2024屆新高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)02 閱讀理解(說明文)（解析版）

02問讀理解說明文

1.【2024屆山東省德州市一模試題】

ThinkyouhaveagoodgraspofEnglish?Good.Readthesixsentencesbelow,then.

Sentence1:Theoldmantheboat.

Sentence2:ThecottonclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi.

Sentence3:Timeflieslikeanarrow;fruitflieslikeabanana.

Sentence4:Fatpeopleeatcollects.

Sentence5:Themanwhohuntsducksoutonweekends.

Sentence6:Thecomplexhousesmarriedandsinglesoldiersandtheirfamilies.

Linguists（語(yǔ)言學(xué)家）callthese"gardenpathsentences”,whichtakeyoubythehandandleadyoudowna

windingpathtoadeadend.Despitethis,they'reallgrammaticallycorrect.Lefsseewhy.

Sentence1:Theoldmantheboat.

BesidessoundinglikearejectedHemingwaytitle,thissentenceisindeedgrammaticallycorrectthanksto

somewell-placedhomonyms-wordsthatsharethesamespellingsbuthavedifferentmeanings.Homonym1here

is“old”,usedasanoun,meaning"oldpeople^^;homonym2is"man”,usedasaverb,meaning"toservein/on”.

Withthatinmind,thesentencemeans“Theoldpeopleserveontheboat”.

Sentence2:ThecottonclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi.

Atfirstread,you'dthink"ismadeof'isthemainverbofthissentence.Butifsnot.Thesimplestformof

thissentenceis“ThecottongrowsinMississippi”;confusingly,“clothingismadeof'isusedtotelluswhat

cottonwe'retalkingabout.Thissentencewouldmakewaymoresenseifwritten“Thecottonthatclothingismade

ofgrowsinMississippi”,butEnglishallowsustoremovecertainconjunctionslike"that”,withitsmeaning

maintained.

Sentence3:Timeflieslikeanarrow;fruitflieslikeabanana.

Thefirsthalfofthissentenceiseasytocatch.Sowhendealingwiththeotherhalf,peopleusuallyfollowthe

structureofthefirsthalf,andifdbeunderstoodas“fruitsflylikebananas”.Thisisobviouslyunreasonable.Only

whenpeoplerethinkcantheyrecognizethetruemeaningofthesentence.Therefore,suchsentencesmanageto

makepeopleignorethestructureofthesentenceitself,thusdepartingfromitsoriginalmeaning.

Comeon!Takeawalkdownthegardenpathwiththerestofthesentences.

8.Whafsthecharacteristicof"gardenpathsentences^^accordingtolinguists?

A.Misleadingbuterror-free.B.Accurateandplain.

C.Improperly-wordedandmeaningless.D.Ungrammaticalbutcomprehensible.

9.Whichwordisanexamplesimilartothehomonymof"man"insentence1?

A.”grows“insentence2.B."eat"insentence4.

C.^chunts^^insentence5.D.tahouses^^insentence6.

10.Whichofthefollowingcorrectlyinterprets“fruitflieslikeabanana^^insentence3?

A.”fruitflies“referstoasortofinsect.B."flies“servesastheverbofthesentence.

C.”flieslike^^explainswhatfruitistalkedabout.D."like"hasthesamemeaningasthe"like"beforeit.

11.Whatcanbethetroublemakerinsentence4?

A.Theill-placedverbs.B.Theremovalof"that".

C.Thegrammarmistakes.D.Thelackofnounbehind"collects”.

【答案】8.A9.D10.A11.B

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了對(duì)特殊的英文句子的理解。

8.推理判斷題。由文章第八段中"Linguists（語(yǔ)言學(xué)家）callthese“gardenpathsentences”,whichtakeyoubythe

handandleadyoudownawindingpathtoadeadend.Despitethis,they'reallgrammaticallycorrect.Lefssee

why.（語(yǔ)言學(xué)家稱這些句子為“花園小徑句”，它們牽著你的手，把你帶到一條蜿蜒的小路上，直到一個(gè)死胡

同。盡管如此，它們的語(yǔ)法都是正確的。讓我們看看為什么。）”可知，這些句子的特點(diǎn)是誤導(dǎo)但沒有錯(cuò)誤。

故選Ao

9.推理判斷題。由文章第一個(gè)黑標(biāo)題Sentence1:Theoldmantheboat?下的"Homonym1hereis"old”,used

asanoun,meaning"oldpeople”;homonym2is"man”,usedasaverb,meaning“toservein/on”.（這里的第——個(gè)

