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開源數(shù)控EMC2顧客手冊(cè)第1章

前言ForewordEMC2ismodularandflexible.Theseattributesleadmanytoseeitasaconfusingjumbleoflittle

thingsandwonderwhyitisthewayitis.Thispageattemptstoanswerthatquestionbeforeyou

getintothethickofthings.

EMC2是模塊化設(shè)計(jì),柔性很強(qiáng)。諸多人都覺得它是由某些令人困惑小東西堆疊而成,很奇怪它是如何做到。那么在進(jìn)入實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容此前,讓咱們一方面試圖回答這個(gè)問題。EMCstartedattheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyintheUSA.Itgrewupusing

Unixasit’soperatingsystem.Unixmadeitdifferent.AmongearlyUnixdeveloperstheregrewaset

ofcodewritingideasthatsomecalltheUnixway.TheseearlyEMCauthorsfollowedthoseways.

EMC項(xiàng)目來(lái)源于NIST(美國(guó)國(guó)標(biāo)與技術(shù)研究院)。它起初是在Unix操作系統(tǒng)下運(yùn)營(yíng),這使它與眾不同。初期Unix開發(fā)者規(guī)定了某些代碼編寫原則或辦法,稱為Unix編程辦法(Unixway),EMC項(xiàng)目作者們遵循了這些辦法。EricS.Raymond,inhisbookTheArtofUnixProgramming,summarizestheUnixphilosophy

asthewidely-usedengineeringphilosophy,"KeepitSimple,Stupid"(KISSPrinciple).

HethendescribeshowhebelievesthisoverallphilosophyisappliedasaculturalUnix

norm,althoughunsurprisinglyitisnotdifficulttofindsevereviolationsofmostofthe

followinginactualUnixpractice:

*RuleofModularity:Writesimplepartsconnectedbycleaninterfaces.

*RuleofClarity:Clarityisbetterthancleverness.

*RuleofComposition:Designprogramstobeconnectedtootherprograms.

*RuleofSeparation:Separatepolicyfrommechanism;separateinterfacesfromengines.

EricS.Raymond在她著作《TheArtofUnixProgramming》中把Unix哲學(xué)上升為普遍合用工程哲學(xué),即“KISS原則”(KeepitSimple,Stupid)(保持簡(jiǎn)樸化、傻瓜化)。然后她描述了這個(gè)KISS原則和Unix規(guī)范之間文化紐帶,盡管她也明明懂得在Unix編程實(shí)踐中找到違背這些規(guī)則例子代碼也是不困難和不令人驚奇。

模塊化原則:寫出具備清晰接口簡(jiǎn)樸模塊。

簡(jiǎn)潔性原則:簡(jiǎn)潔比聰穎更重要。

組合性原則:設(shè)計(jì)程序是為了和其他程序?qū)印?/p>

分離性原則:把方略從機(jī)制中分離出來(lái),把接口從上分離出來(lái)。(譯者注:這句太難懂了,個(gè)人理解:從面向?qū)ο蠼嵌日f(shuō),就是把解決問題辦法和問題自身分離,也就是辦法和數(shù)據(jù)分離;然后把接口從辦法中分離出來(lái)。)MrRaymondofferedseveralmorerulesbutthesefourdescribeessentialcharacteristicsoftheEMC2

motioncontrolsystem.

Raymond先生還提出了某些其他原則,但這四個(gè)原則就是EMC2運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)最重要特性。TheModularityruleiscritical.Throughoutthesehandbooksyouwillfindtalkoftheinterpreteror

taskplannerormotionorHAL.Eachoftheseisamoduleorcollectionofmodules.It’smodularity

thatallowsyoutoconnecttogetherjustthepartsyouneedtorunyourmachine.

模塊化原則是最核心原則??v觀EMC2系列手冊(cè),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論是G代碼解釋器、任務(wù)規(guī)劃器、運(yùn)動(dòng)控制器,還是硬件抽象層(HAL),它們都是模塊或模塊集合。模塊化使你能把需要功能集成起來(lái)構(gòu)成一種系統(tǒng),而不需要某些則可以去掉。TheClarityruleisessential.EMC2isaworkinprogress–itisnotfinishednorwilliteverbe.Itis

completeenoughtorunmostofthemachineswewantittorun.Muchofthatprogressisachieved

becausemanyusersandcodedevelopersareabletolookattheworkofothersandbuildonwhat

theyhavedone.

簡(jiǎn)潔性原則是最重要原則。EMC2項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)可以在諸多機(jī)器系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)營(yíng),但它依然是一種正在進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目,它永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)停止。EMC2成功歸功于許多顧客以及代碼開發(fā)人員。由于遵守了簡(jiǎn)潔性編程原則,人們才可以互相看到彼此工作,并很容易理解代碼以及為其添加新內(nèi)容。TheCompositionruleallowsustobuildapredictablecontrolsystemfromthemanymodules

availablebymakingthemconnectable.Weachieveconnectabilitybysettingupstandardinterfaces

tosetsofmodulesandfollowingthosestandards.

組合性原則促使開發(fā)人員為模塊提供可連接性,這樣使用人員就可以從許多模塊中只選取她們需要模塊來(lái)構(gòu)成目的系統(tǒng)。EMC2組合性是通過(guò)原則接口以及符合該接口原則模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)。TheSeparationrulerequiresthatwemakedistinctpartsthatdolittlethings.Byseparatingfunctions

debuggingismucheasierandreplacementmodulescanbedroppedintothesystemand

comparisonseasilymade.

分離性原則規(guī)定開發(fā)人員盡量分解系統(tǒng)功能,并用不同部件實(shí)現(xiàn)它們。這樣做好處一是便于調(diào)試,二是可以以便比較同一功能不同實(shí)現(xiàn)(由于它們有相似接口,可以很容易組合進(jìn)系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)行測(cè)試)。WhatdoestheUnixwaymeanforyouasauserofEMC2.Itmeansthatyouareabletomakechoices

abouthowyouwillusethesystem.Manyofthesechoicesareapartofmachineintegration,butmany

alsoaffectthewayyouwilluseyourmachine.Asyoureadyouwillfindmanyplaceswhere

youwillneedtomakecomparisons.Eventuallyyouwillmakechoices,"I’llusethisinterfacerather

thanthat”or,“I’llwritepartoffsetsthiswayratherthanthatway."Throughoutthesehandbooks

wedescribetherangeofabilitiescurrentlyavailable.

