高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法專題第三部分句法篇專題 定語(yǔ)從句素材外研

專題1定語(yǔ)從句1．功能：相當(dāng)于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語(yǔ)。2．位置：定語(yǔ)從句置于被修飾詞之后。Thosewhoarefortheplanraiseyourhands，please.3．先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞。先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如：some-，any-，every-，no-與-body，-thing的合成詞；或all，none，any，some，that，those等代詞。數(shù)詞和人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。4．關(guān)系詞：連接先行詞與從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系代詞：who，whom，which，that，whose，as等。關(guān)系副詞：when，where，why等。5．確定關(guān)系詞的步驟：(1)先找先行詞，看先行詞指的是什么。(2)看關(guān)系詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧Ｗ⒁猓合刃性~與關(guān)系詞是等量關(guān)系。(1)先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由先行詞而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.(2)關(guān)系詞在從句句子中充當(dāng)了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復(fù)其意。Therearemanyplaceswecanvisit(them)inChina.6．在定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。(2)先行詞被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，theonly，thevery，few等修飾時(shí)。(3)先行詞為all，much，little，none，few，something，anything等不定代詞時(shí)。(4)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。Hewaslookingpleasantlyatthechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.(5)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.(6)當(dāng)主句是以which開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?7．宜用which而不用that的情況：(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。(2)在關(guān)系詞前有介詞時(shí)。(3)當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)。(4)關(guān)系詞后有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)。8．關(guān)系詞who與that指人時(shí)，根據(jù)不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞。(1)當(dāng)主句是therebe句型時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用who。(2)先行詞是anyone，those，someone，everyone，one等詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用who。(3)當(dāng)主句是who作疑問詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在從句中只作賓語(yǔ)，可被who取代。9．whose作關(guān)系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。DoyouknowMr.Smithwhosestoryisverymoving?Thereisaroom，whosewindowfacestheriver.10．關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。(1)先行詞被such和thesame修飾，或句型asmany(much)中，從句都用as引導(dǎo)。Suchbooksasyouboughtareuseful.Theschoolisjustthesameasitwas10yearsago.注意：①such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Theyaresuchlovelychildrenthatwelovethemmuch。②thesame...that...引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如：Iwanttousethesametoolthatyouusedjustnow.(2)先行詞為句子的定語(yǔ)從句用as和which引導(dǎo)。區(qū)別：①意義上：as含有“這點(diǎn)正如……一樣”。②位置上：as從句可置句首，也可在另處。which引導(dǎo)的非限制定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。Hedidn’tpasstheexam，aswehadexpected.Thereislotsofairinloosesnow，whichcankeepthecoldout.Asisknown，theearthisround.11．關(guān)系副詞when與where，why，thatwhen指時(shí)間＝in/at/on/duringwhichwhere指地點(diǎn)＝in/at/fromwhichwhy指原因＝forwhichthat可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞之后，取代when，where，why和“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾的先行詞常為theway，thetime，theday，theplace等，在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略。Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.12．必須注意的問題：(1)關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)。(2)注意區(qū)別定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句。①定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞作從句成分，復(fù)合句。②強(qiáng)調(diào)句中it無(wú)意義，that/who不是引導(dǎo)詞。③去掉itis/was和that/who后，如果句子意思講得通則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，講不通則不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定語(yǔ)從句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)(3)定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。①定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞被稱為關(guān)系詞，that充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，有時(shí)可省略。②同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞被叫做連接詞，that不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省。Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位語(yǔ)從句)Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定語(yǔ)從句)(4)關(guān)系詞在從句中省略的情況。①關(guān)系詞作賓語(yǔ)，前無(wú)介詞時(shí)。②關(guān)系詞作表語(yǔ)。(5)關(guān)系詞前有介詞或復(fù)雜介詞，關(guān)系詞只能是which和whom。(6)幾個(gè)特殊的定語(yǔ)從句句型：①Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasgotverygoodmarksinthematch.(句中one為先行詞)Heisoneofthestudentswhohavegotgoodmarksinthematch.(句中students為先行詞)②Isthisplacetheone(that)wevisitedyesterday?Isthistheplace(that/which)wevisitedyesterday?③Hestoodatthewindow，fromwherehecouldseewhatwashappening.