生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論課件

01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論生態(tài)學(xué)概論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論生態(tài)學(xué)中文書籍《動物生態(tài)學(xué)原理》（第3版）.孫儒泳編著.北京師范大學(xué)出版社.2001.《普通生態(tài)學(xué)》（第2版）.尚玉昌主編.北京大學(xué)出版社.2002.《普通生態(tài)學(xué)》.孫儒泳等.高等教育出版社.1993.《生態(tài)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》（FundamentalsofEcology）（美）.

EugeneOdum（奧德姆）編著.人民教育出版社（中譯本）.1983.《生態(tài)學(xué)概論》（法）.R.Dajor(讓·達(dá)諾）編著.甘肅人民出版社.1981.《普通生態(tài)學(xué)-原理、應(yīng)用與方法》.鄭師章、吳千紅主編.復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社.1993.01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論生態(tài)學(xué)英文書籍生態(tài)學(xué)(TheEconomyofNature)(5th

edition).RE

Ricklefs.孫儒泳等主譯.2004.Ecology(2ndedition).AMackenzie,ASBallandSRVirdee.科學(xué)出版社.2003.EcologyofaChangingPlanet(3rdedition).MBBush.清華大學(xué)出版社.2003.Ecology:principlesandapplications(2ndedition).JLChapmanandMJReiss.CambridgeUniversityPress，清華大學(xué)出版社.2001.Ecology:ConceptsandApplications(影印版).MCMolles,Jr.McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,科學(xué)出版社.2000.01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論生態(tài)學(xué)書籍01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論《生態(tài)學(xué)報》《應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報》《生物多樣性》《生態(tài)學(xué)雜志》《水生生物學(xué)報》《生態(tài)環(huán)境》《生態(tài)與農(nóng)村環(huán)境學(xué)報》《長江流域資源與環(huán)境》《應(yīng)用與環(huán)境生物學(xué)報》生態(tài)學(xué)中文雜志01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論《AfricanJournalofEcology》《AustralianEcology》《BehavioralEcology》《BiologicalConservation》《ConservationBiology》《ConservationEcology》《Ecologist》《Ecology》《EcologicalMonograph》《EcologicalModeling》《EcologicalApplication》《EcologicalResearch》《EnvironmentalManagement》生態(tài)學(xué)英文期刊01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論《FunctionalEcology》《JournalofEcology》《JournalofAnimalEcology》《JournalofApplied

Ecology》《JournalofWildlifeManagement》《LandscapeEcology》《MolecularEcology》《Oecologia》《Oikos》《RestorationEcology》《TrendsinEvolutionandEcology》01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論《Hydrobiologia》《FreshwaterBiology》《FisheriesManagementEcology》《JournalofFreshwaterEcology》《Aquaculture》《Wetland》01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論期末考試成績構(gòu)成01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論CONTENTChapter1Introduction緒論Chapter2Organismsandtheir

environment生物與環(huán)境Chapter3Populationecology種群生態(tài)學(xué)Chapter4Communityecology群落生態(tài)學(xué)Chapter5Ecosystemecology生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論第一章緒論WhatisEcology?什么叫生態(tài)學(xué)WhyshouldwestudyEcology?為什么要研究生態(tài)學(xué)HowtostudyEcology?如何研究生態(tài)學(xué)01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Definition定義WhomdoesEcologylookat?生態(tài)學(xué)工作者如何看待生態(tài)學(xué)NatureofEcology(therelationshipbetweenecologyandotherbiologicalsciences)生態(tài)學(xué)的本質(zhì)HistoryofEcology生態(tài)學(xué)歷史BranchesofEcology生態(tài)學(xué)分支1.

WhatisEcology?01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Ecologyisthescienceabouttherelationshipsamongorganismsandtheirenvironments(habitats棲息地).生態(tài)學(xué)是研究生物與環(huán)境相互關(guān)系的科學(xué)。Ecology=eco-(Oikos,houseorenvironment)+logos(knowledge),whereoikosandlogosareGreek.DefinitionofEcology生態(tài)學(xué)定義01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論OrganismPredators捕食者Prey獵物diseaseweatherSpouse配偶Offspring后代

soil,waterOrganismanditsenvironment生物與環(huán)境01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論TheOrganisms生物:

animals動物,plants植物,Microbe微生物TheEnvironment環(huán)境:

isacombination(綜合)

ofthephysicalenvironment

物理環(huán)境(溫度,水分的可獲得性,太陽輻射,風(fēng),土壤等)andthebioticenvironment生物環(huán)境

(其它生物施加給目標(biāo)生物的任何影響，如競爭、捕食、自相殘殺、寄生及合作).