那么Unix規(guī)范對(duì)于使用者又意味著什么呢?它意味著你可以選取如何配備EMC2系統(tǒng)功能以適應(yīng)你數(shù)控系統(tǒng),也就是說(shuō)配備EMC2系統(tǒng)是設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床工作一某些。同步EMC2某些功能或配備又反過(guò)來(lái)影響你設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床辦法和過(guò)程。在閱讀系列手冊(cè)過(guò)程中,你會(huì)一邊看一邊比較,最后你也許說(shuō):“我將使用這個(gè)接口而不使用那個(gè)接口”,或者“我將這樣使用部件偏移而不會(huì)那樣使用”。繼續(xù)看下去吧,在系列手冊(cè)中,咱們將討論所有這些功能和配備。AsyoubeginyourjourneyintousingEMC2weoffertwocautionarynotes:2

PraphrasingthewordsofDougGwynonUNIX:"emc2wasnotdesignedtostopitsusersfrom

doingstupidthings,asthatwouldalsostopthemfromdoingcleverthings."

LikewisethewordsofStevenKing:"emc2isuser-friendly.Itjustisn’tpromiscuousabout

whichusersit’sfriendlywith."

在你繼續(xù)閱讀之前,咱們提供兩條注意事項(xiàng):EMC2不會(huì)防止它使用者干傻事,由于那會(huì)同樣防止它使用者干聰穎事。EMC2必定是顧客和諧,只但是它在對(duì)哪個(gè)顧客和諧問題上,用情比較專一而已。第2章

EMC2TheEnhancedMachineControl

2.1

關(guān)于本手冊(cè)ThefocusofthismanualisonusingEMC.ItisintendedtobeusedonceEMCisinstalledand

configured.ForstandardinstallationsseetheGettingStartedGuideforstepbystepinstructions

togetyouupandgoing.FordetailedinformationoninstallationandconfigurationofEMCseethe

IntegratorManual.

本手冊(cè)焦點(diǎn)是如何使用EMC2。當(dāng)EMC2安裝并配備完畢后應(yīng)當(dāng)閱讀本手冊(cè)。關(guān)于簡(jiǎn)易安裝EMC2問題,請(qǐng)參見入門手冊(cè)“GettingStartedGuide”。關(guān)于安裝和配備詳細(xì)信息,請(qǐng)參見綜合手冊(cè)“IntegratorManual”。

2.2

EMC2如何工作TheEnhancedMachineController(EMC2)isalotmorethanjustanotherCNCmillprogram.It

cancontrolmachinetools,robots,orotherautomateddevices.Itcancontrolservomotors,stepper

motors,relays,andotherdevicesrelatedtomachinetools.TherearefourmaincomponentstotheEMC2software:amotioncontroller,adiscreteI/Ocontroller,

ataskexecutorwhichcoordinatesthem,andgraphicaluserinterfaces.Inadditionthereis

alayercalledHAL(HardwareAbstractionLayer)whichallowsconfigurationofEMC2withoutthe

needofrecompiling.

可不敢把EMC2想象成此外一種CNC數(shù)控加工程序,它能做可多了。它可以控制機(jī)床、機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備,還能控制伺服電機(jī)、步進(jìn)電機(jī)、繼電器以及其他機(jī)床電器。

EMC2由四個(gè)重要某些:運(yùn)動(dòng)控制器、離散IO控制器、任務(wù)執(zhí)行器(用來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)這四個(gè)部件)、圖形顧客界面。此外尚有一種硬件抽象層HAL(HardwareAbstractionLayer),有了HAL,無(wú)需重新編譯EMC2,就可以按照實(shí)際需要配備EMC2硬件。Figure2.1showsasimpleblockdiagramshowingwhatatypical3-axisEMC2systemmightlook

like.Thisdiagramshowsasteppermotorsystem.ThePC,runningLinuxasitsoperatingsystem,

isactuallycontrollingthesteppermotordrivesbysendingsignalsthroughtheprinterport.These

signals(pulses)makethestepperdrivesmovethesteppermotors.TheEMC2canalsorunservo

motorsviaservointerfacecardsorbyusinganextendedparallelporttoconnectwithexternal

controlboards.AsweexamineeachofthecomponentsthatmakeupanEMC2systemwewill

remindthereaderofthistypicalmachine.

圖2.1(參見英文原版圖片)方框圖展示了一種典型3軸數(shù)控系統(tǒng)看起來(lái)樣子。這是一種步進(jìn)電機(jī)系統(tǒng)。PC機(jī)上運(yùn)營(yíng)著Linux操作系統(tǒng)和EMC2程序,控制信號(hào)則從打印口(并口)傳送到電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器上,電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器依照控制信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)(固然EMC2也可以通過(guò)伺服接口卡或使用與擴(kuò)展并口相連外部控制卡來(lái)控制伺服電機(jī))。咱們接下來(lái)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)介EMC2系統(tǒng)每一種構(gòu)成某些,在簡(jiǎn)介過(guò)程中也許會(huì)重復(fù)提到這幅圖片。

2.3

顧客接口AuserinterfaceisthepartoftheEMC2thatthemachinetooloperatorinteractswith.TheEMC2

comeswithseveraltypesofuserinterfaces:

AXISanOpenGL-basedGUI(GraphicalUserInterface),withaninteractiveG-Codepreviewer.

Thisinterfaceisoneofthefewthatarestillunderactivedevelopmentandimprovement.

Keystickacharacter-basedscreengraphicsprogramsuitableforminimalinstallations(without

theXserverrunning).