④Itmayrain，inwhichcasethematchwillbeputoff.◆定語(yǔ)從句與語(yǔ)法填空定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞以及介詞的選用是語(yǔ)法填空題中的考查點(diǎn)。首先判斷是否是定語(yǔ)從句是做題的關(guān)鍵，其次判斷關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)何種成分，確定答案。有些特殊的定語(yǔ)從句，如分割式定語(yǔ)從句和插入式定語(yǔ)從句，一定要先確定先行詞，然后再判斷作何成分，最后確定用何關(guān)系詞。典題試做1在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞1．Whenharvestcamearound，hewasalreadysellingherbs，vegetablesandcottoninthemarketpeoplefromthetownsmetregularly.(2015·廣東)答案where解析根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷，在這里應(yīng)填關(guān)系詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾表地點(diǎn)的先行詞themarket，故填where。2．Maybeyouarefacinganimpossiblesituation.Maybeyouhaveahabitisdrivingyourfamilycrazy.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅰ)答案that/which解析考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為前面的habit，而該定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)，因此要用that或which引導(dǎo)。3．Peopleshouldnotdothingswilldisturbtheirneighborsunnecessarily.(2014·湖南)答案which/that解析本句中含有定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是things，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，可以使用which或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。4．Nick’sguests，hadheardtheirconversation，askedwhytheyshouldnotbuysaltmorecheaplyiftheycould.(2013·廣東)答案who解析該空需填一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，先行詞為Nick’sguests，指人，故引導(dǎo)詞用who。5．Ofcoursewhenevertheyturnedtolookathim，theyhadtolookatMary，madeherfeellikeastar.(2012·廣東)答案which解析由逗號(hào)可知此處是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面整個(gè)句子所表述的內(nèi)容，故用which引導(dǎo)。6．Behindhimwereotherpeopletohewastryingtotalk，butaftersomeminutestheywalkedawayandsatnearme，lookingannoyed.(2011·廣東)答案whom解析此處是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，缺少關(guān)系代詞，因?yàn)橄刃性~為otherpeople，指的是人，而且與介詞to連用，所以填whom。應(yīng)對(duì)策略1一旦判斷是定語(yǔ)從句，就根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞和代表先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中作什么成分，來(lái)確定關(guān)系詞。若在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，就用關(guān)系代詞；若作狀語(yǔ)，就用關(guān)系副詞?！舳ㄕZ(yǔ)從句與短文改錯(cuò)短文改錯(cuò)中對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句的考查主要涉及限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的錯(cuò)用。典題試做2單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1．Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner，thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.(2013·新課標(biāo)全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案that→which2．Third，weshouldfindwaystoreusethewaterusedinwashing，especiallybathwaterforwhichisquitealot，andthatwillsavemuchwater.(2012·大綱全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案去掉for解析此處考查which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，which在從句中作主語(yǔ)，從句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，句子成分齊全，for在此處多余，故去掉。3．There，Katiawillintroducemetosomeofherfriends，oneofwhohasbeentoChinaseveraltimes.Ijustcan’twait.(2011·重慶)答案who→whom解析非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中“介詞of＋whom”，不能用who。4．Itturnedouttobeherowncup，thatshe’dleftontheshelfbymistake.(2010·陜西)答案that→which解析逗號(hào)后為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞herowncup，故應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)，不能用that。5．OnedayIsawasecond-handbicycle，thatwasonlyonehundredyuan.(2009·遼寧)答案that→which解析逗號(hào)后為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞asecond-handbicycle，故應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)。應(yīng)對(duì)策略2確定定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系詞的步驟：1．找出先行詞；2．看先行詞被代入從句后在句子中的成分(作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)還是狀語(yǔ))；3．選擇合適的關(guān)系詞?！魰姹磉_(dá)中定語(yǔ)從句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦(一)定語(yǔ)從句意識(shí)缺失1．關(guān)系代詞被普通代詞取代(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofthemaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，someofwhicharemyfavorite.2．關(guān)系代詞遺漏(誤)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewholeavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句從漢語(yǔ)意思角度是對(duì)的，但是漢語(yǔ)的干擾破壞了英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)。(二)假冒偽劣的定語(yǔ)從句1．有從無(wú)主式(誤)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane，whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates，hasavarietyofhobbies.第一句虎頭蛇尾，屬于有從無(wú)主式的句子，即有從句但沒有主句。2．從句成分殘缺式(誤)Thosewhoagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewhoareagainstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)不完整。介詞against不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。3．畫蛇添足式(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture，amanwhoistalkinghappily.