudentprogress.---Eachofthe50statesintheUShasitsownlawsregulatingeducation(agelimitstoattendingschools;theselectionoflearningmaterials).

III.differenteducationlawsfordifferentstates---EverystateinAmericanhasitsownlawsabouteducationandallstatesrequireyoungpeopletogotoschool.ThuseverychildinAmericaisguaranteedupto13yearsofeducation.Eachstatehavetherighttoprovidefortheeducationofitspeople.(州政府有權管理本州的教育)---theagelimitsvary:32statesrequireattendancetoage16;8to18;etc.TableofSchoolingBeforeCollegeorUniversitySeniorHighSchool9101112HighSchoolHigh(orSecondarySchool)School14151617JuniorHighSchool5678MiddleSchool101112131234ElementarySchools6789

KKindergarten5NSNurserySchool34

GradeAge

IV.severallevelsofschooling---ElementarySchool/Grammarschool

1.usuallygradeskindergartenthrough8---K-82.insomeplaces:K-63.sometimesgrades4,5,6called“middleschool”)4.Everyelementaryschoolprovidesthesesubjects:maths;languagearts(reading,grammar,compositionandliterature);penmanship(書寫);science;socialstudies(history,geography,citizenshipandeconomics);music;art;P.E.

ElementaryEducation

---SecondarySchool1.generallygrades9-12,popularlycalled“highschool”2.inmanydistricts,grades7-9arecalled“juniorhighschool”3.whengrades7-9areincludedwiththe10th,11thand12thgrades,allsixaresaidtoa“seniorhighschool”4.mostsecondaryschoolsofferthesamecoreoftherequiredsubjects:English;mathematics;science;socialstudiesandP.E.SecondaryEducationGeneralEducationVocationalTrainingEducationforhandicappedchildren

5.Schoolswereaskednotonlytoteachnewinformationandknowledge,buttohelpstudentsasktheirownquestionsaboutit.Theinquirymethodoflearning,focusingonsolvingproblemsratherthanmemorizingfacts,becamepopular.Level/GradeTypicalageVariousoptionalprograms,suchasHeadStartUnder6Pre-Kindergarten4-5Kindergarten5-6ElementarySchool1stGrade6–72ndGrade7–83rdGrade8–94thGrade9–105thGrade10–11MiddleSchool6thGrade11–127thGrade12–138thGrade13–14Highschool9thGrade(Freshman)14-1510thGrade(Sophomore)15-1611thGrade(Junior)16-1712thGrade(Senior)17–18Post-secondaryeducationTertiaryeducation(CollegeorUniversity)Agesvary(usuallyfouryears,referredtoas

Freshman,Sophomore,Juniorand

Senioryears)Graduateeducation(Master&PhD)EducationsystemintheUSA---HigherEducation

1.MoreandmoreAmericansviewedtheuniversityasthedoorwaytoamedicalorlawdegree,apositioningovernment,oramanagementpositioninamajorbusinessoffice.2.Eachyearone-thirdofhighschoolgraduateswillgoonforhighereducation.3.Applicantswillbechosenbycollegeonthebasisof:1)theirhighschoolrecords;2)recommendationsfromtheirhighschoolteachers;3)theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity;

4.TheirscoresontheScholasticAptitudeTests(SATs,onlyinmathematicsandEnglish).Inrecentyears,otherfactors,suchastheapplicant’stalents,voluntaryactivitiesandlifeexperience,willalsobetakenintoaccount.*Seniorhighschoolisaschoolattendedafterjuniorhighschool.Highschoolisoftenusedinsteadofseniorhighschoolanddistinguishedfromjuniorhighschool.

---Thesystemofhighereducation---ItreferstoAmericaneducationonthecollegelevel.Itincludes4categoriesofinstitutions.Theyare(1)theuniversity,whichmaycontainseveralcollegesforundergraduatestudentsforabachelor’sdegree(4years)andoneormoregraduateschoolsforamaster’soradoctoraldegree.(2)Thefour-yearundergraduateinstitution---thecollege—mostofwhicharenotpartofauniversity.(四年制本科學院),

(3)Thetechnicaltraininginstitution,rangingintimefrom6monthsto4years,andinskillsfromhair-stylingtobusinessaccounting.(技術培訓學院)(4)Thetwo-year,orcommunitycollege,fromwhichstudentsmayentermanyprofessionsormaytransfertofour-yearcollegesoruniversities.(兩年制社區(qū)學院)

*Somearesupportedbypublicfundsandsomebyprivatefunds.Manyuniversitiesandcollegeshavewonreputationsforprovidingtheirstudentswithahigherqualityofeducation.Thegreatmajorityaregenerallyregardedasquitesatisfactory.Afewotherinstitutionsprovideonlyadequateeducation.HigherEducationTwo-yearCollege/JuniorCollege/CommunityCollegeFour-yearCollegeUniversities:(a)severalcollegesforundergraduatestudentsseekingabachelor's(four-year)degreeand(b)oneormoregraduateschoolsforthosecontinuinginspecializedstudiesbeyondthebachelor'sdegreetoobtainamaster'soradoctoraldegree;

TheUniversityofCalifornia,withseveralbranchcampusesandmorethan128000students.TheSouthHall,oneoftheoldestbuildingsonthecampus,withahistoryofabout200years.