XemcanXWindowsprogram

twoTcl/Tk-basedGUIsnamedTkEMCandMini

aHALbaseduserinterfacecalledhalui,whichallowstocontrolemc2usingknobsand

switches

atelnetbaseduserinterfacecalledemcrsh,whichallowscommandstobesenttoemc2from

remotecomputers

顧客接口是EMC2一某些,機(jī)床操作員與這個(gè)接口交互從而達(dá)到操作機(jī)床目。EMC2提供了幾種不同顧客接口供顧客選取使用:

AXIS界面:是一種基于“OpenGL”圖形顧客界面,有一種交互式G代碼預(yù)覽器。AXIS界面當(dāng)前依然處在持續(xù)開發(fā)升級(jí)過(guò)程中。

Keystick界面:是一種基于字符界面,沒有圖形,只但是字符排列有規(guī)律,看起來(lái)像圖形同樣。只能用鍵盤操作。如果目的系統(tǒng)沒有Xserver,還想使用EMC2話,就只能用這個(gè)將就了。

Xemc界面:一種XWindows圖形顧客界面。

TkEMC界面和Mini界面:兩個(gè)基于“Tcl/Tk”圖形顧客界面。

halui顧客接口:基于HAL顧客接口,容許使用開關(guān)、旋鈕控制EMC2系統(tǒng)。

emcrsh顧客接口:基于telnet顧客接口,容許用遠(yuǎn)程計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)來(lái)命令控制EMC2系統(tǒng)。2.4

語(yǔ)言EMC2usestranslationfilestotranslateEMCUserInterfacesintomanylanguages.Youjustneedto

loginwiththelanguageyouintendtouseandwhenyoustartupEMCitcomesupinthatlanguage.

IfyourlanguagehasnotbeentranslatedcontactadeveloperontheIRCorthemailinglistifyou

canassistinthetranslation.

EMC2使用翻譯文獻(xiàn)把顧客接口翻譯成各種語(yǔ)言。你只需用你想使用語(yǔ)言登錄進(jìn)操作系統(tǒng),然后當(dāng)你啟動(dòng)EMC2時(shí),你看到界面就已經(jīng)采用你想使用語(yǔ)言了。如果你想使用語(yǔ)言還沒有被翻譯,而你正好想幫忙翻譯,可以通過(guò)“IRC”或郵件列表方式與開發(fā)人員獲得聯(lián)系。2.5

像機(jī)床操作員同樣思考Thisbookwillnotevenpretendthatitcanteachyoutorunamilloralathe.Becomingamachinist

takestimeandhardwork.Anauthoroncesaid,"Welearnfromexperience,ifatall."Brokentools,

gougedvices,andscarsaretheevidenceoflessonstaught.Goodpartfinish,closetolerances,and

carefulworkaretheevidenceoflessonslearned.Nomachine,nocomputerprogram,cantakethe

placeofhumanexperience.AsyoubegintoworkwiththeEMC2program,youwillneedtoplaceyourselfinthepositionof

operator.Youneedtothinkofyourselfintheroleoftheoneinchargeofamachine.Itisamachine

thatiseitherwaitingforyourcommandorexecutingthecommandthatyouhavejustgivenit.

Throughoutthesepageswewillgiveinformationthatwillhelpyoubecomeagoodoperatorofthe

EMC2mill.Youwillneedsomeinformationrightupfrontheresothatthefollowingpageswillmake

sensetoyou.

本書不能教你如何開動(dòng)一臺(tái)銑床或車床,成為這方面專家需要時(shí)間和艱難努力。有位作家曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):“如果咱們學(xué)到了什么,那一定是在親身經(jīng)歷中學(xué)到”。破損刀具、鑿壞工裝、傷痕累累產(chǎn)品是咱們得到教訓(xùn),完美收刀、精密加工、精細(xì)產(chǎn)品是咱們得到經(jīng)驗(yàn)。沒有任何機(jī)床、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件能取代人閱歷和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

當(dāng)前要和EMC2一起工作了,你需要把自己放到機(jī)床操作員位置,要懂得是你主宰著機(jī)床,而機(jī)床就在等待你命令,執(zhí)行你命令。固然通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)系列手冊(cè),你會(huì)得到某些信息,它們將協(xié)助你成為一名好EMC2銑床操作員。在繼續(xù)之前,你也許需要某些基本信息,接下來(lái)某些篇幅將協(xié)助你找找感覺。2.6

操作方式ModesofOperationWhenanEMC2isrunning,therearethreedifferentmajormodesusedforinputtingcommands.

TheseareManual,Auto,andMDI.Changingfromonemodetoanothermakesabigdifferencein

thewaythattheEMC2behaves.Therearespecificthingsthatcanbedoneinonemodethatcan

notbedoneinanother.AnoperatorcanhomeanaxisinmanualmodebutnotinautoorMDI

modes.AnoperatorcancausethemachinetoexecuteawholefilefullofG-codesintheautomode

butnotinmanualorMDI.

當(dāng)一種EMC2系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營(yíng)時(shí),輸入命令方式重要有三種:手動(dòng)、自動(dòng)、MDI。在這三種方式下,EMC2行為體現(xiàn)差別很大。有些事情在一種方式下可以,在另一種方式下卻不可以。例如在手動(dòng)方式時(shí),操作員可以原點(diǎn)復(fù)歸某個(gè)軸,但在自動(dòng)和MDI方式下卻不行。又例如在自動(dòng)方式下,操作員可以執(zhí)行一種所有是G代碼文獻(xiàn),但在手動(dòng)和MDI方式下卻不行。Inmanualmode,eachcommandisenteredseparately.Inhumantermsamanualcommandmight

be"turnoncoolant"or"jogXat25inchesperminute".Theseareroughlyequivalenttoflippinga

switchorturningthehandwheelforanaxis.Thesecommandsarenormallyhandledononeofthe

graphicalinterfacesbypressingabuttonwiththemouseorholdingdownakeyonthekeyboard.