同形異義詞是“old”，用作名詞，意思是“老人”；第二個(gè)同音異義詞是“man”，用作動(dòng)詞，意思是“服務(wù)于

和第七段“Sentence6:Thecomplexhousesmarriedandsinglesoldiersandtheirfamilies.（建筑群給已婚和單身

士兵及其家屬提供住處。）”可知，第6句中的“houses”可以是名詞“房子”，本句中用作動(dòng)詞“給（某人）提

供住處”與第1句中“man”都是具有名詞詞性，在句子中用作動(dòng)詞。故選D。

10.詞句猜測(cè)題。由文章第三個(gè)黑標(biāo)題Sentence3:Timeflieslikeanarrow;fruitflieslikeabanana?下的

“Thefirsthalfofthissentenceiseasytocatch.Sowhendealingwiththeotherhalf,peopleusuallyfollowthe

structureofthefirsthalf,andifdbeunderstoodas“fruitsflylikebananas”.Thisisobviouslyunreasonable.Only

whenpeoplerethinkcantheyrecognizethetruemeaningofthesentence.Therefore,suchsentencesmanageto

makepeopleignorethestructureofthesentenceitself,thusdepartingfromitsoriginalmeaning.（這句話的前半

部分很容易聽懂。所以在處理另一半的時(shí)候，人們通常會(huì)遵循前一半的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以理解為“水果像香蕉一

樣飛”。這顯然是不合理的。人們只有重新思考，才能認(rèn)識(shí)到句子的真正含義。因此，這類句子設(shè)法使人

們忽略了句子本身的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而偏離了句子的本意。）”可知，句子應(yīng)該理解為“fruitflies”為句子主語(yǔ)，意為

“果蠅”，指的是一種昆蟲；謂語(yǔ)是“l(fā)ike”意為“喜歡”；賓語(yǔ)是“abanana”，意為“香蕉”。故選A。

11.推理判斷題。由文章第五段中“Sentence4:Fatpeopleeatcollects.（人們吃的脂肪會(huì)聚集。）“可知，people

前省略了that,thatpeopleeat為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞Fat,所以“that”的省略導(dǎo)致句子不好理解。故選B。

2.【2024屆山東省淄博市高三一模試題】

Chancesareyou'veheardthephrase"likeamothtoaflame^^andprobablyseenitinactionata

nighttimefireorbarbecue,too.Itturnsout,however,thisage-oldsayingmaynotbequiteright.Ratherthanbeing

attractedtolight,moths9tendencytoflytowardbrightnessisabehavioralresponsetohelpthemdeterminewhich

wayisup,suggestsanewstudypublishedinthejournalNatureCommunications.

Toavoidfallingdowntotheground,insectsneedtoknowwhichwayisup,saysstudycoauthorYashSondhi,

aNationalGeographicExplorer.Withoutsystemstomaintainspatial（空間的）orientation,thebrightnessofthe

sky,evenatnight,hasalwaysbeenastrongindicatorof"up"untilartificiallightscamealong.Iftheymess

thatup,theystartplummeting.

Sondhiandateamofresearcherssetupexperimentstoinvestigatehowdifferentlightsinfluenceflight

behavior.First,theresearcherssuspendedalightbulbfromaropebetweentwotreesresemblingatypical

downward-pointinglightandinaseparatetest,theyturnedthelightupwardbymountingitonatripod（三月卻

架）.Inbothcases,insectsleanedtheirwingedbackstothebulb.Butwhenthelightwaspointedup,theinsects

oftenbumpedtotheground.

Whatifthelightisspreadoverawidearea?Theresearchersstretchedalargewhitesheetacrossthetreeand

projectedaUVlightonit.Iftheinsectsweretruly“attracted“tothelight,theyshouldflyuptowardit.Instead,

theinsectscruised（巡航）straightthroughthisilluminatedcorridor,flyinghowtheywouldduringtheday.The

teamthenplacedthesheetonthegroundandshinedthelightonit,whichiswhensomethingtrulyoddhappened:

Allthesemothsflyingoveritturnedupsidedownandcrashedoutofthesky.Directionalityoflightisahuge

factorinthepatternwehaveseen,notjustbrightnessorcolor.