Asourtextbookdescribedinthefirstparagraph,HighereducationbeganwiththefoundingofHarvardUniversity.NowletushavealookattheFamousuniversity:TheschoolsymbolHarvardUniversityisaprivateuniversityinCambridge,Massachusetts,andamemberoftheIvyLeague.Foundedin1636bythecolonialMassachusettslegislature,HarvardistheoldestinstitutionofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates.YoucanimaginehowromanticifwearestudyinginsuchauniversityThespringofHarvardThesummerofHarvardTheautumnofHarvardThesplendidlibraryofHarvardHowquietanddiligentthestudentsturnouttobeHarvard’sStadiumHowamazinginHarvard!IvycoveringWestCollege,PrincetonUniversity

TheIvyLeague's(常青藤盟校)namederivesfromtheivyplants,symbolicoftheirage,thatcovermanyoftheseinstitutions'historicbuildings.TheIvyLeagueuniversitiesarealsocalled"theAncientEight"orsimply"

theIvies".Yale-Harvard

Game,YaleBowl

MembersoftheIvyLeague

InstitutionLocationAthleticNicknameUndergraduateenrollmentMottoBrownUniversityProvidence,RhodeIslandBears5,821InDeosperamus

(InGodwehope)ColumbiaUniversityNewYorkCity,NewYorkLions7,407InlumineTuovidebimuslumen

(InThylightshallweseethelight)CornellUniversityIthaca,NewYorkBigRed6,846Iwouldfoundaninstitutionwhereanypersoncanfindinstructioninanystudy.DartmouthCollegeHanover,NewHampshireBigGreen4,164Voxclamantisindeserto(Avoicecryinginthewilderness)HarvardUniversityCambridge,MassachusettsCrimson6,715Veritas(Truth)PrincetonUniversityPrinceton,NewJerseyTigers4,790Deisubnumineviget

(UnderGod'spowersheflourishes)UniversityofPennsylvaniaPhiladelphia,PennsylvaniaQuakers10,163Legessinemoribusvanae

(Lawswithoutmoralsareuseless)YaleUniversityNewHaven,ConnecticutBulldogs5,275

???????????

Luxetveritas

(Lightandtruth)LocationsofcurrentIvyLeaguememberinstitutions.

---Inordertogotouniversity,secondaryschoolstudentsmust(1)havehighschoolrecords(2)recommendationsfromtheirteachers(3)getgoodscoresintheScholasticAptitudeTest(SATs學習能力傾向測試---指根據(jù)美國大學入學考試委員會編的試題進行的高等學校入學前的預測性測驗)(4)makegoodimpressionsduringtheinterviews---Everyyearmorethan3millionstudentsgraduatefromsecondaryschools,onlyabout1millionstudentsgoonforhighereducation.

---Publicandprivatecollegesdependonthreesourcesofincome:studentintuition,endowments(捐贈

giftsmadebywealthybenefactors慈善家)andgovernmentfunding.Harvard,PrincetonandYaleUniversitiesgetverylargeendowments,morethan1000milliondollarseach.

---degreesandtrendsindegreeprograms:---theundergraduatestudentgetsabachelor’sdegreeafterearningacertainnumberofcredits(120)infouryearsofcollege.Theothertwohigherdegreesaremaster’sdegreeanddoctor’sdegree.---Duringthe1970sand1980s,therewasatrendawayfromthetraditionalliberalarts.Manystudentswerechoosingmajorfieldsthatwouldpreparethemforspecificjobs.Butsomeobserversbelievethistrendtowardpre-professionalism(就業(yè)前就掌握嫻熟技能)willbeendingandthatstudentsareswitchingbacktotraditionalareasofstudy.

---FactorsthatdeterminetheprestigeofaninstitutioninAmerica:---Qualityofteachingfaculty,andofresearchfacilities;---Amountoffundingavailableforlibraries,specialprograms,etc.---Thecompetenceandnumberofapplicantsforadmission.---Largeuniversitiesprovidestudentswith“mainframe”(大型機，主機)computer.---Largeuniversitiesattractstudentswithmodernlaboratories.

