指向主旨概括的閱讀理解解題法講義-高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)

指向主旨概括的閱讀理解解題法練習(xí)閱讀理解篇章從體裁上可以分為應(yīng)用文、說(shuō)明文和記敘文三大類(lèi)，而這三大類(lèi)雖然文體不同，但都蘊(yùn)含著各自的主題，也就是中心話題。中心話題在說(shuō)明文和應(yīng)用文的位置往往是在語(yǔ)篇前面，而記敘文的中心話題則往往在語(yǔ)篇最后，為了方便記憶，我們也可以說(shuō)說(shuō)明文和應(yīng)用文往往采取開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的形式引出主題，而記敘文則往往使用蓋棺定論的形式來(lái)引出主題。引出說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文主題的手法往往有直白法、事例法、提問(wèn)法、反襯法和綜合法這四種手法，而記敘文的主題手法卻相對(duì)單一，那就是升華法，畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛升華主題。確定每篇文章的主題相當(dāng)重要，因?yàn)橐坏┐_定了語(yǔ)篇主題，那么把控語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的難度就會(huì)大大降低，更不用說(shuō)把握細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容和銜接部分，所以，確定說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文和記敘文的主題，就如同點(diǎn)亮每一篇語(yǔ)篇的燈，照亮全篇文章的所有角落。下面結(jié)合浙江省紹興會(huì)稽聯(lián)盟20232024學(xué)年高二上學(xué)期期末聯(lián)考英語(yǔ)試題四篇語(yǔ)篇材料，通過(guò)確定每一篇語(yǔ)篇的主題來(lái)解答相應(yīng)的主題概括題，從而幫助我們了解主題概括題的設(shè)題特點(diǎn)以及解題具體思路。ATheroyalhomesofkingsandemperorsreflecttheirarchitecturestyleandwealth.Todaymostofgreatestpalacesbeeworldwidepopulartouristattractions.Visitingsuchgreatpalaceshelpstoexplorehistoryofkingdomandthelifestyleofatime.Hereisthelistof

4mostamazingpalaces

intheworld.◎

PalaceofVersailles,FrancePalaceofVersailleswasbuiltin1624byKingLouisVIIIasahuntinglodgeandwaslaterexpandedintothelargestpalacebyitssuccessors,servingaspermanentresidenceuntil1789.Itfeatures700rooms,morethan1200fireplacesand60staircases.◎

PotalaPalace,ChinaAsoneofthemostsplendidmonuments,theconstructionofthispalaceoriginallystartedin7thcenturyandtransformedintotoday’sformin1936.ItfeaturesmosttreasuredTibetanarchitecturalmarvels.Thepalaceremainedasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1653to1889,andyoucanseeentireLhasafromtheroofofthepalace.◎

AlhambraPalace,SpainSituatedinthecityofAndalusiainSpain,thispalacewasfirstconstructedin9thcentury,damagedandignoredformorethan2centuries.ItwasrenovatedbyMuhammadbenAlAhmarin13thcenturyandwastransformedintocurrentpalacebySultanofGranadain1333.Thisoriginallywhitewashedpalace,standingtallathilltopforcenturiesofbakinginsunlight,takesonareddishlook,withaviewoverthecity.◎

PenaPalace,PortugalInitiallybuiltasamonastery,PenaPalacewasprotectedforcenturiesbyonekingafteranother.Butitsufferedseveredamagesby1755’sLisbonearthquake.KingFerdinandIItransformedthoseruinsintoabeautifulpalace,whichisrecognizedforitsRomanticismstyle.語(yǔ)篇體裁：應(yīng)用文語(yǔ)篇主題：

