考研 雅思 sat gre gmat英語備考資料 GMAT作文黃金80題范文

AnalysisofArgumentQuestions

1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportsenttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,a

processoroffrozenfoods.

“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauseasorganizationslearnhowtodothings

better,theybecomemoreefficient.Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa

3-by-5-inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive-dayservicein1970to20centsforone-dayservice

in1984.Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood.AndsinceOlympicFoodswill

sooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableus

tominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits/5

下面摘自一家冷凍食品處理商(processor)奧林匹克食品提交給股東的年報(bào)：隨著時(shí)間流逝，由于機(jī)構(gòu)了解了做好

事情的方法進(jìn)而提高了效率，處理的成本會(huì)降低。比如在彩色膠卷處理方面，3/5英寸照片的成本從1970年的5天

50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同樣的規(guī)律適用于食品處理方面。由于奧林匹克食品即將慶祝它的25歲生日，

我們可以指望我們長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)使我們達(dá)到最小的成本和最大的利潤(rùn)。

1.falseanalogy:Thefoodindustryisnotanalogoustothecolorfilmindustry.

2.causaloversimplification:Otherfactorsthatmaycontributettothecostdeclineofthe

printingcostshouldbeconsideredandruledout.

3.gratuitousassumption:Theconclusionoftheargumentisbasedonagratuitous

assumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostandmaximizeprofitbecausethe

companyhasbeenconductedfor25years.

1.錯(cuò)誤類比：colorfilmprocessing和processingoffood不相同。problemsofspoilage,contamination,

andtimelytransportation都只影響food不影響film.

2.同時(shí)，忽略他因。是否是因?yàn)榻M織更有效率才使COST卜降的？很可能是materialnecessaryforthe

process下降了價(jià)錢。所以，兩者更不同。

3.gratuitousassumption：二十五年不代表學(xué)到了很多。很可能什么都沒學(xué)到，或者技術(shù)已經(jīng)outof

date.

Citingfactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustrythatindicateadownwardtrendin

thecostsoffilmprocessingovera24-yearperiod,theauthorarguesthatOlympicFoodswill

likewisebeabletominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofitsinthefuture.Insupportofthis

conclusiontheauthorcitesthegeneralprinciplethat"asorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,

theybecomemoreefficient.^^Thisprinciple,coupledwiththefactthatOlympicFoodshashad25

yearsofexperienceinthefoodprocessingindustryleadstotheauthor'srosyprediction.This

argumentisunconvincingbecauseitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws.

First,theauthor'sforecastofminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsrestsonthegratuitous

assumptionthatOlympicFoods'"longexperience^^hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter.Thereis,

however,noguaranteethatthisisthecase.Nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthis

assumption.Justaslikely,OlympicFoodshaslearnednothingfromits25yearsinthe

food-processingbusiness.Lackingthisassumption,theexpectationofincreasedefficiencyis

entirelyunfounded.

Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor-filmprocessingindustryare

applicabletothefoodprocessingindustry.Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweigh

thesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid.Forexample,problemsofspoilage,

contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabsentinthe

film-processingindustry.Problemssuchasthesemightpresentinsurmountable不可抗拒的

obstaclesthatpreventloweringfood-processingcostsinthefuture.

Asitstandstheauthor'sargumentisnotcompelling.Tostrengthentheconclusionthat

OlympicFoodswillenjoyminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsinthefuture,theauthorwouldhave

toprovideevidencethatthecompanyhaslearnedhowtodothingsbetterasaresultofits25years

ofexperience.Supportingexamplesdrawnfromindustriesmoresimilartothefood-processing

industrywouldfurthersubstantiate證實(shí)theauthor'sview.

2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogee

Company.

“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethan

itistoday.Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownitsfieldofficesandconductall

itsoperationsfromasinglelocation.Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycutting

costsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees.”

下面摘自APogee公司的商務(wù)部門的備忘錄：

當(dāng)Apogee將它所有的業(yè)務(wù)部門集中在一處時(shí)，它將有比現(xiàn)在更多的利潤(rùn)。因此，Apogee應(yīng)該關(guān)閉它的駐外辦公室并從單

一場(chǎng)所管理它的所有部門。這樣的話，集中會(huì)通過削減成本提高利潤(rùn)，并幫助公司更好地對(duì)所有員工進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。

1.causaloversimplification:Itisimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthe

fieldofficesistheonlyreasonexplainingthedeclineoftheprofit

2.allthingsareequal:Thesuccessofthecentralizationofthepastdoesnotguarantee

theapplicabilityinthefuture.