01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Otherdefinitions（其他定義）動物與其有機、無機環(huán)境關(guān)系的總和.(赫克爾Hackel,1869)scientificnaturalhistory自然科學(xué)史(Elton埃爾頓,1927).研究生物分布(distribution)與多度(abundance)的科學(xué)(Andrewartha安德列沃斯,1961)研究影響生物分布與多度相互關(guān)系的科學(xué).(Krebs克雷布斯,1972,1978,1985,1994,2001)研究生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(ecosystem)結(jié)構(gòu)(structure)與功能(function)的科學(xué)(EugeneOdum奧多姆,1953,1959，1971，1983)。01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論DefinitionofEcology生態(tài)學(xué)的各種定義反應(yīng)了三個階段

第一階段：naturalhistory自然史；第二階段：populationecology種群生態(tài)學(xué)；第三階段：ecosystemecology生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)。Insummary:Ecologyisthestudyofhoworganismsliveandhowtheyinteractwiththeirenvironment.01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Whomdoesecologylookat:Thebiologicalorganization生物學(xué)組織層次生態(tài)學(xué)研究重點：(individual個體),population種群,community群落,ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)典生態(tài)學(xué)認(rèn)為：生態(tài)學(xué)是研究（個體）、種群、群落和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為中心的宏觀生物學(xué)?，F(xiàn)代生態(tài)學(xué)

=分子生態(tài)學(xué)+經(jīng)典生態(tài)學(xué)+全球生態(tài)學(xué)即現(xiàn)代生態(tài)學(xué)同時在向宏觀(macroscopic)和微觀(microscopic)兩個方向發(fā)展。01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Natureofecology生態(tài)學(xué)本質(zhì)Abranchofbiology生物學(xué)分支Relationshipwithotherbiologicalsciences(aninterdiscipline)與其他生物科學(xué)的關(guān)系A(chǔ)nindependentdiscipline一門獨立的學(xué)科01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論

thecakeofbiologicalsciencesGeneEngineering基因工程EcologyBiochemistry生物化學(xué)Genetics遺傳學(xué)Evolution進化論Behavior行為學(xué)Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)Taxonomy分類學(xué)Physiology生理學(xué)Histology組織學(xué)Cytology細(xì)胞學(xué)Molecularbiology分子生物學(xué)Ornithology鳥類學(xué)MicrobiologyPhycology藻類學(xué)Botany植物學(xué)Zoology動物學(xué)Protozoology原生動物學(xué)biologyIchthyology魚類學(xué)Conchology貝類學(xué)被子植物學(xué)Bacteriology細(xì)菌學(xué)Mammalogy獸類學(xué)Virology病毒學(xué)Abranchofbiology

生物學(xué)分支學(xué)科01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Ecologyisaninterdisciplinaryscience交叉學(xué)科01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Ecology生態(tài)學(xué)Physiology生理學(xué)Evolution進化論Genetics遺傳學(xué)Behavior行為學(xué)Relationshipbetweenecologyandotherbiologicalsciences與其他生物學(xué)科的關(guān)系01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論NatureofecologyAbranchofbiology生物學(xué)的分支學(xué)科Relationshipwithotherbiologicalsciences(aninterdiscipline)交叉學(xué)科Anindependentdiscipline獨立的學(xué)科01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論HistoryofEcology