Inautomode,asimilarbuttonorkeypressmightbeusedtoloadorstarttherunningofawhole

programofG-codethatisstoredinafile.IntheMDImodetheoperatormighttypeinablockof

codeandtellthemachinetoexecuteitbypressingthe<return>or<enter>keyonthekeyboard.

在手動(dòng)方式下,每個(gè)命令是分開輸入,用人類語(yǔ)言講,這些命令類似于“啟動(dòng)冷卻”或者“在X軸上每分鐘邁進(jìn)25英寸”等等,它們大體相稱于撥動(dòng)一種開關(guān)或者轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)某個(gè)軸上手輪,詳細(xì)操作則是在某個(gè)圖形顧客界面上用鼠標(biāo)點(diǎn)擊某個(gè)按鈕或按住鍵盤上某個(gè)按鍵完畢。在自動(dòng)方式下,點(diǎn)擊一種按鈕就可以裝載或啟動(dòng)預(yù)先存儲(chǔ)在某個(gè)文獻(xiàn)里面所有G代碼程序。在MDI方式下,操作員可以鍵入一批代碼,然后按回車鍵命令機(jī)床執(zhí)行。Somemotioncontrolcommandsareavailableandwillcausethesamechangesinmotioninall

modes.TheseincludeABORT,ESTOP,andFEEDRATEOVERRIDE.Commandsliketheseshouldbe

selfexplanatory.TheAXISuserinterfacehidessomeofthedistinctionsbetweenAutoandtheothermodesbymaking

Auto-commandsavailableatmosttimes.ItalsoblursthedistinctionbetweenManualandMDI

becausesomeManualcommandslikeTouchOffareactuallyimplementedbysendingMDIcommands.

Itdoesthisbyautomaticallychangingtothemodethatisneededfortheactiontheuser

hasrequested.

有些運(yùn)動(dòng)控制命令在所有操作方式下均可使用,效果也相似。涉及ABORT、ESTOP、FEEDRATEOVERRIDE等。這些命令都具備自解釋特點(diǎn)。

AXIS顧客界面有一種特點(diǎn),就是它隱藏了某些如上所述三種操作方式區(qū)別。它在大某些狀況下都能提供自動(dòng)命令,從而隱藏了自動(dòng)方式和其他兩種方式區(qū)別;它也淡化了手動(dòng)方式和MDI方式區(qū)別,像“TouchOff”這種手動(dòng)命令也可以通過(guò)發(fā)送MDI命令來(lái)執(zhí)行。在顧客提出祈求時(shí),它會(huì)自動(dòng)切換到相應(yīng)操作方式,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)這種隱藏,而顧客在感覺上沒有什么異常。第3章

顧客概念UserConceptsThischaptercoversimportantuserconceptsthatshouldbeunderstoodbeforeattemptingtoruna

CNCmachinewithgcode.

本章包括重要顧客概念,在使用G代碼運(yùn)營(yíng)一種CNC機(jī)床之前,應(yīng)當(dāng)理解本章概念。3.1

軌跡控制TrajectoryControl3.1.1

軌跡規(guī)劃TrajectoryPlanningTrajectoryplanning,ingeneral,isthemeansbywhichEMCfollowsthepathspecifiedbyyourG

Codeprogram,whilestilloperatingwithinthelimitsofyourmachinery.

AGCodeprogramcanneverbefullyobeyed.Forexampleimagineyouspecifyasasingle-line

programthefollowingmove:G1X1F10(G1islinearmove,X1isthedestination,F(xiàn)10isthespeed)Inreality,thewholemovecan’tbemadeatF10,sincethemachinemustacceleratefromastop,

movetowardX=1,andthendeceleratetostopagain.SometimespartofthemoveisdoneatF10,

butformanymoves,especiallyshortones,thespecifiedfeedrateisneverreachedatall.Having

shortmovesinyourGCodecancauseyourmachinetoslowdownandspeedupforthelonger

movesifthe"naivecamdetector"isnotemployedwithG64Pn.Thebasicaccelerationanddecelerationdescribedaboveisnotcomplexandthereisnocompromise

tobemade.IntheINIfilethespecifiedmachineconstraintssuchasmaximumaxisvelocityand

axisaccelerationmustbeobeyedbythetrajectoryplanner.

軌跡規(guī)劃是指EMC2跟蹤G代碼所指定途徑辦法,軌跡規(guī)劃時(shí)不能超過(guò)機(jī)床工作臺(tái)運(yùn)營(yíng)范疇。從某種限度講,G代碼程序永遠(yuǎn)不能被機(jī)床嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行。就例如下面這一行程序:

G1X1F10(G1表達(dá)線性移動(dòng),X1是目位置,F(xiàn)10代表速度)

事實(shí)上,這個(gè)動(dòng)作不也許完全以F10速度完畢,由于機(jī)床必要從靜止開始加速,向X=1位置進(jìn)發(fā),在要到達(dá)目的位置之前還要減速最后停止。這樣就只有某些運(yùn)動(dòng)是以F10完畢,如果路程比較短,也許F10這個(gè)速度主線就不會(huì)達(dá)到。在“G64Pn”方式下,如果不指定“naivecamdetector”參數(shù)即“Q-”參數(shù),則采用短運(yùn)動(dòng)段會(huì)讓機(jī)床運(yùn)營(yíng)變慢,采用長(zhǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)段可以讓機(jī)床運(yùn)營(yíng)快一點(diǎn)。

機(jī)床加速性能和減速性能取決于機(jī)床自身,經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)擬定后來(lái),作為機(jī)床特性固定下來(lái),沒什么要討論。此外機(jī)床最大速度也是機(jī)床一種特性。這些特性參數(shù)都保存在INI文獻(xiàn)中,軌跡規(guī)劃器必要遵守這些特性。3.1.2

途徑跟隨PathFollowingAlessstraightforwardproblemisthatofpathfollowing.WhenyouprogramacornerinGCode,the

trajectoryplannercandoseveralthings,allofwhicharerightinsomecases:itcandeceleratetoa

stopexactlyatthecoordinatesofthecorner,andthenaccelerateinthenewdirection.Itcanalsodo

whatiscalledblending,whichistokeepthefeedrateupwhilegoingthroughthecorner,makingit

necessarytoroundthecorneroffinordertoobeymachineconstraints.Youcanseethatthereisa

tradeoffhere:youcanslowdowntogetbetterpathfollowing,orkeepthespeedupandhaveworse

pathfollowing.Dependingontheparticularcut,thematerial,thetooling,etc.,theprogrammer

maywanttocompromisedifferently.