3.either-or-orchoice:Theauthorassumesthatthecentralizationandthe

establishmentoffieldofficesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives,thereisnomiddle

groundbetweentheytwo.Infact,wecanhavethefieldofficesundercentralized

control.

InthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthattheApogeeCompanyshouldclosedownfield

officesandconductallitsoperationsfromasingle,centralizedlocationbecausethecompanyhad

beenmoreprofitableinthepastwhenallitsoperationswereinonelocation.Foracoupleof

reasons,thisargumentisnotveryconvincing.

First,theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsand

streamliningsupervisionofemployees.Thisassumptionisneversupportedwithanydataor

projections.Moreover,theassumptionfailstotakeintoaccountcostincreasesandinefficiencythat

couldresultfromcentralization.Forinstance,companyrepresentativeswouldhavetotraveltodo

businessinareasformerlyservedbyafieldoffice,creatingtravelcostsandlossofcriticaltime.In

short,thisassumptionmustbesupportedwithathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofcentralization

versusotherpossiblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancingstrategies.

Second,theonlyreasonofferedbytheauthoristheclaimthatApogeewasmoreprofitable

whenithadoperatedfromasingle,centralizedlocation.Butiscentralizationtheonlydifference

relevanttogreaterpastprofitability?Itisentirelypossiblethatmanagementhasbecomelax

regardinganynumberoffactorsthatcanaffectthebottomlinesuchasinferiorproducts,careless

productpricing,inefficientproduction,pooremployeeexpenseaccountmonitoring,ineffective

advertising,sloppy月巴大的buyingpoliciesandotherwastefulspending.Unlesstheauthorcanrule

outotherfactorsrelevanttodiminishingprofits,thisargumentcommitsthefallacyofassumingthat

justbecauseoneevent(decreasingprofits)followsanother(decentralization),thesecondeventhas

beencausedbythefirst.

Inconclusion,thisisaweakargument.TostrengthentheconclusionthatApogeeshouldclose

fieldofficesandcentralize,thisauthormustprovideathoroughcost-benefitanalysisofavailable

alternativesandruleoutfactorsotherthandecentralizationthatmightbeaffectingcurrentprofits

negatively.

6.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinamagazinedevotedtoregionallife.

"CorporationsshouldlooktothecityofHelioswhenseekingnewbusinessopportunitiesora

newlocation.Evenintherecentrecession,Helios'sunemploymentratewaslowerthanthe

regionalaverage.Itistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,andhistoricallyithasprovidedmore

thanitsshareoftheregion9smanufacturingjobs.Inaddition,Heliosisattemptingtoexpandits

economicbasebyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonresearchanddevelopmentofinnovative

technologies.^^

一份面向地方生活的雜志上的一篇文章：

企業(yè)在尋找新的商機(jī)或位置時(shí)應(yīng)該去Helios城。甚至在最近的衰退中，Helios的失業(yè)率也比地區(qū)平均水平低，它是地

區(qū)的工業(yè)中心，歷史上它提供的比它在地區(qū)制造業(yè)工作中分享的份額中更多。而且，Helios正試圖通過吸引研究和發(fā)

展革新技術(shù)的公司來擴(kuò)張它的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)。

1.作者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該到該地區(qū)建廠理由是這里的失業(yè)率很高。但是卻沒有給出因果關(guān)系。從

常理來看這是沒有道理的因?yàn)槭I(yè)率高的地方可能更難雇傭到雇員從而使成本增加。

2.作者認(rèn)為該地區(qū)會(huì)鼓勵(lì)研發(fā)，所以應(yīng)該到該地區(qū)投資。但事實(shí)上就象作者說的那樣該

地區(qū)是制造業(yè)中心怎么可能有很多對(duì)技術(shù)和科研很熟練的人員。

1,因?yàn)镠地區(qū)industrialandmanufacturing比較attractive,所以那里的工人很可能只適合做這

類的，如果缺乏能夠做innovativetechnologiesandresearch的工人laborpool,那么很可能

導(dǎo)致失敗。

2,H的低失業(yè)率更可能成為壞處。因?yàn)楸热缬衛(wèi)essavailableworkforce?企業(yè)必須提高wage才

能吸引他們。提高了COST。

3,錯(cuò)誤的假設(shè)過去的成功能夠代表未來。比方說已經(jīng)飽和的資源、過分的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、以及可能出現(xiàn)

的錯(cuò)誤政策，都可能導(dǎo)致H地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)不再發(fā)達(dá)。

InthisargumentcorporationsareurgedtoconsiderthecityofHelioswhenseekinganewlocationornew

businessopportunities.Tosupportthisrecommendat