*ThereisnonationalcurriculumintheU.S.*About25%ofallschoolsofhighereducationinAmericaareprivatelyoperatedbyreligiousorganization.*TheStateuniversityonNewYorkhadmorethan60campusesindifferentpartsofthestate.Generalattainmentofdegrees/diplomas

Thisgraphicshowstheeducationalattainmentamongthepopulation,In2005,theproportionofthepopulationhavingfinishedhighschoolandthepercentageofthosehavingearnedBachelor'sdegreesremainedatanall-timehigh,whilethegrowthinbothcategorieshassloweddownoverthepasttwodecades.Thevastmajorityofthepopulation,84.6%,hadfinishedhighschoolandoveraquarter,27.2%,hadearnedaBachelor'sdegree.

V.PuritancontributiontoAmericaneducation

1.WhenPuritansfoundedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1630,oneofthethingstheybelievedwasthateverypersonshouldbeabletoreadtheBible.2.Throughoutthecolonies,youngmenandwomencouldreceiveaneducationinreadingbybecominganapprenticeinasmallbusiness.3.Oneofthereservedpowerstothestategovernmentswastherightofeachstatetoprovidefortheeducationofitspeople.EducationintheUSwastoremaininthehandsofstateandlocalgovernments.

---1.In1634,theyopena“Latingrammar”school,aschoolforthosewhowantedtoprepareforcollege.---2.In1636,HarvardCollegewasfoundedforthetrainingofreligiousministers---3.In1634and1638,thePuritanspassedlawsdeclaringthatallpropertycouldbetaxedforthecommongood,whichincludedthesupportofschools.(清教徒制定的法律規(guī)定，所有的財產(chǎn)都要上稅，用于支持公益項目，包括對學校的贊助

)

---4.In1642and1647,theBayColonypassedlawsrequiringallparentstoprovidereadingeducationfortheirchildren.

---5.Inlessthan20years,thePuritanintroducedtwopracticesthatstillinfluenceAmericanyouth:(1)compulsoryeducationforallchildren(2)publictaxationforschools

VI.theServicemen’sReadjustmentAct/GIBillofRights(軍人重新安置法)

---waspassedin1944.Itwassoonpopularlycalledthe“GIBillofRights”.GIwasanicknamefortheAmericansoldier.Thenicknamecamefromtheabbreviationfor“GovernmentIssue”---theuniformsandotherarticle“issued”toasoldier.TheActpromisedfinancialaidforhighereducationtomembersofthearmedforces.

VII.Affirmativeactionprograms

肯定行動計劃或平權法案

---werefirstadvocatedbysomecollegesinthe1960s.Thepurposeoftheprogramwastoequalizeeducationalopportunitiesforallgroupsandtomakeupforpastinequalitybygivingspecialreferencetomembersofminoritiesseekingjobsoradmissiontocollege.

Note:Non-traditionalstudents:studentswhohaveworkedforseveralyearsbeforestartingcollege,orstudentswhogotoschoolpart-timewhileholdingdoneajob.*AcademicExaminations

TherearemanyacademicexaminationsandplacementtestsusedintheUnitedStates.Mostoftheseexamsareusedtodeterminewhetheryouwillbeadmittedtoanacademicinstitution;othersareusedtodeterminethelevelofcoursesinwhichyoushouldenroll.TestofAdultBasicEducation(TABE)

TheTABEisaplacementtestthatmanyinstitutionsandorganizationsuseinordertoplacestudentsintheappropriatelevelforcoursessuchasliteracy,ESL(English-as-a-Second-Language),andGEDpreparationcourses.Alsosometimesusedforplacementinvocationalprograms.Formoreinformation,visitTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage(TOEFL)