生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展史Beforetheestablishmentofecology(before1670)生態(tài)學(xué)建立前期Establishmentandthegrowingupofecology(1670-1950)生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展期ThedevelopmentofModernEcology(after1950)現(xiàn)代生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展期01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論1600195020051670117351760180718691877189018592351067891896生態(tài)學(xué)建立前期生態(tài)學(xué)成長期現(xiàn)代生態(tài)學(xué)發(fā)展期BeforeestablishmentofecologyIneraoffishingandhunting（漁獵時代）,peoplelivedbyhunting（打獵）andgathering（采集）.Later,theyalsolivedbyplanting（種植）andrearing（養(yǎng)殖）.Theknowledgeobtainedintheprocessofhunting,gathering,planting,andrearingareinrelationtoecology.打獵、收集、種植、養(yǎng)殖過程中的知識與生態(tài)學(xué)相關(guān)。01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論1670年，動物生理生態(tài)學(xué)[鮑爾(Boyle)研究氣壓對動物影響的實驗]，標(biāo)志著動物生態(tài)學(xué)的開端1735年，雷莫爾[aFrenchman]描述昆蟲生態(tài)學(xué)[Entomology]1869年，生態(tài)學(xué)定義[赫克爾(Hackel)]1896年,斯洛德(Schrode)提出autecology(個體生態(tài)學(xué))和syneology(群落生態(tài)學(xué)).Establishmentandgrowingupofecology01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Periodofdevelopmentofmodernecology種群生態(tài)學(xué)[populationecology]（種群調(diào)節(jié)populationregulation和數(shù)學(xué)模型）的進一步發(fā)展，

如

Naturalregulationofanimalnumbers(Lack拉克,1954)Establishmentofevolutionaryecology(進化生態(tài)學(xué))Developmentofbehavioralecology(行為生態(tài)學(xué))EstablishmentofChemicalecology(化學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué))01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Periodofdevelopmentofmodernecology1970年后,群落生態(tài)學(xué)（communityecology）研究取得重大進展,同時生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)(ecosystemecology)成為researchhotspot.生態(tài)學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域朝宏觀和微觀尺度拓展，如景觀生態(tài)學(xué)(landscapeecology)、全球生態(tài)學(xué)(globalecology)，分子生態(tài)學(xué)(molecularecology)應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)(appliedecology)分支學(xué)科的形成，如保護生物學(xué)(conservationbiology)、恢復(fù)生態(tài)學(xué)(restorationecology)和生物監(jiān)測(biologicalmonitoring)01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論克列門茨01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論赫克爾01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論坦斯利01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論埃爾頓01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Branchesofecology

生態(tài)學(xué)分支學(xué)科01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論BranchesofecologyDividedbylevelsoforganization(組織層次):分子生態(tài)學(xué)Molecularecology個體生態(tài)學(xué)Autecology(autoecology,individualecology,idioecology)種群生態(tài)學(xué)Populationecology群落生態(tài)學(xué)Communityecology(synecology)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)Ecosystemecology景觀生態(tài)學(xué)Landscapeecology全球生態(tài)學(xué)GlobalecologyNamelyecologicalspectrum（生態(tài)學(xué)譜）01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論GalaxiesSolarsystemEarthEcosystemsCommunitiesPopulationsOrganismsOrgansTissuesCellsMoleculesAtomsScaleEcosystemecologyCommunityecologyPopulationecologyIndividualecologyCELLBIOLOGYECOLOGYPHYSIOLOGYBIOCHEMISTRYTheorganizationallevelsofecology01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Animalecology(動物生態(tài)學(xué))suchasfishecology,insectecology,mammalecolgy,ect.Plantecology(植物生態(tài)學(xué))Microbialecology微生物生態(tài)學(xué)Humanecology人類生態(tài)學(xué)Dividedbytaxonomicgroup(類群)

01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Freshwaterecology淡水生態(tài)學(xué)Marineecology(海洋生態(tài)學(xué))Estuaryecology河口生態(tài)學(xué)Wetlandecology濕地生態(tài)學(xué)(freshwaterwetlandandlittoralwetland)Terrestrialecology陸地生態(tài)學(xué)(forestecology森林生態(tài)學(xué),grasslandecology草原生態(tài)學(xué),desertecology沙漠生態(tài)學(xué),tundraecology凍原生態(tài)學(xué))Dividedbyhabitat(棲息地)

01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Intersectantsubjectsofecology

生態(tài)學(xué)交叉學(xué)科Mathematicalecology數(shù)學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)Physiologicalecology生理生態(tài)學(xué)Chemicalecology化學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)Geographicecology

地理生態(tài)學(xué)Evolutionaryecology

進化生態(tài)學(xué)Eco-genetics

遺傳生態(tài)學(xué)Behavioralecology

行為生態(tài)學(xué)Economicalecology

生態(tài)經(jīng)濟學(xué)Politicalecology

政治生態(tài)學(xué)Biophysicalecology

生物物理生態(tài)學(xué)01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Appliedecology應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)Agro-ecology(agriculturalecology)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)Industrialecology工業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)Resourceecology資源生態(tài)學(xué)Fisheryecology漁業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)Ecologyofwildlife野生動物生態(tài)學(xué)Urbanecology城市生態(tài)學(xué)Ecologicalengineering生態(tài)工程Environmentalecology環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論2.Whyshouldwestudyecology?