4mostamazingpalaces引出手法：事例法配套試題：1.Whoisthistextintendedfor?A.Explorershuntingforroyaltreasures.B.Touristskeenonhistoricarchitecture.C.Archaeologistsseekingforculturalrelics.D.HistorianscuriousaboutEuropeanlifestyle.命題特點(diǎn)：此題采取側(cè)面考查的方法，因?yàn)橹黝}是“神奇宮殿”，那么哪些人會(huì)對(duì)它們感興趣呢？我們可以根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇后面的信息推出正確答案。解題思路：我們可以采用推理判斷，看出此題正確答案為B，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)篇只是一般性的應(yīng)用文,并非專業(yè)性非常強(qiáng)的專業(yè)報(bào)告,所以可以排除C和D，而A項(xiàng)更加不符合題目語(yǔ)境。BTheclassroom,thebathroom,theoutdoors—mysmartphoneisalwaysinhandasifitweresomemagicselfdefensetoolcapableofprotectingmefromallevilintheworld.Ialsolovemylaptop,becauseitholdsallofmywritingandthoughts.Despitethisloveoftechnology,IknowthattherearetimeswhenIneedtomoveawayfromthesedevicesandtrulymunicatewithothers.Onoccasion,IteachHistoryMattersforagroupofhighereducationmanagers.Mygoalsfortheclassincludeafulldiscussionofhistoricalthemesandideas.BecauseIwantstudentstothoroughlystudythematerialsandexchangetheirideasintheclassroom,Ihavearule

—

nolaptop,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyruleinadvance,someofthemwerenothappy.Moststudentsassumethatmyreasonsforthisruleincludeunpleasantexperienceswithstudentsmisusingtechnology.There’sabitoftruthtothat.SomeassumethatIamantitechnology.There’snotruthinthatatall.Ilovetechnologyandtrytokeepupwithit,soIcanrelatetomystudents.TherealreasonisthatIthinkthereareveryfewplaceswherewecanhavedeepconversationsandtrulyengageplexideas.Interruptionsbytechnologyoftenbreakconcentrationandallowfortoomuchdependenceonoutsideinformationforideas.Iwantstudentstodigdeepwithinthemselvesforinspiration.Iwantthemtothinkdifferentlyandmakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialsandtheclassdiscussion.I’vebeenteachingmyhistoryclassthiswayformanyyears.TheevaluationsreflectstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizethatwithdeepconversationandchallenge,theylearnatalevelthathelpsthemkeepcoursematerialsbeyondtheclassroom.I’mnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,I’mstickingtomyplan.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialogueisjusttoo

sweet

togiveup.語(yǔ)篇體裁：

記敘文語(yǔ)篇主題：sweet引出手法：升華法配套試題：7.Whatmessagedoesthewriterreallywanttoconvey?A.Hewillsticktothispracticeuntilhechangesforanewjob.B.Technologyisaneffectivewaytorelateteacherstostudents.C.Unpleasantexperiencescanbethebeginningofsomenewrules.D.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialoguewillharvestalot.命題特點(diǎn)：此題采取正面考查的方法，因?yàn)橹黝}是“沒(méi)有電子設(shè)備打擾的交談非常甜蜜”，換句話說(shuō)，免除電子設(shè)備打擾的交談會(huì)讓我們收獲很多，這樣我們可以很容易推出正確答案。解題思路：我們可以通過(guò)采用詞義轉(zhuǎn)換，看出此題正確答案為D，因?yàn)閔arvest和sweet都是同義詞，都帶有褒義紅色意義，而且選項(xiàng)D在范圍上也符合語(yǔ)境。CManykidshelpoutaroundthehousewithchoressuchasemptyingthedishwasher,puttinglaundryaway,andtakingoutthetrash.Inexchange,somekidsgetallowancesorotherrewardssuchasextraputertime.Butsomepeople

donotthink

thatkidsshouldgetrewardsfordoingchores.SusieWalton,aparentingeducatorandfamilycoach,believesthatbyrewardingkids,parentsaresendingamessagethatworkisn’tworthdoingunlessyougetsomethinginreturn.

“Runninganykindofhouseholdisateameffort”,Susiesaid.

“Ahomeisalivingspaceforeveryoneinthefamily.It’simportantforkidstoseethatweallhaveresponsibilitiesinthehouse,andthatfamiliesdecidetogetherhowtheywanttheirhometolook,andhowtheyaregoingtokeepitlookinglikeeveryonewantsittolook.”O(jiān)therpeoplebelievethatgettingacashallowanceorotherrewardsmotivateskidstodochores,anditalsoteachesthemrealworldlessonsabouthowweneedtoworktoearnmoney.Therearealsonewapplicationsthatgivekidspointsanddigitalgiftsthatcanberedeemed(兌取)eitheronlineorintherealworld.WiththeChoreMonsterapp,kidsearndigitalpointsbypletingchoresthattheycanturninforrealliferewardssuchasextraXboxtimeoratriptothemall.

