2020考研英語(一)完型填空(英語知識(shí)應(yīng)用)講義

“英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用”講義

（USEOFENGLISH）

一.考試要求

英語知識(shí)應(yīng)用主要考察考生對(duì)英語知識(shí)的綜合運(yùn)用能力。本部分共20個(gè)小題，每小題0.5分，共10

分。在一篇約240-280詞的文章中留出20個(gè)空白，要求考生從每題給出的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案，使補(bǔ)

全后的文章意思通順，前后連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。

注意：該部分不僅考察考生對(duì)于不同語境中規(guī)范的語言要素（包括詞匯、表達(dá)方式和結(jié)構(gòu)）的掌握程

度，而且還考察考生對(duì)語段特征（如連貫性和一致性）的辨識(shí)能力。

二.考試概況

1.體裁：多為論說文

2.題材：社會(huì)話題

3.文章來源：外刊

4.分值：10分

5.答題時(shí)間：小于20分鐘

6.難度：較高

三.命題原則

1.第一句不出題。

2.答案平均分布

3.胡蘿卜加大棒。

四.三大考點(diǎn)

（一）邏輯關(guān)系

邏輯關(guān)系是英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用考查的重點(diǎn)！主要考察句句之間的一致性和完整性。

例1

SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,otherswithalowBMImaybe

inpoorshape.

soB.whileC.sinceD.unless

解析：

本句考察兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，

Somepeople/others

HighBMI/lowBMI

Infact

三個(gè)線索，指向本題答案。

（二）詞義辨析

例2

Thissuggestthatdimmerbulbsburnlonger,thatthereisaninnotbeingtoobright.

tendencyB.advantageC.inclinationD.priority

解析：

atendencyfor/todos.th

anadvantagein

aninclinationfor

takepriorityovers.th

例3

Negativeattitudestowardobesity,groundedinhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberof

anti-obesity,Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.

Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamahas

launchedahigh-visibilitycampaign.......

discussionsB.businessC.policiesD.studies

解析：

我的醫(yī)院禁止含糖飲料

很多雇主開展減肥和健身活動(dòng)

米歇爾奧巴馬發(fā)起……運(yùn)動(dòng)

（三）固定搭配

例4

MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaignchildhoodobesity,even

claimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.

A.forB.againstC.withD.without

解析：固定搭配+常識(shí)判斷。

五.應(yīng)對(duì)方法

1.答題順序：跳過空格，通讀全文一一左顧右盼，尋找答案一一檢查答案，糾錯(cuò)防漏

2.做題方法：上躥下跳，左顧右盼（本質(zhì)是用已經(jīng)信息推斷出未知信息）

3.甄別方法：找關(guān)聯(lián)詞

4.關(guān)鍵能力：語義銜接+語義甄別

六.答題技巧

1.難易相間法。

句首或者句尾的空格，一般較為容易選出（往往都是邏輯關(guān)系詞）。一句話的最后一個(gè)單詞空格，要

看后句；一句話的第一個(gè)單詞空格，就看前句。（一般會(huì)用最后一個(gè)單詞空格的方式）

例5

Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweight

fluctuations.,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit.

A.besidesB.thereforeC.otherwiseD.However

A.helpsB.caresC.warnsD.reduces

2.選項(xiàng)鎖定法。

選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)正反答案，那么必選其一。

例6

Anumberofstudieshaveconcludedthatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskof

somediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsfor

whichbeingoverweightisactually,

protectiveB.dangerousC.sufficientD.troublesome

3.關(guān)聯(lián)詞答題法。

例7

Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayersqualifyasobese,thoughtheir

percentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfat

butaBML

strangeB.changeableC.normalD.constant

（請(qǐng)注意，but后不會(huì)給你出簡(jiǎn)單的題目，讓你直接填high）

例8

Justsevenyearsago,theTexasLegislatureprescribedthatallhighschoolersmustpasstwo

mathcoursesandgeometrytograduate.Thissummer,thestatereversedcourse,easingits

_1_math,science,andsocialstudiesrequirementsto_2_classtimeforjobtraining.

A.specialB.vitalC.strictD.absurd

A.freeupB.getbyC.passupD.drainon

附：英語中常見的10大類邏輯關(guān)系詞

表歹舉----例如：suchas.......,forexample,forinstance,tonameafew........,including

表原因----因?yàn)椋篵ecause,becauseof,as,since,for;inthat,nowthat,owingto,thanksto,dueto,on

accountof,given,considering,asaresultof.......,accordingto.......

表結(jié)果----所以：so,sothat,suchthat,asaresult,consequently,therefore,thus,hence,forthisreason,lead

to,accordingly

表讓步---雖然：though,although,eventhough,evenif,inspiteof,despite,whereas,muchas,as,while

表對(duì)比---而：but,however,yet,nevertheless,incomparison,conversely,bycontrast,onthecontrary,

against,insteadof,ratherthan

6.表時(shí)間順序一一先后：then,after,before,following,priorto

表目的---為了：inorderto,sothat,withaviewto,inorderthat,soasto,forthepurposeof,inhopeoflest

表?xiàng)l件---假如：if,supposing,incase,intheeventthat,aslongas,provided,onconditionthat,unless

表并歹U------也，and,aswellas,similarly,simultaneously,also

表遞進(jìn)----此夕卜：inaddition,besides,additionally,apartfrom,furthermore,indeed,moreover,still,in

particular

七.真題訓(xùn)練

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexercisepreciousto

health.^^But—_l_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceon

physicalfitness.Laughterdoes_2_short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsblood

vessels,_3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4_,a

goodlaughisunlikelytohave_5_benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.