Rapidmovesalsoobeythecurrenttrajectorycontrol.Withmoveslongenoughtoreachmaximum

velocityonamachinewithlowaccelerationandnopathtolerancespecified,youcangetafairly

roundcorner.

途徑跟隨問題要稍微簡(jiǎn)樸某些。當(dāng)你用G代碼設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品有個(gè)棱角時(shí)候,軌跡規(guī)劃器有幾種不同軌跡規(guī)劃方式解決這個(gè)棱角:例如可以減速并停在棱角所處坐標(biāo)位置,然后再按照新方向加速并離開棱角;它還可以采用混合模式(blending):在通過(guò)棱角時(shí)保持進(jìn)給速度,由于機(jī)床特性方面限制,這樣做成果必然在棱角處產(chǎn)生一種圓角。因而在棱角處途徑跟隨就存在這樣一種狀況:要獲得更好途徑跟隨效果就必要減速,要保持速度,就必然導(dǎo)致差一點(diǎn)途徑跟隨效果。詳細(xì)如何抉擇,要由程序員依照詳細(xì)產(chǎn)品、材料、刀具等狀況權(quán)衡而定。

迅速加工也遵循當(dāng)前采用軌跡控制方式。例如采用G64方式,不指定誤差條件,且加速度較低時(shí),讓機(jī)床運(yùn)營(yíng)足夠長(zhǎng)距離并達(dá)到最大速度,就可以得到非常好圓角效果。3.1.3

編程擬定軌跡規(guī)劃方式ProgrammingthePlannerThetrajectorycontrolcommandsareasfollows:

軌跡控制命令如下:G61(ExactPathMode)visitstheprogrammedpointexactly,eventhoughthatmeansitmight

temporarilycometoacompletestopinordertochangedirectiontothenextprogrammed

point.

G61.1(ExactStopMode)tellstheplannertocometoanexactstopateverysegment’send.

G61:精確途徑方式。精確跟蹤編程位置,如果到下一種編程位置需要變化方向,則機(jī)床會(huì)完全停止再變化方向。

G61.1:準(zhǔn)擬定位方式。在每一種程序段結(jié)束時(shí),機(jī)床都會(huì)停止到相應(yīng)編程位置。(無(wú)論下一種運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與否需要變化)G64(BlendWithoutToleranceMode)G64isthedefaultsettingwhenyoustartEMC.G64isjust

blendingandthenaivecamdetectorisnotenabled.G64andG64P0telltheplannertosacrifice

pathfollowingaccuracyinordertokeepthefeedrateup.Thisisnecessaryforsome

typesofmaterialortoolingwhereexactstopsareharmful,andcanworkgreataslongasthe

programmeriscarefultokeepinmindthatthetool’spathwillbesomewhatmorecurvythan

theprogramspecifies.WhenusingG0(rapid)moveswithG64usecautiononclearancemoves

andallowenoughdistancetoclearobstaclesbasedontheaccelerationcapabilitiesofyour

machine.

G64:不附加誤差條件混合方式。這個(gè)方式也是啟動(dòng)EMC2時(shí)默認(rèn)方式。G64只是混合方式,沒有采用“naivecamdetector”功能?!癎64”和“G64P0”是同樣效果,都是告訴軌跡規(guī)劃器犧牲途徑跟隨精度,保證提高進(jìn)給速度。有時(shí)候程序設(shè)計(jì)人員就想要一種圓角,那么這個(gè)模式就用上了,固然設(shè)計(jì)人員要清晰采用這種方式加工出圓角也許和設(shè)計(jì)值有一定偏差,曲率會(huì)大一點(diǎn)。當(dāng)使用“G0G64”組合進(jìn)行迅速加工時(shí),要依照機(jī)床加速度性能預(yù)留足夠加速空間以保證切削效果。G64P-Q-(BlendWithToleranceMode)Thisenablesthe"naivecamdetector"andenablesblending

withatolerance.IfyouprogramG64P0.05,youtelltheplannerthatyouwantcontinuous

feed,butatprogrammedcornersyouwantittoslowdownenoughsothatthetoolpathcan

staywithin0.05userunitsoftheprogrammedpath.Theexactamountofslowdowndepends

onthegeometryoftheprogrammedcornerandthemachineconstraints,buttheonlything

theprogrammerneedstoworryaboutisthetolerance.Thisgivestheprogrammercomplete

controloverthepathfollowingcompromise.Theblendtolerancecanbechangedthroughout

theprogramasnecessary.BewarethataspecificationofG64P0hasthesameeffectasG64

alone(above),whichisnecessaryforbackwardcompatibilityforoldGCodeprograms.Seethe

GCodeChapterformoreinformationonG64P-Q-.