(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps，andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中關(guān)系代詞as代替逗號(hào)后面的整個(gè)主句，因此主句是不需要連接詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)的。所以，應(yīng)去掉that。第二句中同樣as代替逗號(hào)后面的整個(gè)主句，主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要滿足定語(yǔ)從句的話，顯然并列連詞and是多余的。Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．AccordingtoDr.LanceWorkman，thesepeoplemaydevelopatemporarymoralcodeintheirmindsjustifiestheiractions：therearerichpeoplewhohavethingsIdon’thavesoit’srightthatItakeit.答案which/that解析which/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。2．Thisistheveryfactorytheyvisitedlastsummerholiday.答案that解析先行詞為factory，其前有very修飾，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。3．Whenfacinghardships，onlythoseareconfidentwillachievesuccess.答案who解析關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的those(那些人)。4．Thatevening，Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.答案which解析本題考查定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為thatevening，將先行詞代入定語(yǔ)從句后為：Iwilltellyoumoreaboutthateveninglater，由此可見先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作about的賓語(yǔ)，且表示“物”，故用which引導(dǎo)。5．IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withouthelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.答案whose解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處為定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，先行詞為ProfessorSmith，將先行詞代入定語(yǔ)從句后為：WithoutProfessorSmith’shelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar，由此可見先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作help的定語(yǔ)，故答案為whose。6．Aftertheflooding，peopleweresufferinginthatarea，urgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive.答案who解析本題考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。將先行詞people代入定語(yǔ)從句后為：peopleurgentlyneededcleanwater，medicineandsheltertosurvive，可知先行詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以用who。7．Weliveinanagemoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.答案when解析本題考查定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞是age，因?yàn)殛P(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故用when引導(dǎo)。8．Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.答案where解析考查定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。分析結(jié)構(gòu)可知，關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。9．Hewrotemanychildren’sbooks，nearlyhalfofwerepublishedinthe1990s.答案which解析根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知此處考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，代指前面的先行詞books，故應(yīng)填which。10．We’llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.答案which/that解析考查分割式定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞thesalestargets與關(guān)系代詞which/that被inamonth隔開，先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞set的賓語(yǔ)，故填which/that。Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題1處錯(cuò)誤)1．I’veneverheardofthepeopleandthingswhichyoutalkedaboutjustnow.答案which→that2．Thisistheonlyquestionwhichhasbeenanswered.答案which→that3．ThisisthemuseumwherewevisitedlastSunday.答案where→which/that或去掉where4．Wehavemadethesamemistakewhichyoumadelasttime.答案which→as5．IshallneverforgettheyearsIspentinthecountrywiththefarmers，thathasagreateffectonmylife.答案that→which6．Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend，whohewantedtoimpress.答案who→whom7．Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhenwespenttogether.答案when→which/that或去掉when8．Thevisitorssawrowsofhouses，theroofsofwhosearered.答案whose→which9．Pleasetellmethewaywhichyoudidthejob.答案which→that或去掉which或which前加in10．Littlehasbeendonewhatishelpfultoourwork.答案what→thatⅢ.語(yǔ)法填空A(定語(yǔ)從句專練)Yangshuo，ChinaItwasraininglightlywhenIarrivedinYangshuojustbeforedawn.ButIdidn’tcare.Afewhoursbefore，I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,1.whereIbreathedwithitschokingsmog.Here，theairwascleanandfresh，evenwiththerain.I’dskippednearbyGuilin,2.whichisadreamplacefortourists3.who/thatseekthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver4.that/whicharepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.Instead，I’dheadedstraightforYangshuo.Forthose5.whoflytoGuilin，it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.Yangshuoisreallybeautiful.Astudyoftravelers6.that/whichwasconductedbythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneofthetop10destinations7.that/whicharefamousintheworld.Andthetownisfastbecomingapopularweekenddestinationforpeopleandtheirfamilies8.thatareinAsia.Abercrombie&Kent,9.whichisatravelcompanyinHongKong，saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetawayshereforpeople10.who/thatlivein