TheTOEFLisatestthatmeasurestheabilityofnon-nativespeakersofEnglishtouseandunderstandNorthAmericanEnglishasitisusedincollegeanduniversitysettings.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitGeneralEducationalDevelopment(GED)TheGEDisanequivalencydiplomathatyoureceivebypassinganexamination.Bypassingtheexam,youshowthatyoupossesstheknowledgeandskillsoftheaveragepersonwhograduatesfromahighschoolintheUnitedStates.TheGEDisusuallynecessarytogainadmittancetoacollegeoruniversity,anditalsoimprovesyourchancesforhigherpayingemployment.Formoreinformation,visittheofficialGEDwebsiteatTexasHigherEducationAssessment(THEA)TheTHEAtestisrequiredbymostcollegesanduniversitiesinTexas.Theywilluseyourscorestodetermineifyouneeddevelopmentalcoursesornot.Itisgenerallyusedasaplacementtesttodeterminewhatlevelofcoursesyoushouldenrollinwhenyoubeginyourstudies.(*FormerlyknownastheTASPexamination.)Formoreinformation,visitScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)TheSATisgenerallyusedbycollegesanduniversitiesinmuchthesamewayastheTHEA(formerlytheTASP);thedifferenceisthattheSATisusedthroughouttheUnitedStates,whiletheTHEAisonlyusedinthestateofTexas.Formoreinformation,visitGraduateRecordsExamination(GRE)TheGREisanexaminationthatisusedtodeterminewhetheryouwillbeadmittedtoapost-graduateprogramofstudyforaMaster’sdegreeorDoctorofPhilosophydegree.ThisexamistakenafteryouhavecompletedaBachelor’sdegree.Formoreinformation,visitPointsforConsiderationWhenapplyingtoacollegeoruniversity,itisveryimportanttomakesurethattheydonotclassifyyouasan“internationalstudent”duringtheapplicationprocess.Iftheydo,yourtuitionratewillbemuchmoreexpensive.Asarefugee,orasylee,youareentitledtoregular“resident”tuitionratesafterlivinginHoustonforoneyearandpayingtaxesonyouremploymentincome.Alwaysseekadvicefromacademiccounselorsatcollegesanduniversitiesbeforemakingeducationaldecisions.Ifyouneedassistancewithlocatingsuchpeople,pleasecall___at___.ScholarshipsScholarshipsareanotherformoffinancialaidtoassiststudentswithtuitioncosts.Scholarshipsaregenerallyofferedbyprivatefoundationsandorganizations,andyoumustcompetewithotherapplicantstoobtainthefunds.Theamountofmoneyavailablethroughscholarshipsvariesgreatly,fromaslittleasaone-timeawardof$100toonesthatpayforyourentirecollegeeducation.Applyingforscholarshipscanbeaverytime-consumingtaskbecauseyoumustdoalotofresearchtofindonesforwhichyouqualify.Manyscholarshipsareofferedonlytospecificgroupsofpeoplebasedoncertaincharacteristics,suchasacademicsubjectinterest,religiousaffiliation,“race”,ethnicity,socio-economicclass,etc.

FinancialAidFinancialassistancetopayfortuitionisavailablefromthefederalgovernment.Theamountyouareeligiblefordependsonmanyfactors,butprimarilyonhowmuchincomeyouearnatyourjob.Federalstudentaidisavailableinthefollowingforms:grants;subsidizedloans;unsubsidizedloans;andwork-study.Inordertoapplyforthesefunds,youmustcompletetheFAFSA(FreeApplicationforFederalStudentAid).Youcanobtaintheapplicationfromfinancialaidofficesatcollegesanduniversities,oryoucancompleteiton-lineat

JOINTHEMOVEMENT,MAKEADIFFERENCEthevoice:“AStrongAmericaDependsonStrongSchools!”“AsOurSchoolsGo,soGoesOurCountry!”

HowdoyouthinkaboutAmericaranksinscienceeducationamong30developedcountries?Americaranks21st.Ourschoolsarefallingbehind.Ourchildren’sopportunityaredryingup.Oureconomyissuffering…PartVClassexercisesExercisesⅠ

I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:

1.Criticsoftheaffirmativeactionprogramsareoftheopinionthatthisresultsinreversediscriminationandinequality.()

2.TheServicemen'sReadjustmentAct,orGIBillofRights,gaveveteranspriorityinfindingbetterjobs.()

3.NowadaysmanystudentsinAmericanuniversitiesgetdegreesthatareaimedatpreparingthemspecificallyforcertainprofessions.()

4.LiberalArtsusedtomeanartsandskillsforfreehumans,notslaves,inthetimeofRomanEmpire.()TFFT

5.Accordingtotheauthor,largeruniversitiesarealwaysbetter,andmoredesirableuniversitiesarealwaysmoreexpensive.()

6.Ittakesatleastfouryearstogetabachelor'sdegreefromaninstitutionofhigherlearningintheUS.

()7.SegregatingblacksintoseparateschoolswasunconstitutionalafterthedecisionoftheSupremeCourtin1954.

()

8.HarvardCollegewasoriginallyfoundedtotraingovernmentofficials.()

FTTFII.Choosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowing.

1.WhichofthefollowingsubjectsareNOTofferedtoelementaryschoolstudents?

(a)Mathematicsandlanguages.(b)Politicsandbusinesseducation.(c)Scienceandsocialstudies.(d)Music