G64P-Q-:附加誤差條件混合方式。其中“Q-”參數(shù)將打開“naivecamdetector”功能,“P-”參數(shù)指定誤差條件。程序代碼“G64P0.05”批示軌跡規(guī)劃器采用持續(xù)加工方式(即混合方式blending),但要在棱角處降速以保證軌跡誤差不不不大于0.05個(gè)顧客單位(英寸或毫米)。詳細(xì)降速限度取決于待加工產(chǎn)品幾何尺寸以及機(jī)床特性,但這些算法都不需要程序員考慮,程序員只需要考慮她想要多少誤差就行了。這種方式給了程序員很大軌跡跟隨控制力,在程序中,她可以隨時(shí)變化這個(gè)誤差值來(lái)獲得她想要任何效果。要注意是“G64P0”和“G64”是同樣效果,它只是為了和舊G代碼程序保持兼容而設(shè)計(jì)。參照G代碼有關(guān)章節(jié)可以獲得更多關(guān)于“G64P-Q-”信息。BlendingwithouttoleranceThecontrolledpointwilltoucheachspecifiedmovementatatleast

onepoint.Themachinewillnevermoveatsuchaspeedthatitcannotcometoanexactstop

attheendofthecurrentmovement(ornextmovement,ifyoupausewhenblendinghasalready

started).Thedistancefromtheendpointofthemoveisaslargeasitneedstobetokeepup

thebestcontouringfeed.

不附加誤差條件混合方式(兩個(gè)原則):一是實(shí)際軌跡控制點(diǎn)至少要通過(guò)每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)軌跡運(yùn)營(yíng)段中至少一種點(diǎn);二是機(jī)床不會(huì)加速到一種它想停都停不下來(lái)速度(當(dāng)軌跡規(guī)劃器覺得按照當(dāng)前機(jī)床特性和當(dāng)前速度以及當(dāng)前位置與運(yùn)動(dòng)終點(diǎn)距離計(jì)算,它沒辦法在運(yùn)動(dòng)終點(diǎn)停止,它就會(huì)停止加速或者開始減速)。因此要保持最佳輪廓進(jìn)給速度,就應(yīng)當(dāng)在終點(diǎn)此前留足夠距離供機(jī)床加速和減速用。NaiveCamDetectorSuccessiveG1movesthatinvolveonlytheXYZaxesthatdeviatelessthan

Q-fromastraightlinearemergedintoasinglestraightline.Thismergedmovementreplaces

theindividualG1movementsforthepurposesofblendingwithtolerance.Betweensuccessivemovements,thecontrolledpointwillpassnomorethanP-fromtheactual

endpointsofthemovements.Thecontrolledpointwilltouchatleastonepointoneachmovement.

Themachinewillnevermoveatsuchaspeedthatitcannotcometoanexactstopattheendof

thecurrentmovement(ornextmovement,ifyoupausewhenblendinghasalreadystarted)OnG2/3movesintheG17(XY)planewhenthemaximumdeviationofanarcfromastraightline

islessthantheG64Q-tolerancethearcisbrokenintotwolines(fromstartofarctomidpoint,

andfrommidpointtoend).thoselinesarethensubjecttothenaivecamalgorithmforlines.Thus,

line-arc,arc-arc,andarc-linecasesaswellasline-linebenefitfromthe"naivecamdetector".

Thisimprovescontouringperformancebysimplifyingthepath.

NaiveCamDetector:在持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)之間,當(dāng)背面G1直線運(yùn)動(dòng)代碼坐標(biāo)只含XYZ軸時(shí),如果該運(yùn)動(dòng)偏離上一運(yùn)動(dòng)直線值不大于“Q-”參數(shù),則該運(yùn)動(dòng)合并到上一運(yùn)動(dòng)直線中。這樣做目是要把誤差混合掉。

在持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)之間,實(shí)際通過(guò)控制點(diǎn)和理論(程序)上端點(diǎn)之間不能有不不大于“P-”參數(shù)誤差。實(shí)際軌跡控制點(diǎn)至少要通過(guò)每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)軌跡運(yùn)營(yíng)段中至少一種點(diǎn),機(jī)床不會(huì)加速到一種它想停都停不下來(lái)速度(當(dāng)軌跡規(guī)劃器覺得按照當(dāng)前機(jī)床特性和當(dāng)前速度以及當(dāng)前位置與運(yùn)動(dòng)終點(diǎn)距離計(jì)算,它沒辦法在運(yùn)動(dòng)終點(diǎn)停止,它就會(huì)停止加速或者開始減速)(以混合方式開始運(yùn)營(yíng)后,雖然暫停了機(jī)床運(yùn)營(yíng),那么再啟動(dòng)后依然遵循這些原則,只但是運(yùn)動(dòng)終點(diǎn)也許會(huì)重新計(jì)算了)。

在G17(XY)平面上做G2、G3圓弧運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),如果圓弧偏離運(yùn)動(dòng)方向偏離值不大于Q-參數(shù),該圓弧將由兩個(gè)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)(起點(diǎn)到圓弧中點(diǎn)、圓弧中點(diǎn)到圓弧終點(diǎn))代替,而這兩個(gè)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)也合用“naivecamdetector”算法。這樣一來(lái),直線轉(zhuǎn)圓弧、圓弧轉(zhuǎn)圓弧、圓弧轉(zhuǎn)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)都也許被化解為直線轉(zhuǎn)直線運(yùn)動(dòng),也就都能享有“naivecamdetector”算法好處,簡(jiǎn)化了途徑,提高了輪廓加工性能。Inthefollowingfigurethebluelinerepresentstheactualmachinevelocity.Theredlinesarethe

accelerationcapabilityofthemachine.Thehorizontallinesbeloweachplotistheplannedmove.

Theupperplotshowshowthetrajectoryplannerwillslowthemachinedownwhenshortmovesare

encounteredtostaywithinthelimitsofthemachinesaccelerationsettingtobeabletocometoan

exactstopattheendofthenextmove.ThebottomplotshowstheeffectoftheNaiveCamDetector

tocombinethemovesanddoabetterjobofkeepingthevelocityasplanned.