“Ourgoalistoencouragekidstoearnrewards,”

saysChrisBergman,founderofChoreMonster.

“Kidsneedpositivereinforcementtohelpmotivatethem.”Whatdoyouthink?Shouldkidsberewardedfordoingchores?Orshouldkidshelpoutaroundtheirhomeswithoutgettinganythinginreturn?Writea200wordresponse.Sendittotfkasks4you@timeforkids.YourresponsemaybepublishedinafutureissueofTimeForKids.Pleaseincludeyourgradeandcontactinformationofyourparentorteacherifyouwantyourresponsetobepublished.ThedeadlineforrespondingisFebruary18.語(yǔ)篇體裁：

說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)篇主題：

donotthink（opposition）引出手法：

反襯法配套試題：9.AccordingtoSusieWalton,___________________.A.kidsshouldberewardedfordoingchoresB.parentsdecidewhatkidscandoforthefamilyC.kidshavetheresponsibilitytosharehouseworkD.kidscangetextraputertimefordoingchores11.Thepurposeofwritingthetextisto____________________.A.invitereaderstoexpresstheiropinionsB.informreadersoftwodifferentopinionsC.callonreaderstoreflectontheirbehaviorD.presenttheauthor’sviewpointaboutparenting命題特點(diǎn)：第9題是正面考查SusieWalton的觀點(diǎn)，選擇正確答案的根據(jù)是文章第二段第一句的主題句，也就是黑色貶義的反對(duì)內(nèi)容，第11題是側(cè)面考查，主要要求考生能夠根據(jù)主題內(nèi)容推理判斷作者的寫(xiě)作意圖。解題思路：第9題我們只需要進(jìn)行詞義轉(zhuǎn)化就可以解答，根據(jù)SusieWalton反對(duì)因?yàn)楹⒆幼黾覄?wù)而給他們獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的觀點(diǎn)，換一種說(shuō)法也就是她認(rèn)為做家務(wù)應(yīng)該是孩子們應(yīng)盡的責(zé)任，所以正確答案為C。第10題相對(duì)更難一點(diǎn)，在解答的時(shí)候我們必須立足全局，根據(jù)作者在對(duì)一種常見(jiàn)的育兒方式提出自己的質(zhì)疑這一中心看出，選項(xiàng)D是唯一正確的答案。DMostofushaveheardofthe3Rs:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Itisthecoreprincipleofasustainable(可持續(xù)的)life,butfewofuscanapplyitinourownlives.Now,there’sa

“l(fā)ab”

youcanexploreanddiscoverawaytowardlivingsustainably.3RLabislocatedinXuhuidistrict,Shanghai.Itoffersexhibitions,activitiesandgoodsthatshowcasethe3Rprinciple.Thekeytoasustainablelife,accordingtoVincentT.M.Fong,the32yearoldfromHongKongwhocreatedthelab,istomakeitalongtermpromise.

“Asustainablelifeshouldbesustainableitselfinthefirstplace.Youcan’tleadasustainablelifeonawhim.Smallandfortablechangesareexactlywhatyouneed,”Fongsaid.Thelabregularlyhostsuglyfruitmarkets,offeringthesestrangefruitswhichareoftenthrownawaybytraditionalmarketsandconsumersataquiteattractiveprice.

“They’rethrownawaysimplybecauseoftheirappearance.Buyingfruitregardlessofhowtheylookreducesfoodwastesignificantlyinourdailylife,”Fongmented.Awatertankwithtwotypesofstrawsisanotherequipmentinthelab.“OnetypeismadefromnormalplasticswidelyusedinourdailylifewhiletheotherisfromPHA,anewreplacementforplastics,andthewaterissourcedfromtheSuzhouRiver,”

explainedNiLi,anemployeeofthelab.VisitorscanseehowthePHAstrawsdegrade(降解)intoathinlayerinjustonemonth,whiletheothersremainunchanged.“Leadingasustainablelifedoesnotnecessarilymeansacrifice,”saidFong.Consuminguglyfruitandusingdegradableplasticsaresmallchangesthataregoodfortheenvironmentandeasytostickto.Onlyinthiswaycanthe3Rprinciplebeepartofourlives,headded.Afterworkingthereforsixmonths,Ni,whowasn’tmindfulofthe3Rprinciplebeforearrivingatthelab,nowuseshercupeverytimeshebuysacoffee.

