2015年考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案

2015年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試

英語(yǔ)（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

①Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourthcousins,sharingabout

1%ofgenes.②Thatis]astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale

UniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.

①Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31,932uniquesubjectswhich

4____pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.②Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth

5_.

?While1%mayseem6.itisnotsotoageneticist.②AsJamesFowler,professorof

medicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,"Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousins

butsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.^^

①Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbut

notgenesforimmunity.②Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.

@10astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismoren

it.?Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat12usinchoosing

geneticallysimilarfriends13"fimctionalkinship"ofbeingfhendswith14!

①Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving

15thanothergenes.②Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpace

inthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.

@Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19

backgrounds,saytheresearchers.②Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationof

Europeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangerswere

takenfromthesamepopulation.③Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryof

subjects.

1.[A]what[B]why[C]how[D]when

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]withfC]by[D]on

4.[AJseparated[B]sought[CJcompared[DJconnected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]know[DIseek

8.[AJsurpass(BJinfluence[CJfavor[DJresemble

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[AJMeanwhile(BJFurthermore[CJLikewise[DJPerhaps

11.[A]about[Blto[C]from[D]like

12.[A]limit[B]observe[C]confuse[D]drive

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]benefits[D]missions

15.[A]faster[B]slower[C]later[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]express[D]understand

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[A]tendency[B|decision[C]arrangement[D]endeavor

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B|show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

?KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.^^②

ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-elections

haveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.③So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthat

monarchyisseeingitslastdays?④DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropean

royals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?

①TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.②Whenpublic

opinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscan

riseabove"mere"politicsand"embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

@Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs*continuingpopularity

asheadsofstates.②Andso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infested

regionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).③Butunlike

theirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausethey

allowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

①Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.?Symbolicofnationalunityas

theyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodies

outdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.③AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandother

economistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itis

bizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocratic

states.

①Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.②

Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).③Evenso,

thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesit

increasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope'smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtostriveforsometimetocome,it

istheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

①ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherratherordinary

(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.②ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensive

tasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.③Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice—asnon-controversialand

non-politicalheadsofstate.?CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,

notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

21.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain.

[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly.

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats,excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges.

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofbar"becauseCharles.

[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[Cltakesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

@JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?②TheSupremeCourtwill

nowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthe

phoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

?Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethat

upsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthe

timeoftheirarrest.②Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewand

rapidlychangingtechnologies.

①ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia^advice.?Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

?TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia'slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofa

smartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha

suspect'spurse.②Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhenthey

gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.③Butexploringone's

smartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.@Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee's

readinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecent

correspondence.⑤Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing/*meanwhile,hasmadethat

explorationsomuchtheeasier.

?Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.②Butkeepingsensitive

informationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.?Citizensstillhavea

righttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution'sprohibition

onunreasonablesearches.

?Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.②

Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthrough

phonecontents.③TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,

urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenot

erasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.@Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfor

policetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

?ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia'sargumentwhole.②New,disruptive

technologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.③OrinKerr,

alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcentury

withtheestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshad

tospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortout

howtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto.

[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents

[B]searchforsuspects9mobilephoneswithoutawarrant

[C]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia^argumentisoneof.

[A]disapproval

|B]indifference

[C]tolerance

[D]cautiousness

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto.

[A]gettingintoone飛residence

[B]handlingone'shistoricalrecords

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences

[D]goingthroughone'swallet

29.InParagraphs5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat.

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction

[C]citizens5privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected

[D]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat.

[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly

[B]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution

[CjCalifbmia'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution

[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

Text3

?ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,

editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.②Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromother

journals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothe

irreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

①"Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writes

McNuttinaneditorial.②WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhas

appointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).③Manuscriptwillbe

flaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejoumaPsinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardof

ReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.④TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternal

statisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

①Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"Thecreation

ofthe'statisticsboard*wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsand

dataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibility

intheresearchwepublish.^^

?GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,isamember

oftheSBoREgroup.②Hesaysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.''③He

agreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,

uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.?Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthe

publicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmay

wanttomodeltheirapproachafterSciencey

@Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis"a

mostwelcomestepfbrward”and“l(fā)ongoverdue.”②uMostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,

andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.(3)1think,that,forthemajorityofscientific

papersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.④Buthe

notedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmerican

MedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

?Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsare

alarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.②

Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakea

tougherline,''engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifythe

process”.③VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,

butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify'thepapersthatneed

scrutiny9inthefirstplace”.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that.

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects

32.Thephrase"flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto.

[A]found

[B]marked

[C]revised

[D]stored

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay.

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers

[B]meetwithstrongopposition

[C]increaseScience'scirculation

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow.

[A]addstoresearchers9workload

|B]diminishestheroleofreviewers

[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement

[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

[D]StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

①Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe''unsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.?Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism^^insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.

③But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.

①Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceof

purpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemost

dangerousgoalsfbrcapitalismandfreedom.^^②Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewas

woundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwould

loseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

①Asthehackingtrialconcludes—findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,

AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstand.?Journalistsare

knowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.③Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,

aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobe

thepointpersonforphonehacking.?Othersawaittrial.⑤Thislongstorystillunfolds.

@Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespread

phonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.②Oneoftheastonishingrevelations

washowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughtto

askandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.③Thecoreofhersuccessful

defencewasthatsheknewnothing.

?Intoday'sworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountablefbrwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.?Perhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.③Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismof

societyshouldbeprofit.@Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholder

value,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.⑤

Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityand

accountability.

①ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,to

befairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.②Itwastoruinlivesinthequest

forcirculationandimpact.③MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowher

journalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceived

traceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby.

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies'financiallossduetoimmoralpractices

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues

[Dlthewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdefence.

[A]revealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows.

[A]generallydistortedvalues

[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcode

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[BJCommonhumanityiscentralinnewsreporting.

[ClMoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswerscmtheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifying

meaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyour

implicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)Youbeginto

inferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventis

involved:Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere?

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshow

comprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininference

andproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspby

presentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.

Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoff

andcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)

Thisdoesn't,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecause

readersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbut

overlappingreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage—includingfortextsthatengagewith

fundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussion

ofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.

(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest—asothersintroducedlaterin

thebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactof

reading.Itdoesn'tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedor

moreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactas

usefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereading

componentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagiven

course?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingona

trainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageand

socialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureor

evencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresented

inthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnote

ofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,image

orreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,or

aboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthor

willinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,not

necessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor'sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcall

textualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveina

text'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,

socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atide

ofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)

Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,

byilsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedconlinent.

(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces—theimmigrationofEuropean

peopleswilhIheirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsand」heimpactofanew

countrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,

Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothe

newworld.(48)Bui(heforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,(heinlerplayofIhe

variednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysin

araw,newconlinenlcausedsigni行camchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcely

visible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyin

manyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

(49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStates

crossedtheAUanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15lh-and-16th-cenluryexplorationsof

NorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,the

WestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifully

overcrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfood

allottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,and

infantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,and

oftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.

TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.

Saidonerecorderofevents,t€Theairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasanew-blown

garden."Thecolonists9firstglim