研究目的Ecologyandthehumanenvironment生態(tài)學(xué)與人類環(huán)境Ecologyandthesustainabledevelopment生態(tài)學(xué)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展Variousenvironmentalproblemtobesolvedbythemeansofknowledgeofecology.生態(tài)學(xué)是解決各類環(huán)境問題的手段01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論GlobalEnvironmentalProblems

全球環(huán)境問題5crises:population,food,resources,environment,andenergy5大危機：人口、食物、資源、環(huán)境和能源Globalwarming全球變暖Ozonedepletion臭氧耗竭El-Ninosouthernoscillationetc厄爾尼諾與南方濤動theglobaldeclineofbiodiversity全球生物多樣性喪失01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論GlobalEnvironmentalProblemsFivecrises:populationfoodenergyresourcesenvironment01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論海灣、伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭，包括兩伊戰(zhàn)爭都是為了能源。美蘇爭霸的時候石油價格很低？

01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論HumandominationoftheEarthEcosystem

Vitouseketal.,Science,1997,277(5325)1/3-1/2landareashavebeenalteredbyhumanactivities.ConcentrationofCO2inatmospherehasincreased30%ArtificialNfixation>NaturalNfixation>1/2Surfacefreshwater1/4birdshavediedout滅絕2/3marinefisheryresourcesuseduporoverfished01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Wemustbeawareof：

Oneearth（Barbara,1972）Weareonlyoneofthemembersofthebiosphere,thoughwecanultimatelychangeandevencontrolthenature.Anychangeontheearthmadebyuswouldreactandeventuallydetrimenttothesurvivalofus(silentspring).Theearthenvironmentisfragileandsusceptible,aswhatVitousekhassaid：Itisthetimeforhumantorealizetheecologicallimitsoftheearth,….,thismaybethelasttimeforus.01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論3.Howtostudyecology?

如何研究生態(tài)學(xué)？Goodecology,likeallscience,isinvestigative可調(diào)查的Methodologyforecologicalresearches生態(tài)學(xué)研究方法Logisticalstructureofscientificthoughts科學(xué)思維的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)Significanceofmethods方法的重要性Basicmethodsinecologicalresearch生態(tài)學(xué)研究的基本方法01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論科學(xué)思維的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)ObservationHypothesis(predictable)DatagatheringTestModeling:modelingisabstractdescriptionofstructureandfunctionofactualsystem.Ecologicalmodeling:descriptionandpredictionofbehaviorsofecosystem.01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論ParentsofLarusridibundus黑頭鷗

removethebrokeneggshellfromtheirnest,Why?

01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論Conclusion:Theriskofpredationbytheir

enemyreduced!Thesamebehavioralsowasseenintheprocessofreproductionofforestmuskdeer（林麝）01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論SignificanceofmethodMeasurementofvariables:howtosample?thesizeofsample,selectionofvariables,etc.ExperimentaldesignIstherea‘control’?Aretherereplicatesintheexperiment?Aretherightdatabeingcollected?Arethedatacorrectlyinterpreted?MethodofstatisticsSimplestatisticalanalysis:T-test,F-test,etc.Multivariateanalysis:PrincipleComponentAnalysis,ClusterAnalysis,etc.01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論BasicmethodsinecologicalresearchFieldwork野外調(diào)查ExperimentinalaboratoryorthefieldMathematicalmodeling01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論野外調(diào)查NaliniNadkami,female,在哥斯達(dá)黎加熱帶雨林(1981,1984)研究營養(yǎng)鹽收支(budgetofnutrient)樹枝與樹干的附生植物墊(Epiphytemat)(30cm)，cantrap有機質(zhì)(organicmatter)01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論FieldworkswerefacilitatedbynewwayssuchasGPS,hotairballoon,aerialtram,largecrane,andairplaneetc.

GPS（通過離四個人造衛(wèi)星的距離準(zhǔn)確估計經(jīng)緯度和高度）Craneoffersscientistsaccesstoanylevelwithina70mtallconiferousforest01生態(tài)學(xué)概論-1-緒論