2003年真題及解析張劍版本

第頁張劍版本2019年全國攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious1tohowtheycanbest2suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand3,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.4theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe5thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare6byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe7toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,8，publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,9studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide10opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful11dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe12ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult13visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave14attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized15participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto16elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants17.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.18theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby19forrolesthatarewithintheir20andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.1.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice2.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance3.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure4.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas[D]Because5.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance6.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed7.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise8.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[D]inasense9.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating[D]exchanging10.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multiple11.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation12.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security13.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely[D]rarely14.[A]similar[B]long[C]different[D]short15.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif16.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something17.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone18.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage[C]Onthewhole[D]Ontheotherhand19.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking20.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency[D]efficiencySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarⅡandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage—spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“opensourceintelligence,”andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions，whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.ManyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatStraifordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”O(jiān)pen-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.21.TheemergenceoftheNethas.[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes[D]revivedspyingasaprofession22.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto.[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheUS[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA23.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity24.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that.[A]straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation[C]straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability[D]straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation25.Straitfordismostproudofits.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage[C]efficientstaff[D]militarybackgroundText2Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”O(jiān)nesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway—inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothing,thereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.26.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement27.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious[D]pointlessandwasteful28.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s.[A]discontentwithanimalresearch[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience[C]indifferencetoepidemics[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights29.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould.[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause[D]strivetodevelopnewcures30.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.[A]awell-knownhumanist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights[D]asupporterofanimalresearchText3Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,and

willworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.31.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause.[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition.[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination.[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist.[D]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat.32.Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.[D]Apprehensive.33.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.34.Theword“arbiters”(line7,paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose.[A]whoworkascoordinators.[B]whofunctionasjudges.[C]whosupervisetransactions.[D]whodeterminetheprice.35.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby.[A]thecontinuingacquisition.[B]thegrowingtraffic.[C]thecheeringWallStreet.[D]theshrinkingmarket.Text4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath—andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians—frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient—toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theUSspent$12.7billiononhealthcare.In2019,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage—say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Asaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.36.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.37.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted[B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable38.Theauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sremarkisoneof.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt[D]enthusiasticsupport39.IncontrastotheUS,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare.[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextravagantly[C]morecautiously[D]morereasonably40.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.（41）Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.（42）Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,political,science,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.（43）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.（44）Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned.shared,andpatternedbehavior.（45）Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.SectionIIIWriting46.Directions:Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayentitledinwhichyoushould1）describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and2）pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)第一部分英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用試題解析一、文章總體分析文章主要論述了教師們應(yīng)該關(guān)注青少年在成長時(shí)期所經(jīng)歷的情感、心智和生理上的變化，并采取方法幫助他們適應(yīng)這些變化，健康成長。第一段第一、二句是主題句，點(diǎn)明文章主題。從第三句開始介紹了青少年的各種變化，如：自我意識(shí)很強(qiáng)，需要從成功中獲得自信等。接下來是對老師的建議：設(shè)計(jì)有更多優(yōu)勝者的活動(dòng)，組織各種小型俱樂部，讓成年人在幕后支持。第二段特別強(qiáng)調(diào)教師在設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)時(shí)要注意保持其多樣性，以適應(yīng)青少年注意力持續(xù)時(shí)間短的特點(diǎn)。此外，成年人要幫助學(xué)生在活動(dòng)中培養(yǎng)責(zé)任感。二、試題具體解析1.[A]（give）thought(to)想過，思考[B]（givesb.an/some）idea（of）使了解……的情況[C]（haveagood/bad）opinion(of)對……印象很好[D]（give）advice（to）提建議[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：平行句子結(jié)構(gòu)+固定搭配。首先，從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上看，第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句：Teachersneedtobeawareof（教師應(yīng)該注意）和Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious1to（同時(shí)他們須認(rèn)真……）。注意第二句中的兩個(gè)they分別指代了第一句中的teachers和youngadults，第二句中的giveserious1to及第一句中的beawareof（知道，意識(shí)到）也應(yīng)在意義上相呼應(yīng)。其次，考生需要判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)能及give...to構(gòu)成短語。idea這個(gè)詞詞義很豐富，包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意識(shí)、打算、建議”等，但通常及介詞of而不是to連用；opinion意為“意見；看法”，一般不及give搭配；advice（建議）雖然可及give及to搭配，但介詞to后應(yīng)接人，即建議的接受者，如果要表達(dá)“提出…方面的建議”，應(yīng)該用“giveadviceonsth.”。只有g(shù)ivethoughtto是一個(gè)固定搭配，其中的thought不能替換為別的詞匯，它放入句中表示“同時(shí)他們也應(yīng)當(dāng)對這些年輕人如何最好地2這些變化加以思考”。例句補(bǔ)充：Igavemuchthoughttowhathesaidyesterday.（我對他昨天說的那番話做了許多思考）；ThebookgivesyouagoodideaoflifeinancientGreece.(這本書能讓你對古希臘的生活有一些了解)；Everyonehasapooropinionofacoward.（每個(gè)人對懦夫的印象都不好）；NowIwanttogiveyousomeadvice.(現(xiàn)在我想給你提些建議)。2.[A]strengthen加強(qiáng)，鞏固[B]accommodate適應(yīng)，調(diào)節(jié)[C]stimulate刺激，激勵(lì)[D]enhance提高，增強(qiáng)[答案]B[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)賓搭配。本題要求考生判斷哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以及suchchanges構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓搭配。suchchanges在這里指的是第一句提到的theemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchanges。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，空格所在部分是由how連接一個(gè)句子做givethoughtto的介詞賓語。句子中they指代的是youngadults（年輕人）。從語意上看，考生關(guān)鍵要判斷“年輕人”對他們“情感、心智和生理上的變化”做什么動(dòng)作，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中accommodate表達(dá)的含義最恰當(dāng)，即“適應(yīng)變化”。整個(gè)句子的含義是“教師也需要認(rèn)真考慮年輕人如何最好地適應(yīng)這些（情感、心智和生理上的）變化”。常及change搭配的動(dòng)詞請參見2019年第13題。知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：accommodate表示“適應(yīng)”時(shí)，還常用accommodateoneselftosth.結(jié)構(gòu)，例句：Hehastoaccommodatehimselftochangedsituation.（他不得不適應(yīng)變化了的形勢）。3.[A]care關(guān)心，照顧[B]nutrition營養(yǎng)[C]exercise練習(xí)，鍛煉[D]leisure空閑，安逸[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語意+名詞詞義辨析。