下圖中(參見英文原版圖片,實(shí)則是上下兩個(gè)圖),藍(lán)線代表程序設(shè)定機(jī)床速度,紅線代表機(jī)床加速能力,每張圖最下面水平線代表規(guī)劃運(yùn)動(dòng)路線(可以看出上圖規(guī)劃路線提成了幾段,由不同顏色區(qū)別)。上圖顯示狀況是:在小運(yùn)動(dòng)段狀況下,為了能在每個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)段終點(diǎn)停下來(lái),軌跡規(guī)劃器會(huì)依照機(jī)床加速度參數(shù)限制狀況給機(jī)床減速直至停止;下圖顯示是采用“NaiveCamDetector”算法效果,重組了運(yùn)動(dòng)并較好保持了盼望速度。3.1.4

規(guī)劃“移動(dòng)”(最小運(yùn)動(dòng)段距離計(jì)算)

PlanningMovesMakesuremovesare"longenough"tosuityourmachine/material.Principallybecauseoftherule

that"themachinewillnevermoveatsuchaspeedthatitcannotcometoacompletestopatthe

endofthecurrentmovement",thereisaminimummovementlengththatwillallowthemachineto

keepuparequestedfeedratewithagivenaccelerationsetting.TheaccelerationanddecelerationphaseeachusehalftheinifileMAX_ACCELERATION.Inablend

thatisanexactreversal,thiscausesthetotalaxisaccelerationtoequaltheinifileMAX_ACCELERATION.

Inothercases,theactualmachineaccelerationissomewhatlessthantheinifileaccelerationTokeepupfeedrate,themovemustbelongerthanthedistanceittakestoacceleratefrom0tothe

desiredfeedrateandthenstopagain.UsingAas1/2theinifileMAX_ACCELERATIONandFas

thefeedrate*inunitspersecond*,theaccelerationtimeista=F/Aandtheaccelerationdistance

isda=1/2*F*tathedecelerationtimeanddistancearethesame,makingthecriticaldistanced

=da+dd=2*da=F^2/A.

Forexample,forafeedrateof1inchpersecondandanaccelerationof10inch/sec^2,thecritical

distanceis1^2/10=.1inch.Forafeedrateof.5inchpersecond,thecriticaldistanceis.5^2/

10=.025inch.

用某個(gè)機(jī)床切削某種物質(zhì)時(shí),要保證一次移動(dòng)足夠長(zhǎng)距離。理由依然是“機(jī)床不會(huì)加速到一種它想停都停不下來(lái)速度”。在給定加速度狀況下,要達(dá)到某個(gè)速度,可以算出一種必要滿足最小移動(dòng)距離。

INI文獻(xiàn)中有一種參數(shù)叫“MAX_ACCELERATION”,加速階段和減速階段各分一半“MAX_ACCELERATION”。在混合模式狀況下,加速階段使用所有“MAX_ACCELERATION”,其他狀況下機(jī)床實(shí)際加速性能要比ini文獻(xiàn)里面“MAX_ACCELERATION”小某些。

要保持進(jìn)給速度,運(yùn)動(dòng)段長(zhǎng)度必要不不大于機(jī)床加速到該速度并重新停止所需要路程。設(shè):

A=1/2*MAX_ACCELERATION

F為需要達(dá)到速度,單位是units每秒(“unitspersecond”),units是英寸或毫米。

則加速時(shí)間ta=F/A,加速距離是da=1/2*F*ta,減速時(shí)間和距離同加速時(shí)間和距離相似,則總距離為:

d=da+dd=2*da=F*F/A

例如,進(jìn)給速度是1英寸每秒,加速度是10英寸每平方秒,則最小距離為1*1/10=0.1英寸。同樣加速度如果加速到0.5英寸每秒,則最小距離為0.5*0.5/10=0.25英寸。3.2

G代碼3.2.1

默認(rèn)配備WhenEMCfirststartsupmanyGandMcodesareloadedbydefault.ThecurrentactiveGandM

codescanbeviewedontheMDItabinthe"ActiveG-Codes:"windowintheAXISinterface.These

GandMcodesdefinethebehaviorofEMCanditisimportantthatyouunderstandwhateachone

doesbeforerunningEMC.ThedefaultscanbechangedwhenrunningaG-Codefileandleftina

differentstatethanwhenyoustartedyourEMCsession.Thebestpracticeistosetthedefaults

neededforthejobinthepreambleofyourG-Codefileandnotassumethatthedefaultshavenot

changed.PrintingouttheG-CodeQuickReference(15.2)pagecanhelpyourememberwhateach

oneis.

EMC2啟動(dòng)時(shí),某些G代碼和M代碼會(huì)默認(rèn)啟動(dòng)。在“AXIS”界面MDI頁(yè)“ActiveG-Codes:”窗口里可以看到這些默認(rèn)啟動(dòng)代碼。這些代碼定義了EMC2默認(rèn)行為,在運(yùn)營(yíng)EMC2之前理解它們含義非常重要。在執(zhí)行G代碼文獻(xiàn)時(shí),可以在G代碼文獻(xiàn)中變化這些默認(rèn)設(shè)立,從而變化EMC2行為。在進(jìn)行詳細(xì)加工工作時(shí),要在相應(yīng)G代碼文獻(xiàn)中設(shè)定你想要任何默認(rèn)設(shè)立,不要指望EMC2默認(rèn)啟動(dòng)設(shè)立(它們隨時(shí)也許會(huì)變)。在15.2節(jié)“G代碼迅速參照”非常有用,打印一份在手邊以備隨時(shí)參照。3.2.2

進(jìn)給速度FeedRateHowthefeedrateisapplieddependsonifanaxisinvolvedwiththemoveisarotaryaxis.Readand

understandtheFeedRatesection(9.2.5)ifyouhavearotaryaxisoralathe.

進(jìn)給速度擬定和有關(guān)軸與否是旋轉(zhuǎn)軸關(guān)于。如果你系統(tǒng)是一種車床或者有一種旋轉(zhuǎn)軸,一定要閱讀一下9.2.5節(jié)內(nèi)容。3.2.3

刀具半徑補(bǔ)償ToolRadiusOffset(G41/42)requiresthatthetoolbeabletotouchsomewherealongeachprogrammed

movewithoutgougingthetwoadjacentmoves.Ifthatisnotpossiblewiththecurrenttool

diameteryouwillgetanerror.Asmallerdiametertoolmayrunwithoutanerroronthesamepath.