“Thejobhasreshapedmylife,”Nisaid.語(yǔ)篇體裁：

說(shuō)明文語(yǔ)篇主題：

lab引出手法：

反襯法配套試題：15．WhatcanweinferfromthelastparagraphaboutNi?A．Sheavoidsgoingtotraditionalmarkets.B．Shehasdevotedlesstimetoherhobbies.C．Shehasgotridofafewbadhabits.

D．Sheisleadingalowcarbonlifenow.命題特點(diǎn)：此題采取側(cè)面考查的方法，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)語(yǔ)篇最后一段紅色褒義內(nèi)容Thejobhasreshapedmylife以看出Ni很受這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的影響，因?yàn)槭艿剿挠绊懚淖兞俗约旱纳罘绞剑晕覀兛梢愿鶕?jù)這項(xiàng)信息推出正確答案。解題思路：我們可以采用推理判斷，看出此題正確答案為D，因?yàn)闊o(wú)論從色彩、范圍和內(nèi)容角度上來(lái)看，只有D項(xiàng)與最后一段內(nèi)容Thejobhasreshapedmylife相匹配。順利解答好主旨概括題后，細(xì)節(jié)理解題、詞義猜測(cè)題和推理判斷題都會(huì)迎刃而解，所以，在解答各種體裁的閱讀理解語(yǔ)篇時(shí)，確定主題和解答好主旨概括題是盤(pán)活全盤(pán)棋子的關(guān)鍵舉措。

指向主旨概括的閱讀理解解題法練習(xí)學(xué)案ATheroyalhomesofkingsandemperorsreflecttheirarchitecturestyleandwealth.Todaymostofgreatestpalacesbeeworldwidepopulartouristattractions.Visitingsuchgreatpalaceshelpstoexplorehistoryofkingdomandthelifestyleofatime.Hereisthelistof

4mostamazingpalaces

intheworld.◎

PalaceofVersailles,FrancePalaceofVersailleswasbuiltin1624byKingLouisVIIIasahuntinglodgeandwaslaterexpandedintothelargestpalacebyitssuccessors,servingaspermanentresidenceuntil1789.Itfeatures700rooms,morethan1200fireplacesand60staircases.◎

PotalaPalace,ChinaAsoneofthemostsplendidmonuments,theconstructionofthispalaceoriginallystartedin7thcenturyandtransformedintotoday’sformin1936.ItfeaturesmosttreasuredTibetanarchitecturalmarvels.Thepalaceremainedasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1653to1889,andyoucanseeentireLhasafromtheroofofthepalace.◎

AlhambraPalace,SpainSituatedinthecityofAndalusiainSpain,thispalacewasfirstconstructedin9thcentury,damagedandignoredformorethan2centuries.ItwasrenovatedbyMuhammadbenAlAhmarin13thcenturyandwastransformedintocurrentpalacebySultanofGranadain1333.Thisoriginallywhitewashedpalace,standingtallathilltopforcenturiesofbakinginsunlight,takesonareddishlook,withaviewoverthecity.◎

PenaPalace,PortugalInitiallybuiltasamonastery,PenaPalacewasprotectedforcenturiesbyonekingafteranother.Butitsufferedseveredamagesby1755’sLisbonearthquake.KingFerdinandIItransformedthoseruinsintoabeautifulpalace,whichisrecognizedforitsRomanticismstyle.1.Whoisthistextintendedfor?A.Explorershuntingforroyaltreasures.B.Touristskeenonhistoricarchitecture.C.Archaeologistsseekingforculturalrelics.D.HistorianscuriousaboutEuropeanlifestyle.BTheclassroom,thebathroom,theoutdoors—mysmartphoneisalwaysinhandasifitweresomemagicselfdefensetoolcapableofprotectingmefromallevilintheworld.Ialsolovemylaptop,becauseitholdsallofmywritingandthoughts.Despitethisloveoftechnology,IknowthattherearetimeswhenIneedtomoveawayfromthesedevicesandtrulymunicatewithothers.Onoccasion,IteachHistoryMattersforagroupofhighereducationmanagers.Mygoalsfortheclassincludeafulldiscussionofhistoricalthemesandideas.BecauseIwantstudentstothoroughlystudythematerialsandexchangetheirideasintheclassroom,Ihavearule