""Artificiallightsmaycauseamismatchbetweentheinsecfssenseofwhichwayisupandtruedirectionof

gravity,whichspellstroubleforinsectspopulation.^^saysSondhi.

8.Whatcanbeinferredabout"likeamothtoaflame“inthenewstudy?

A.Amothisgenerallyattractedbyaflame.B.Artificiallightsarevaluableforamoth.

C.Brightnessindicatesupforamoth.D.Amothhasasenseofdirection.

9.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“plummeting“inparagraph2mean?

A.Crashing.B.Speeding.C.Freezing.D.Suspending.

10.Whatlightsinfluenceinsectsmostintheexperiments?

A.UVlightsonthetree.B.Upward-pointinglights.

C.Downward-pointinglights.D.Lightsofdifferentcolors.

11.WhatisSondhi'sattitudetowardartificiallights?

A.Concerned.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Neutral.

【答案】8.C9.A10.B11.A

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究表明蛾類向明亮方向飛行的傾向不是被光吸引，

而是一種行為反應(yīng)，幫助它們確定向上的方向。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段的"Ratherthanbeingattractedtolight,moths'tendencytoflytowardbrightnessisa

behavioralresponsetohelpthemdeterminewhichwayisup,suggestsanewstudypublishedinthejournalNature

Communications」發(fā)表在《自然通訊》雜志上的一項(xiàng)新研究表明，蛾類向明亮方向飛行的傾向不是被光吸

引，而是一種行為反應(yīng),幫助它們確定向上的方向）”以及第二段的“Toavoidfallingdowntotheground,insects

needtoknowwhichwayisup,saysstudycoauthorYashSondhi,aNationalGeographicExplorer.（該研究的合著

者、國(guó)家地理探險(xiǎn)家YashSondhi說，為了避免摔倒在地，昆蟲需要知道哪條路是向上的）”可知，昆蟲需要

知道哪條路是向上的，而光能夠幫助它們確定向上的方向。由此可推知，在新的研究中，“飛蛾撲火”意味

著光能夠暗示飛蛾向上飛。故選C。

9.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段的“Withoutsystemstomaintainspatial（空間的）orientation,thebrightnessofthe

sky,evenatnight,hasalwaysbeenastrongindicatorof"up"untilartificiallightscamealong.（沒有系統(tǒng)來

維持空間方向，即使在晚上，天空的亮度也一直是“向上”的強(qiáng)烈指示——直到人造燈出現(xiàn)）”可知，飛蛾不

能辨別方向，天空的亮度一直指示著它向上飛行。人造燈的出現(xiàn)讓他們出現(xiàn)了混亂，所以看到燈光，他們

就會(huì)撞上去。所以劃線單詞的意思為“碰撞”。故選A。

10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“First,theresearcherssuspendedalightbulbfromaropebetweentwo

treesresemblingatypicaldownward-pointinglightandinaseparatetest,theyturnedthelightupwardby

mountingitonatripod（三腳架）.Inbothcases,insectsleanedtheirwingedbackstothebulb.Butwhenthelight

waspointedup,theinsectsoftenbumpedtotheground.（首先，研究人員將一個(gè)燈泡懸掛在兩棵樹之間的繩子

上——類似于典型的向下指向的燈——在另一項(xiàng)測(cè)試中，他們將燈泡安裝在三腳架上，將其向上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。在

這兩種情況下，昆蟲都把它們的翅膀背靠在球莖上。但當(dāng)光線指向上方時(shí)，昆蟲經(jīng)常會(huì)撞到地上）”可知,

向上指示的光線最能影響昆蟲。故選B。

11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后第一段“"Artificiallightsmaycauseamismatchbetweentheinsecfssenseofwhich

wayisupandtruedirectionofgravity,whichspellstroubleforinsectspopulation.^saysSondhi.（“人造光可能會(huì)

導(dǎo)致昆蟲對(duì)向上方向和真實(shí)重力方向的感覺不匹配，這給昆蟲種群帶來了麻煩「Sondhi說）”可推知，Sondhi

對(duì)人造光對(duì)昆蟲的影響是擔(dān)心的。故選A。

3.【2024屆山東省荷澤市高三下學(xué)期一模試題】

TheapparentcomplexitiesoftheTikTokalgorithm（算法）mayactuallybeassimpleasabagofchips.Ina

videowithmorethan700,000views,creatorCelesteArialaidouther"Doritotheory”,whichsheusestoexplain

theaddictivenatureofendlessly-scrollingsocialmediafeeds.

Everyonehasatopictheyjustcan'tstopthinkingabout,andAria'sRomanEmpireisDoritos.Inherpopular

video,sheexpressesthatTikTokscrollingissoaddictivebecauseitisneverfullysatisfying.LikeaDorito,a

scrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulatingduringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideo

bringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thusreturningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.

Essentially,theDoritotheorysuggeststhatactivitieslikeeatingDoritos,whichprovideaquickburstof

pleasurebutlacklastingsatisfaction,canbehighlyaddictive.Ariacomparedittoconsumingfoodsthatoffer

deepersatisfaction,likeaheartysteak,wherethefeelingoffullnessandcontentmentlastslonger.

Thetheorycanapplytoalotofdifferentexperiences,butit'sparticularlywell-suitedasametaphorforthe

dopamine（多巴月安）booststhatoccurwhilescrollingthroughsocialmediafeeds.Dr.JamieSorenson,a

board-certifiedpsychiatrist,saidthattheDoritotheoryisconsistentwithexistingideasregardingaddiction.t6The

moreimmediatetherewardis,themorelikelywearetorepeatthatbehavior,whetherifseatingDoritosor

scrollingonsocialmedia.^^

Ariamaynotbealicensedmedicalprofessional,butshetreatsjunkfoodthewayanynutritionistwould."I'd

recommendjusttryingtoremoveanythingthatyouthinkfallsintotheDoritocategory/shesaysinhervideo.

TheDoritotheorytrendhasledtoreflectionsonthenatureofaddictionandthepursuitofinstantsatisfaction

intoday5ssociety,resonating（共鳴）withmanyTikTokuserswhorecognizesimilarpatternsintheirownlives.So,

itfeelslikeit'sonlyamatteroftimebeforeDoritosrespondstoAria'stheory.

8.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“RomanEmpire^^inparagraph2probablyreferto?

A.Avideo.B.Asubject.C.Acountry.D.Asnack.

9.WhatmakesAriaaddictedtochipsaccordingtothetext?

A.Socialmedia.B.Differentflavors.C.Lastingsatisfaction.D.First-bitefeeling.

10.HowdoesAriaexplaintheDoritotheory?

A.Byintroducingaconcept.B.Byconductinganexperiment.

C.Bymakingacomparison.D.Byquotinganexpert^words.

11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TikTok:anappealingplatform

B.CelesteAria:aninsightfuldiscoverer

C.Chipsorsteaks:achallengingchoice

D.TheDoritotheory:anongoinghitonline

【答案】8.B9.D10.C11.D

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Aria用她提出的多力多滋理論解釋了社交媒體無(wú)盡滾動(dòng)信息

流為何具有高度成癮性，這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴，已成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題。

8.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞前“Everyonehasatopictheyjustcan'tstopthinkingabout（每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)自己

無(wú)法停止思考的話題）”可推知，Aria的話題是多力多滋薯片，故B項(xiàng)“話題”與劃線詞含義一致。故選B項(xiàng)。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段"LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulating

duringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thus

returningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.（就如同吃一袋多力多滋薯片一樣，剛開始吃的時(shí)候最為誘人且興奮，用戶

在“為你推薦”頁(yè)面上滑動(dòng)瀏覽時(shí)也是如此，最初的幾條內(nèi)容最能激起人們的興趣。每當(dāng)一片薯片或是一個(gè)

視頻結(jié)束時(shí)，人們便會(huì)渴望繼續(xù)下一個(gè)，這樣一來又可以重拾那種初見時(shí)的新鮮感和興奮感）”可知，Aria

對(duì)薯片上癮正是由于這種“第一口”的感覺。故選D項(xiàng)。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段"Inherpopularvideo,sheexpressesthatTikTokscrollingissoaddictive

becauseitisneverfullysatisfying.LikeaDorito,ascrollingsessionontheForYouPageismoststimulating

duringthefirstfewbites.Theendofthechiporvideobringsadesiretostartconsuminganotherone,thus

returningtothatfirst-bitefeeling.（在她那部廣受歡迎的視頻中，她闡述了TikTok滾動(dòng)瀏覽之所以如此令人上

癮，是因?yàn)樗肋h(yuǎn)無(wú)法讓人感到徹底滿足。就如同吃一袋多力多滋薯片一樣，剛開始吃的時(shí)候最為誘人且

興奮，用戶在“為你推薦”頁(yè)面上滑動(dòng)瀏覽時(shí)也是如此，最初的幾條內(nèi)容最能激起人們的興趣。每當(dāng)一片薯

片或是一個(gè)視頻結(jié)束時(shí)，人們便會(huì)渴望繼續(xù)下一個(gè)，這樣一來又可以重拾那種初見時(shí)的新鮮感和興奮感）”

可知，Aria通過類比的方式闡述了多力多滋理論。故選C項(xiàng)。

11.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文及文章最后一段"TheDoritotheorytrendhasledtoreflectionsonthenatureof

addictionandthepursuitofinstantsatisfactionintoday'ssociety,resonatingwithmanyTikTokuserswho

recognizesimilarpatternsintheirownlives.So,itfeelslikeifsonlyamatteroftimebeforeDoritosrespondsto

Aria'stheory.（多力多滋理論趨勢(shì)引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)對(duì)當(dāng)今社會(huì)中成癮本質(zhì)以及追求即時(shí)滿足心理的深刻反思，這

一理論在抖音用戶中引起了廣泛共鳴，許多用戶都在自己的生活中識(shí)別出了相似的行為模式。因此，看起

來多力多滋公司回應(yīng)Aria這一理論只是時(shí)間早晚的問題）”可知，文章主要介紹了Aria的多力多滋理論，且

這一理論引起了廣大群眾的共鳴，已成為一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)話題，故D項(xiàng)“多力多滋理論：一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上持續(xù)走紅的

熱點(diǎn)”適合作為文章的標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。

4.【2024屆山東省濟(jì)南市高三一模試題】

Anewstudyrevealsthatpigeons（鴿子）cantacklesomeproblemsjustlikeartificialintelligence,enabling

themtosolvedifficulttasksthatmightchallengehumans.Previousresearchhastheorizedthatpigeonsemploya

problem-solvingstrategy,involvingatrial-and-errorapproach,whichissimilartotheapproachusedinAImodels

butdiffersfromhumans'relianceonselectiveattentionandruleuse.Toexamineit,BrandonTurner,apsychology

professorattheOhioStateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesconductedthenewstudy.

Inthestudy,thepigeonswerepresentedwithvariousvisualimages,includinglinesofdifferentwidthsand

angles,anddifferenttypesofrings.Thepigeonshadtopeck（啄）abuttonontherightorlefttoindicatethe

categorytowhichtheimagebelonged.Iftheygotitcorrect,theyreceivedfood;iftheywerewrong,theyreceived

nothing.Resultsshowedthat,throughtrialanderror,thepigeonsimprovedtheiraccuracyincategorizationtasks,

increasingtheircorrectchoicesfromabout55%to95%.

Researchersbelievedpigeonsusedassociativelearning,whichislinkingtwophenomenawitheachother.For

example,itiseasytounderstandthelink,between"water"and"wet".''Associativelearningisfrequently

assumedtobefartooprimitiveto.explaincomplexvisualcategorizationlikewhatwesawthepigeonsdo,“

Turnersaid.Butthafsexactlywhattheresearchersfound.

Theresearchers9AImodeltackledthesametasksusingjustthetwosimplemechanismsthatpigeonswere

assumedtouse:associativelearninganderrorcorrection.And,likethepigeons,theAImodellearnedtomakethe

rightpredictionstosignificantlyincreasethenumberofcorrectanswers.Forhumans,thechallengewhengiven

taskslikethosegiventopigeonsisthattheywouldtrytocomeupwithrulesthatcouldmakethetaskeasier.But

inthiscase,therewerenorules,whichupsetshumans.

Whafsinteresting,though,isthatpigeonsusethismethodoflearningthatisverysimilartoAIdesignedby

humans,Turnersaid."Wecelebratehowsmartwearethatwedesignedartificialintelligence:atthesametime,we

regardpigeonsasnotcleveranimals,hesaid.

8.Whatisthepurposeofthenewstudy?

A.Totestatheory.B.Toevaluateamodel.

C.Toemployastrategy.D.Toinvolveanapproach.

9.Whatwerethepigeonsexpectedtodointheexperiment?

A.Drawcircles.B.Correcterrors.C.Copygestures.D.Identifyimages.

10.WhatdopigeonsandAIhaveincommonaccordingtothestudy?

A.Theyareofequalintelligence.

B.Theyaregoodatmakingrules.

C.Theyrespondrapidlytoordersfromhumans.

D.Theyemploysimplewaystogetthingsdone.

11.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Pigeons5trial-and-errormethodisrevealed

B.Pigeonsoutperformhumansintoughtasks

C.”Notsmart“pigeonsmaybeassmartasAI

D.AImodelsafterpigeons5learningapproach

【答案】8.A9.D10.D11.C

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說明文。文章介紹了一項(xiàng)新的研究，該研究揭示了鴿子在某些問題解決上的能力與人工智

能相似，并通過實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了這一觀點(diǎn)。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Anewstudyrevealsthatpigeons（鴿子）cantacklesomeproblemsjustlikeartificial

intelligence,enablingthemtosolvedifficulttasksthatmightchallengehumans.Previousresearchhastheorized

thatpigeonsemployaproblem-solvingstrategy,involvingatrial-and-errorapproach,whichissimilartothe

approachusedinAImodelsbutdiffersfromhumans5relianceonselectiveattentionandruleuse.Toexamineit,

BrandonTurner,apsychologyprofessorattheOhioStateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesconductedthenew

study.（一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，鴿子可以像人工智能一樣解決一些問題，使它們能夠解決可能挑戰(zhàn)人類的困難

任務(wù)。先前的研究推測(cè)，鴿子采用一種解決問題的策略，包括試錯(cuò)法，這與人工智能模型中使用的方法類

似，但不同于人類對(duì)選擇性注意和規(guī)則使用的依賴。為了檢驗(yàn)這一點(diǎn)，俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授布蘭

登?特納和他的同事進(jìn)行了這項(xiàng)新研究）”可知，這項(xiàng)新研究的目的是為了檢驗(yàn)一個(gè)理論。故選A項(xiàng)。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Inthestudy,thepigeonswerepresentedwithvariousvisualimages,includinglines

ofdifferentwidthsandangles,anddifferenttypesofrings.Thepigeonshadtopeck（啄）abuttonontherightor

lefttoindicatethecategorytowhichtheimagebelonged.（在這項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員向鴿子展示了各種視覺圖像,

包括不同寬度和角度的線條，以及不同類型的環(huán)。鴿子必須啄一下圖片左邊或右邊的一個(gè)按鈕來表示圖片

所屬的類別戶可知，鴿子在實(shí)驗(yàn)中需要識(shí)別圖像。故選D項(xiàng)。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Theresearchers?AImodeltackledthesametasksusingjustthetwosimple

mechanismsthatpigeonswereassumedtouse:associativelearninganderrorcorrection.（研究人員的人工智能模

型只使用了假設(shè)鴿子使用的兩種簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)制：聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)和糾錯(cuò)）”以及最后一段“What飛interesting,though,is

thatpigeonsusethismethodoflearningthatisverysimilartoAIdesignedbyhumans,Turnersaid."Wecelebrate

howsmartwearethatwedesignedartificialintelligence:atthesametime,weregardpigeonsasnotclever

animals,”hesaid.（Turner說，有趣的是，鴿子使用的這種學(xué)習(xí)方法與人類設(shè)計(jì)的人工智能非常相似。他說：

“我們?yōu)樽约涸O(shè)計(jì)出人工智能而感到高興，但同時(shí)，我們認(rèn)為鴿子并不聰明?？芍鶕?jù)這項(xiàng)研究，鴿

子和人工智能都采用簡(jiǎn)單的方法來完成任務(wù)。故選D項(xiàng)。

11.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段"Anewstudyrevealsthatpigeons（鴿子）cantacklesomeproblemsjustlike

artificialintelligence,enablingthemtosolvedifficulttasksthatmightchallengehumans.Previousresearchhas

theorizedthatpigeonsemployaproblem-solvingstrategy,involvingatrial-and-errorapproach,whichissimilar

totheapproachusedinAImodelsbutdiffersfromhumans5relianceonselectiveattentionandruleuse.To

examineit,BrandonTurner,apsychologyprofessorattheOhioStateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesconductedthe

newstudy.（一項(xiàng)新的研究表明，鴿子可以像人工智能一樣解決一些問題，使它們能夠解決可能挑戰(zhàn)人類的

困難任務(wù)。先前的研究推測(cè)，鴿子采用一種解決問題的策略，包括試錯(cuò)法，這與人工智能模型中使用的方

法類似，但不同于人類對(duì)選擇性注意和規(guī)則使用的依賴。為了檢驗(yàn)這一點(diǎn)，俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授

布蘭登?特納和他的同事進(jìn)行了這項(xiàng)新研究）”以及縱觀全文可知，文章主要講述了研究表明鴿子在某些問題

解決上的能力與人工智能相似，因此選項(xiàng)C“"Notsmart”pigeonsmaybeassmartasAI（“不聰明”的鴿子可能

和人工智能一樣聰明）”是本文最好的標(biāo)題。故選C項(xiàng)。

5.【2024屆山東省聊城市高三一模試題】

Crowdedstreets,noise,andunattractivegreybuildingscanbeboringandstressful.Asolutiontosuch

problemsmaylieinnature,whichcanhavecalmingandrenewingpower.

Introducingvegetationorcolorfuldesignsmaymakecitiesmorelivable.However,growingplantsor

coveringbuildingsinpainttotesttheseapproachesisexpensiveandinconvenient.Moreover,studyingthese

phenomenaoutdoorscanbetricky,asmanyfactorscanaffectthefinalresults.'"Measuringpleasureand

motivationinnaturalsettingsisextremelyhard,“explainedProf.YvonneDelevoye-TurrelloftheUniversityof

Lille."Humanreactionsaresensitivetoenvironmentalchanges,suchasweatherortraffic.Consequently,weused

virtualrealitytomeasurereactionstothesefactorsinavirtualurbanspace.”

Usingvirtualreality,theteamcreatedanimmersive（沉浸式的）urbanenvironmentwitheithernovegetation

orsomegreenvegetation,aswellasintroducedcolorfulpatternsontoapath.Thentheyinvitedstudentsto

participateinthestudy.WearingaVRheadsetandwalkingonthespot,thestudentsspenttimeexploringthe

virtualenvironment.Tofindoutwherethevolunteerswerelookingandforhowlong,eachheadsetincludedan

eyetracker.

Theresearchersfoundthatthestudentswalkedmoreslowlywhentherewasgreenvegetationpresentinthe

experiment,andtheirheartrateincreased.Theywouldspendlesstimelookingatthegroundandmoretime

observingtheirsurroundings.Theseresultsindicateapleasurableexperience.Brightcolorpatternsalonedidnot

havequitethesameupliftingeffectasthegreenvegetation,buttheyinspiredinterestandpassionofthestudents

andattractedtheirstarewhileincreasingtheirheartrate.

Virtualrealitycouldbeavaluabletoolforurbanplanners,enablingthemtovirtuallytesttheimpactof

variousfactors.Inthefuture,theresearchershopetomaketheVRexperienceevenmoreimmersivetoobtainthe

mostaccurateresults.

8.WhatdoesDelevoye-Turrellthinkisdifficultforthesolutiontoboringcitylife?

A.Sensingpeople'sreactionstopleasure.

B.Havingreasonabledesignsforbuildings.

C.ApplyingVRtechnologytocityplanning.

D.Testingtheeffectsintherealworld.

9.Howdoesvirtualrealityworkinthestudy?

A.Bycreatinganimmersivevirtualurbanenvironment.

B.Byinvitingstudentstowalkinthestreet.

C.Bycoveringthepathwithcolorfulpatterns.

D.Bycreatingvirtualparticipants.

10.Whatcanbeinferredaboutbrightcolorpatterns?

A.Theyguidedstudentstofindgreensinreallife.

B.Theyhelpedstudentscontroltheirstrongemotions.

C.Theyawakenedstudents5enthusiasm.

D.Theyweakenedtheimpactofvegetation.

11.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Citybuildingstakepleasureawayfrompeople.

B.Natureempowerspeopleinspecialways.

C.VRhelpstesttheeffectofcolorsandgreensincities.

D.Colorsandgreensincitiespromotehumanhealth.

【答案】8.D9.A10.C11.C

【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了利用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)創(chuàng)造虛擬的城市環(huán)境來幫助測(cè)試自然對(duì)人的影響的

研究。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Crowdedstreets,noise,andunattractivegreybuildingscanbeboringandstressful.

Asolutiontosuchproblemsmaylieinnature,whichcanhavecalmingandrenewingpower.（擁擠的街道、噪音和

沒有吸引力的灰色建筑會(huì)讓人感到無(wú)聊和壓力。解決這些問題的辦法可能在于大自然，它具有鎮(zhèn)靜和恢復(fù)

活力的力量。）“和第二段”"Measuringpleasureandmotivationinnaturalsettingsisextremelyhard,^^explained

Prof.YvonneDelevoye-TurrelloftheUniversityofLille.（Lille大學(xué)的YvonneDelevoye-Turrell教授解釋說：

“在自然環(huán)境中測(cè)量快樂和動(dòng)機(jī)是非常困難的?？芍?，解決無(wú)聊的城市生活的辦法的困難在于在現(xiàn)實(shí)世

界中測(cè)試它的效果。故選D。

9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"Usingvirtualreality,theteamcreatedanimmersive（沉浸式的）urbanenvironment

witheithernovegetationorsomegreenvegetation,aswellasintroducedcolorfulpatternsontoapath.（利用虛擬

現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，該團(tuán)隊(duì)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)沉浸式的城市環(huán)境，要么沒有植被，要么有一些綠色植被，并在路徑上引入

了彩色圖案）”可知，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)通過創(chuàng)造一個(gè)沉浸式的虛擬城市環(huán)境在研究中發(fā)揮作用。故選A。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Brightcolorpatternsalonedidnothavequitethesameupliftingeffectasthe

greenvegetation,buttheyinspiredinterestandpassionofthestudentsandattractedtheirstarewhileincreasing

theirheartrate.（明亮的色彩圖案本身并沒有綠色植被那么令人振奮的效果，但它們激發(fā)了學(xué)生們的興趣和

激情，吸引了他們的目光，同時(shí)增加了他們的心率）”可知，鮮艷的色彩圖案喚醒了學(xué)生的激情。故選C。

11.主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第二段“"Measuringpleasureandmotivationinnaturalsettingsisextremely

hard,^^explainedProf.YvonneDelevoye-TurrelloftheUniversityofLille.（Lille大學(xué)的YvonneDelevoye

-Turrell教授解釋說：“在自然環(huán)境中測(cè)量快樂和動(dòng)機(jī)是非常困難的。"）”和第二段“Consequently,weused

virtualrealitytomeasurereactionstothesefactorsinavirtualurbanspace.（因此，我們使用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)來測(cè)量在虛

擬城市空間中對(duì)這些因素的反應(yīng)。）”可知，本文主要講的是利用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)創(chuàng)造虛擬的城市環(huán)境來幫助測(cè)試

自然對(duì)人的影響的研究，因此本文的主旨是C選項(xiàng)“VRhelpstesttheeffectofcolorsandgreensincities.（VR

有助于測(cè)試城市中顏色和綠色的效果。）"。故選C。

6.【2024屆山東省臨沂市高三一模試題】

WhenAmericananthropologistColinTurnbullpublishedTheMountainPeoplein1972,hereferredtohis

subjects——aUgandangroupcalledtheIk——as"thelovelesspeople.^^Aftertwoyearsofobservations,hedecided

thattheyreflectedhumanity'sbasicinstincts（本能）：cheat,thievery,andpitilessness.ButwhenAthenaAktipis

andhercolleaguesfromtheHumanGenerosityProjecttookadeeperlook,theyidentifiedacommunitythat

sharedeverything.tcTumbullhadvisitedUgandaduringadisastrousfamine（饑荒）.Allhesawiswhathappens

whenpeoplearestarving.9,saysAktipis.Butherteamrevealedthatdespitelivingunderpressure,theIkplaceda

highvalueonhelpingoneanotherwhentheycould.

Aktipisbelievesthataltruismismorecommonandbeneficialthanevolutionarysocialsciencehaslong

thought.4<Itwasassumedthatpeoplearedesignedtoonlydothingstohelpthemselvesortheirrelatives.^^shesays.

Bystudyingtheunique,selflesspracticesthathelpedninecommunitiesacrosstheworldtocontinuetoexist,the

expertsfromtheProjectarelookingtoshowthatweareindeed