—6—,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparently

accomplishesthe_7_,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter_8_muscles,

decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.

Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.

Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof_10___feedback,that

improveanindividuafsemotionalstate._11_oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsare

partiallyrooted12__physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythat

humansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.

Althoughsadnessalso_14_tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15_muscular

responses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversity

ofWurzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16_apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreating

anartificialsmile-orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)_17_expression.Thoseforced

toexercisetheirsmilingmuscles_18_moreexuberantlytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhose

mouthswerecontractedinafrown,_19_thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthan

justtheotherwayaround._20_,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.

l.fA]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like

2.[A]reflect[|B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining

4.[A]transmitfB]sustain[C]evaluatefD]observe

5.[A]measurable[Blmanageable[C]affordable[D]renewable

6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief

7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected

8JA]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes

2」A]aggravatefB]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance

10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal

U.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor

12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at

13JA1unless[B]until[C]if[Dlbecause

14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses

15JA1into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond

16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold“

17.[A1disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent

18JA1adapted[B]catered[C]turned[Direacted

19.[A]suggestingfB]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing

2O.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.

Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.

Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependent

andimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesit

lesslikelythatthecourfsdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthat

thejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothe

codeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtand

politics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.They

gavejusticespermanentpositions_1l_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneed

to_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticsprecisely

becausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_

likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_is

inescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothe

codeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,

convincingaslaw.

1.[Alemphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[A]advancedfB]caught[C]bound[D]fbunded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[Alline[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[Blsatisfy[C]upset[DIreplace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conventions

16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[CJranked[Dldistorted

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmeansfB]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividual

decisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat_1—theabilitytomakejudgments

whichareunbiasedby_2—factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsider

thebig_3—wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationthey

wereworkingwith.—4—,hetheorisedthatajudge_5___ofappearingtoosoft_6—crimemight

bemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison_7___hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixother

defendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.

To_8_thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the_9ofan

applicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers_10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,

butDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas_11___.

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews_12___by31admissionsofficers.The

interviewershad_13__applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale_14___numerousfactors

intoconsideration.Thescoreswere_15___usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant'sscoreonthe

GraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedexamwhichis_16___outof800

points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.

Dr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas

0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone_17—that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicant

would_18—byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto_19_theeffectsofsuch

adecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen_20—.

L[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers

2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]external

3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]moment

4JA]Forexample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall

5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless

6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for

7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless

8.[A]promotefB]emphasize[C]share:fD]test

9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success

IQJAIchosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified

1l.FAIexceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise

12.[A]inspired[BJexpressed[C]conducted[D]secured

13.[A1assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged

14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]took

15JA1instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather

16.[A]selected[Bipassed[C]marked[D]introduced

17.[Albefore[B]after[C]above[D]below

18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate

19JA1achieve[B]undofC]maintain[D]disregard

20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful

Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarity

arenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,

oranoldacquaintance'sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,we

refertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments.^^3_seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocus

canpotentiallyhavea(an)4impactonourprofessional,social,andpersonal5.

Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere's

actuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayour

musclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinking

isessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10in

makingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11becausetheseconnectionsare

madethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuate12

mentaleffort.

Now,anewWeb-basedcompanyhastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst“brain

trainingprogram“designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14

TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.

Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformance

andimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto19on

thestrengthsyouaredeveloping-muchlikea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincrease

resistanceandvaryyourmuscleuse

L[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why

2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses

3JA]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While

4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure

5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook

6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures

7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations

8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion

9JA]channelfB]condition[C]sequencefD]process

10.[Alpersist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature

11JAlTherefore[BJMoreover[C]Otherwise[D]However

12JA1accordingto[B]regardlessof[C]apartfrom[D]insteadof

13JA1back[B]further[C]aside[D]around

14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility

15.[Alforces[B]reminds[C]hurriesfD]allows

j_6.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace

17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on

18.[Alirregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually

19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take

2O.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%of

genes.Thatis_l_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityinthe

ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademySciences,has_2_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_3_1,932uniquesubjectswhich_4_pairsof

unrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_5_.

While1%mayseem_6—,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedical

geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“mostpeopledonoteven_7_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehow

managetoselectasfriendsthe_8_ourkin.”

Thestudy_9—foundthatthegenesforsmallweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenes

forimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_10___,as

theteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_11___it.Therecouldbe

manymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_12___usinchoosinggeneticallysimilar

friends_13___"functionalKinship^^ofbeingfriendswith_14___!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenestobeevolution__15—

thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp___16_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast

30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor___17_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople9s_18_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_19_backgrounds,

saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,

caretakento_20—thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1、[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when

2、[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3、[A]for[B]with[C]by[D]on

4、[A]separated[B]sought[C]comparedfD]connected

5、[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6、[A]Insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7、[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[D]seek

8、[A]surpass[B]influence[C]favor[D]resemble

9、[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10>[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11>[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12、[Allimit[B]observefC]confuse[D]drive

13、[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14>[A]chances[B]responsesfClbenefits[D]missions

15>[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier

16>[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]disruptive

17、[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18>[A]tendency[B]decision[C]arrangement[Dlendeavor

19、[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20>[A]see[B]show[C]prove

InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenot

onlyhisparentsandhisfriends,—1—thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoung

mancan_2—alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto_3—themarriage

negotiations,ortheyoungman'sparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittleto

sayintheselection.—4—,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.—5—aspousehas

beenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying_6—agood

family.

Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlasted