2023年考研英語真題英語一真題

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumbered

blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related“asfourth

cousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(l)_astudy,publishedfrom

theUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsof

theNationalAcademyofSciences,has_(2)_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932unique

subjectswhich_(4)_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.

Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.

While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,

professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonot

even_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriends

thepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”

Thestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingshared

infriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmell

genesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,astheteamsuggests,it

drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_(ll)_it.Therecould

bemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggenetically

similarfriends_(13)_??functionalKinship“ofbeingfriendswith_(14)_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseem

tobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_(16)_why

humanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocial

environmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's_(18)_tobefriendthose

ofsimilar_(19)backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjects

weredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastaken

to_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesame

population.

1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]S[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits

15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]

disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,they

dareintheirsleep."Butembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityofthe

republicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathis

wordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchy

isseeingitslastdays?Doesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallfor

allEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajestic

lifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.

Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingthe

endoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove"mere"politicsand

“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplains

monarchs?continuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEast

excepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with

10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheir

absolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshave

survivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfora

non-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicof

nationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory一andsometimesthe

waytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesand

inequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsare

warningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,

itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethe

symbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheirold

aristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,

nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhoparty

withtheinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasingly

difficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope?smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurvive

forsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfrom

theSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy?sreputationwith

herratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.Thedangerwillcome

withCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandapretty

hierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthat

monarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-as

non-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Charlesoughttoknow

thatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethe

monarchysworstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph

4?

[A]Aristocrats,excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofearbecauseCharles

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

TEXT2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?The

SupremeCpurtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontents

ofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundaperson

duringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,

particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmay

searchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.

Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsof

newandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia,s

advice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothat

thejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyers

anddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia^slameargumentthat

exploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigital

informationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspect?spurse.Thecourt

hasruledthatpolicedon，tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygo

throughthewalletorporcketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.But

exploringone'ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.A

smartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreadinghistory,financialhistory,

medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.The

developmentof“cloudcomputing."meanwhile,hasmadethatexploration

somuchtheeasier.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia,sargumentwhole.New,

disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsofthe

Constitution,sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparesthe

explosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcentury

withtheestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflife

inthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonal

domainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourth

Amendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,it

islegitimateto

[A]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[B]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor?sattitudetowardCalifornia,sargumentisoneof

[A]tolerance.

[B]indifference.

[C]disapproval.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentis

comparableto

[A]gettingintoone，sresidence.

[B]handingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

[D]citizens'privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

(C)California,sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalchecks

toitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.

Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespread

concernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothe

irreproducibi1ityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinour

journal,“writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmerican

StatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoa

statisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuwillbeflaggedup

foradditionalscrutinybythejournal?sinternaleditors,orbyits

existingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.The

SBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanus.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNutt

said:"Thecreationofthestatisticsboard?wasmotivatedbyconcerns

broadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientific

researchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincrease

reproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolof

PublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto

“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“found

theforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,unique

andlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethrough

thepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroup

ofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafter

Science.”

31>ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32、Thephraseuflaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[B]revised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33、GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoRE

may

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers

[B]meetwithstrongopposition

[C]increaseScience'scirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

34、DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

A.addstoresearchersworklosd.

B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe

unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofour

institutions^Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonlyasortingmechanism”insociety

shouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethe

peoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparent

thattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,media

orbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousfoalsforcapitalism

andfreedom."Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies

suchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythat

itwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editorofthe

NewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfinding

hispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewinder

issueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalistsareknownto

havehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonan

industrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhired

bytheNewsoftheWorldin2023tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.

Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefact

ofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtook

place.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooks

knewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshethoughttoaskand

thefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofher

successfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday?sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell一paidexecutives

shouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthatthey

runperhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollective

doctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.

Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholder

value,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,in

newspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice

fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereader

understandingtobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommon

humanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.

MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalists

gottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions一nor

receivedtraceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies?financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdeference

[A]revealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

[A]generallydistortedvalues

[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcote

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions

41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeach

ofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinany

oftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthe

senseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingout

relationshipsbetweenthemdrawingonyour?implicitknowledgeofEnglish

grammar.(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,for

instance,bymakingdecisionsabout?whatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.

Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsof

comprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassive

assimilationbutofactiveengagementin?inferenceandproblem-solving.

Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspby

presentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesame

trackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofan

absolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedfor

accuracy,orsometimelessrelationoftexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)

Thisdoesnt,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeoreven

pointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,

placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadings

ofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewith

fundamentalhumanconcerns一一debatesabouttextscanplayanimportant

roleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticular

interestinreadingit,(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-as

othersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringan

implicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesnt

thennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvanced

ormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreading

informeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforand

counterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereading

componentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurrounding

textualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythat

fulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?

Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikely

todifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,our

gender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertain

interpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,

usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill

becomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesas

wellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffects

thatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemight

betheonestheauthorintended.

[E]YOUmakefurtherinferencesthatformthebasisofapersonal

responseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlined

segmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyon

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearly

eighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration一oneofthegreatfolk

wanderingsofhistory一sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)Thismovement,

drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofa

wildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofan

unchartedcontinent.

47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-the

immigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,and

nationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodified

thesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.

AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,

Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattempted

totransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.

48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,the

interplayofthevariednation