—

nolaptop,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyruleinadvance,someofthemwerenothappy.Moststudentsassumethatmyreasonsforthisruleincludeunpleasantexperienceswithstudentsmisusingtechnology.There’sabitoftruthtothat.SomeassumethatIamantitechnology.There’snotruthinthatatall.Ilovetechnologyandtrytokeepupwithit,soIcanrelatetomystudents.TherealreasonisthatIthinkthereareveryfewplaceswherewecanhavedeepconversationsandtrulyengageplexideas.Interruptionsbytechnologyoftenbreakconcentrationandallowfortoomuchdependenceonoutsideinformationforideas.Iwantstudentstodigdeepwithinthemselvesforinspiration.Iwantthemtothinkdifferentlyandmakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialsandtheclassdiscussion.I’vebeenteachingmyhistoryclassthiswayformanyyears.TheevaluationsreflectstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizethatwithdeepconversationandchallenge,theylearnatalevelthathelpsthemkeepcoursematerialsbeyondtheclassroom.I’mnotsayingthatIwon’teverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,I’mstickingtomyplan.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialogueisjusttoo

sweet

togiveup.7.Whatmessagedoesthewriterreallywanttoconvey?A.Hewillsticktothispracticeuntilhechangesforanewjob.B.Technologyisaneffectivewaytorelateteacherstostudents.C.Unpleasantexperiencescanbethebeginningofsomenewrules.D.Afewhoursoftechnologyfreedialoguewillharvestalot.CManykidshelpoutaroundthehousewithchoressuchasemptyingthedishwasher,puttinglaundryaway,andtakingoutthetrash.Inexchange,somekidsgetallowancesorotherrewardssuchasextraputertime.Butsomepeople

donotthink

thatkidsshouldgetrewardsfordoingchores.SusieWalton,aparentingeducatorandfamilycoach,believesthatbyrewardingkids,parentsaresendingamessagethatworkisn’tworthdoingunlessyougetsomethinginreturn.

“Runninganykindofhouseholdisateameffort”,Susiesaid.

“Ahomeisalivingspaceforeveryoneinthefamily.It’simportantforkidstoseethatweallhaveresponsibilitiesinthehouse,andthatfamiliesdecidetogetherhowtheywanttheirhometolook,andhowtheyaregoingtokeepitlookinglikeeveryonewantsittolook.”O(jiān)therpeoplebelievethatgettingacashallowanceorotherrewardsmotivateskidstodochores,anditalsoteachesthemrealworldlessonsabouthowweneedtoworktoearnmoney.Therearealsonewapplicationsthatgivekidspointsanddigitalgiftsthatcanberedeemed(兌取)eitheronlineorintherealworld.WiththeChoreMonsterapp,kidsearndigitalpointsbypletingchoresthattheycanturninforrealliferewardssuchasextraXboxtimeoratriptothemall.

“Ourgoalistoencouragekidstoearnrewards,”

saysChrisBergman,founderofChoreMonster.

“Kidsneedpositivereinforcementtohelpmotivatethem.”Whatdoyouthink?Shouldkidsberewardedfordoingchores?Orshouldkidshelpoutaroundtheirhomeswithoutgettinganythinginreturn?Writea200wordresponse.Sendittotfkasks4you@timeforkids.YourresponsemaybepublishedinafutureissueofTimeForKids.Pleaseincludeyourgradeandcontactinformationofyourparentorteacherifyouwantyourresponsetobepublished.ThedeadlineforrespondingisFebruary18.9.AccordingtoSusieWalton,___________________.A.kidsshouldberewardedfordoingchoresB.parentsdecidewhatkidscandoforthefamilyC.kidshavetheresponsibilitytosharehouseworkD.kidscangetextraputertimefordoingchores11.Thepurposeofwritingthetextisto____________________.A.invitereaderstoexpresstheiropinionsB.informreadersoftwodifferentopinionsC.callonreaderstoreflectontheirbehaviorD.presenttheauthor’sviewpointaboutparentingDMostofushaveheardofthe3Rs:reduce,reuseandrecycle.Itisthecoreprincipleofasustainable(可持續(xù)的)life,butfewofuscanapplyitinourownlives.Now,there’sa

“l(fā)ab”

youcanexploreanddiscoverawaytowardlivingsust