Thismeansyoucanprogramacuttertopassdownapaththatisnarrowerthanthecutterwithout

anyerrors.SeetheToolCompensationSection(11.3)formoreinformation.

刀具半徑補(bǔ)償(G41、G42)后來(lái),刀具要可以沿著編程運(yùn)動(dòng)路線運(yùn)動(dòng)而不會(huì)干涉到兩邊相鄰運(yùn)動(dòng)路線,如果用當(dāng)前刀具半徑不能滿足這個(gè)條件,也許會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種錯(cuò)誤。嘗試用小一點(diǎn)半徑刀具走相似路線也許會(huì)消除這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。同樣道理,如果一種刀具走某個(gè)路線沒有錯(cuò)誤,那么用比它細(xì)某些刀具必定也不會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤。關(guān)于刀具補(bǔ)償信息還可參見11.3節(jié)。3.3

原點(diǎn)復(fù)歸HomingAfterstartingEMC2eachaxismustbehomedpriortorunningaprogramorrunningaMDIcommand.

Ifyouwanttodeviatefromthedefaultbehavior,orwanttousetheMiniinterfaceyouwillneedto

settheoptionNO_FORCE_HOMING=1inthe[TRAJ]sectionofyourinifile.Moreinformationon

homingcanbefoundintheIntegratorsManual.

啟動(dòng)EMC2后來(lái),要想運(yùn)營(yíng)程序或MDI命令,還必要先給每個(gè)軸執(zhí)行原點(diǎn)復(fù)歸操作。要避免這樣做,或者要使用Mini界面,可以在ini文獻(xiàn)“TRAJ”參數(shù)段設(shè)立“NO_FORCE_HOMING=1”達(dá)到目。關(guān)于原點(diǎn)復(fù)歸詳細(xì)信息參見綜合手冊(cè)“IntegratorsManual”。3.4

刀具更換ToolChangesThereareseveraloptionswhendoingmanualtoolchanges.Seethe[EMCIO]sectionoftheIntegrators

Manualforinformationonconfigurationoftheseoptions.AlsoseetheG28andG30sectionof

theUserManual.

有幾種關(guān)于手動(dòng)換刀選項(xiàng)。關(guān)于它們配備信息請(qǐng)參照綜合手冊(cè)“IntegratorsManual”中“EMCIO”某些。同步也參照一下本手冊(cè)G28和G30某些。3.5

坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)TheCoordinateSystemscanbeconfusingatfirst.BeforerunningaCNCmachineyoumustunderstand

thebasicsofthecoordinatesystemsusedbyEMC.IndepthinformationontheEMC

CoordinateSystemsisinthecoordinatesection10ofthismanual.

剛開始學(xué)EMC2時(shí)也許會(huì)覺得坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)有點(diǎn)難學(xué)。但是在實(shí)際運(yùn)營(yíng)一種機(jī)床此前,還是必要先弄清晰EMC2使用坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)某些基本概念。關(guān)于EMC2坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)更深知識(shí)在本手冊(cè)第10章可以找到。3.5.1

G53機(jī)床坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)WhenyouhomeEMCyousettheG53MachineCoordinateSystemto0foreachaxishomed.

Noothercoordinatesystemsortooloffsetsarechangedbyhoming.

TheonlytimeyoumoveintheG53machinecoordinatesystemiswhenyouprogramaG53onthe

samelineasamove.NormallyyouareintheG54coordinatesystem.

當(dāng)你執(zhí)行EMC2原點(diǎn)復(fù)歸命令時(shí),就相稱于設(shè)定了G53機(jī)床坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)各個(gè)軸原點(diǎn)。

原點(diǎn)復(fù)歸操作不變化其他坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)或刀具補(bǔ)償設(shè)立。

只有你在代碼行里面指定G53代碼,你才在G53機(jī)床坐標(biāo)系里移動(dòng)。其他狀況下你處在G54坐標(biāo)系里面。3.5.2

G54G59.3顧客坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)NormallyyouusetheG54CoordinateSystem.Whenanoffsetisappliedtoacurrentusercoordinate

systemasmallblueballwithlineswillbeatthemachineoriginwhenyourDROisdisplaying

"Position:RelativeActual"inAxis.IfyouroffsetsaretemporaryusetheZeroCoordinateSystem

fromtheMachinemenuorprogramG10L2P1X0Y0Z0attheendofyourGCodefile.Changethe

"P"numbertosuitthecoordinatesystemyouwishtocleartheoffsetin.

OffsetsstoredinausercoordinatesystemareretainedwhenEMCisshutdown.

Usingthe"TouchOff"buttoninAxissetsanoffsetforthechosenUserCoordinateSystem.

普通狀況下你會(huì)使用G54坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)對(duì)一種顧客坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)設(shè)立了偏移并且DRO頁(yè)面里軸坐標(biāo)顯示格式是“Position:RelativeActual”時(shí),一種被線穿過(guò)小藍(lán)色球?qū)⒊霎?dāng)前機(jī)床原點(diǎn)位置。如果你偏移是暫時(shí),可以用“Machine->ZeroCoordinateSystem”菜單命令刪除偏移,也可以在程序尾部用“G10L2P1X0Y0Z0”代碼刪除偏移。“P”背面數(shù)字是想要?jiǎng)h除偏移顧客坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)編號(hào)。

EMC2關(guān)閉時(shí),保存在顧客坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)偏移值不會(huì)丟失。

在AXIS顧客界面中使用“TouchOff”按鈕為選定顧客坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)設(shè)立偏移值。3.5.3

失位后怎么辦Ifyou’rehavingtroublegetting0,0,0ontheDROwhenyouthinkyoushould,youmayhavesome

offsetsprogrammedinandneedtoremovethem.

MovetotheMachineoriginwith

G53G0X0Y0Z0

ClearanyG92offsetwith

G92.1

UsetheG54coordinatesystemwith

G54

SettheG54coordinatesystemtobethesameasthemachinecoordinatesystemwith

G10L2P1X0Y0Z0

Turnofftooloffsetsw

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