文中相關(guān)部分是“成長的身體需要運(yùn)動(dòng)和__3__，但不僅僅是在強(qiáng)調(diào)競賽的方面需要這些”。因此考生需要判斷空格處應(yīng)填入什么名詞，及movement并列做need的賓語。首先，考生判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)是身體成長時(shí)所需要的（除運(yùn)動(dòng)以外的）另一樣?xùn)|西。從某種意義上說，選項(xiàng)中所提到的四種東西都是需要的，但是下文對這里所需要的東西進(jìn)行了限定，即，和movement同樣都可以通過競賽的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這樣只有exercise合適，它及competition屬于同一語義范疇，并可以用于競賽。4.[A]If（表?xiàng)l件）[B]Although（表轉(zhuǎn)折）[C]Whereas然而，反之，但是，（表轉(zhuǎn)折）[D]Because（表因果）[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系。空格所在長句中包含了兩個(gè)由逗號隔開的分句：__4__theyareadjustingto…，teenagersareespeciallyself-conscious。兩個(gè)分句有共同的主語，前一句中的they就指代下一句中的teenagers?？忌枰袛噙@兩個(gè)分句之間是什么邏輯關(guān)系。從語意上看，前一分句意為“青少年正在適應(yīng)新的身體狀況、心智和情感方面的諸多挑戰(zhàn)”，下一分句意為“他們的自我意識(shí)很強(qiáng)”，顯然這之間不是條件或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，而是一個(gè)因果關(guān)系，即“由于適應(yīng)變化，所以自我意識(shí)強(qiáng)烈”。因此because最為恰當(dāng)。知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：ahostof表示“一大群，好些”，常接可數(shù)名詞，例句：Ihaveahostofthingstodotoday.(我今天有一大堆事情要做)。5.[A]assistance幫助，協(xié)助[B]guidance引導(dǎo)，指導(dǎo)[C]confidence信心[D]tolerance容忍[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。文中相關(guān)部分是：（teenagers）needthe5thatcomesfromachievingsuccess（青少年需要由獲得成功而得到的……），其中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾空格處的名詞。因此考生只需要判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中哪一樣?xùn)|西可以從成功中得到。一般來講，獲得成功后，我們常常得到的是confidence（信心）。6.[A]claimed（根據(jù)權(quán)利）要求，索取，主張[B]admired羨慕，贊美[C]ignored忽視[D]surpassed超越[答案]B[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：常識(shí)+動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。本題的考點(diǎn)及上題有重合的地方。文中相關(guān)部分是：（teenagers）needtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare6byothers（青少年需要自信，自信來自成功，也來自知道他們的成績受到別人的……）。首先，考生要注意分析其中定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：句中主語是that指代的先行詞confidence，謂語是comesfrom，賓語是兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)achievingsuccess和knowingthat…。因此考生關(guān)鍵要判斷青少年的自信來自于知道他們的成績（accomplishments）受到別人的什么。根據(jù)常識(shí)，只有當(dāng)自己的成績受到別人羨慕時(shí)，人們才會(huì)產(chǎn)生信心。顯然只有admired符合文意。知識(shí)點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充：accomplishment的構(gòu)詞法是：accomplish（完成）+-ment（名詞后綴表行為），類似的詞還有achievement，development，establishment，fulfillment等。7.[A]improper不恰當(dāng)?shù)腫B]risky危險(xiǎn)的[C]fair公平的，美麗的[D]wise明智的[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+形容詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诰渥拥木湫徒Y(jié)構(gòu)是somuchcompetitionthat…，句意為“青少年典型的生活中已經(jīng)充滿了這么多的競爭，以至于策劃勝者多敗者少的活動(dòng)將是__7__的”?？忌枰袛嘣诔錆M競爭的青少年生活中，設(shè)計(jì)一些不那么具有競爭性的活動(dòng)是怎樣的。由于上文一再強(qiáng)調(diào)，青少年需要成功和信心，因此這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)表示肯定態(tài)度的詞，來肯定這種勝者多敗者少的活動(dòng)，這樣就可以首先排除improper和risky。在剩下的fair和wise中，后者更符合句意，因?yàn)檫@里的問題不是公平及否，而是是否明智。讓更多青少年在活動(dòng)中通過取勝來獲得信心是明智的做法，是適合他們成長需要的。8.[A]ineffect實(shí)際上[B]asaresult結(jié)果，（表因果關(guān)系）[C]forexample例如，（表例證關(guān)系）[D]inasense在某種意義上[答案]C[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袂拔氖莟oplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers（策劃一些勝者多敗者少的活動(dòng)），后文是publishingnewsletterswithmanystudentwrittenbookreviews（出版刊有許多學(xué)生撰寫書評的通訊）。本題要求考生判斷兩部分之間是什么邏輯關(guān)系。從語意上看，前文是泛指一些活動(dòng)（activities），后文是具體的活動(dòng)（publishingnewsletters），因此兩者之間是綜述和例證的邏輯關(guān)系，“發(fā)表學(xué)生寫的書評”是“勝者多敗者少的活動(dòng)”的例子。能夠表達(dá)例證邏輯關(guān)系的只有forexample。9.[A]displaying展示[B]describing描寫[C]creating創(chuàng)造[D]exchanging交換[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+動(dòng)賓搭配。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看，__9___studentartwork和前面的publishingnewsletters以及后面的sponsoringbookdiscussionclubs在結(jié)構(gòu)上并列，都是教師策劃的勝者多敗者少活動(dòng)的例子。因此考生需要判斷選項(xiàng)中哪個(gè)動(dòng)名詞中的核心動(dòng)詞能及studentartwork（學(xué)生的藝術(shù)品）構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓搭配，并體現(xiàn)出勝者多敗者少的特點(diǎn)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有“展示（displaying）”符合句意。10.[A]durable耐用的，持久的[B]excessive過多的，額外的[C]surplus多余的，過剩的[D]multiple眾多的，多樣的[答案]D[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：句內(nèi)語義+形容詞詞義辨析。文中的相關(guān)部分是Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide10__opportunities，它要求考生判斷各種各樣的小型俱樂部可以提供什么樣的機(jī)會(huì)。解題的關(guān)鍵詞是前面的variety（多樣，多樣性），多種多樣的俱樂部應(yīng)該提供多種多樣的（multiple）機(jī)會(huì)，而不是持久的（durable），過多的（excessive）或多余的（surplus）機(jī)會(huì)。詞匯補(bǔ)充：四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，durable原義是“能夠抵抗磨損，撕扯或腐蝕的”，引伸義是“持久的”，如：adurablefriendship（持久的友誼）；excessive指“過多的，過量的”，多為貶義，如：excessivedrinking（酗酒）；surplus指“比需要的或必需的更多”，如：surpluspopulation（過剩人口）；multiple指“復(fù)合的，由多個(gè)部分組成的，多樣的”，如：amanofmultipleinterests(興趣廣泛的人)。11.[A]group團(tuán)體，組，群，批[B]individual個(gè)人（的）[C]personnel人員，職員[D]corporation公司[答案]A[解析]本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。文中的相關(guān)部分是clubscanprovideopportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful11_dynamics，注意其中的連詞aswellas（而且