模塊三第4講動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致學(xué)案含解析

模塊三千變?nèi)f化的動詞第4講動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致Ⅰ.語法填空1.(2020·全國Ⅰ卷)Itmeans(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoonisconstructed(construct).

2.(2020·全國Ⅱ卷)Thisiswhydecoratingwithplants,fruitsandflowerscarries(carry)specialsignificance.

3.(2020·全國Ⅲ卷)Theartistwassurehewouldbechosen(choose),butwhenhepresentedhismasterpiecetotheemperor’schiefminister,theoldmanlaughed.

4.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)IlovecominghereandseeingmyfamilyandallthefriendsIhavemade(make)overtheyears.

5.(2019·江蘇高考)Themusicianalongwithhisbandmembershasgiven(give)tenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.

Ⅱ.完成句子1.(2020·全國Ⅲ卷)Mydaddoesn’tlikethesoup(不喜歡這個湯)andIdon’tenjoyapples.

2.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ)AndtheotherwasthatIwantedtohelppeopleinneed(我想要幫助需要幫助的人).

3.(2019·全國卷Ⅲ)Thoughitmayappearsimple,itrequiresalotofideasandefforts(需要很多想法和努力).

4.(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)StillIwasunwillingto(不愿意)playthegameswiththemsometimes.

5.(2018·全國卷Ⅰ)Duringmylastwinterholiday,Iwenttothecountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.Ifoundabigchange(發(fā)現(xiàn)了很大的變化)there.

語法填空四謹(jǐn)記1.明晰高考考查類型:動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)題,大致可分為以下3種類型:一是題干中提供時間狀語,考生可直接根據(jù)所給的時間狀語作出答案。二是提供的時間狀語有較強(qiáng)的干擾性和迷惑性,考生不能直接據(jù)此進(jìn)行答題。三是題干中不提供任何時間狀語,而是給出一個上下文情景或一個結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子,考生必須仔細(xì)分析語境,才能作出最佳答案。2.掌握獨(dú)特的時間狀語標(biāo)志(1)看到always,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時;(2)看到y(tǒng)esterday,lastnight,afewdaysago,theotherday等要想到用一般過去時;(3)看到since,sofar,uptonow,inthelast/pastfewyears等要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時。注意:如果題干中沒有時間標(biāo)志詞,而是有兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞,這時我們應(yīng)該將兩個動詞動作發(fā)生的時間進(jìn)行比較,依據(jù)動詞發(fā)生的時間先后,確定正確的時態(tài)。3.熟記固定句型中的時態(tài)(1)bedoing...when...,主句常用過去進(jìn)行時,從句常用一般過去時;(2)Itis/hasbeen+時間段+since...表示“自從……以來已經(jīng)……”,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時或一般現(xiàn)在時,從句用一般過去時;(3)祈使句+and/or+陳述句,陳述句常用一般將來時。4.分清主動被動,辨析語態(tài)看到動詞為及物動詞,后面缺少賓語要想到用被動語態(tài)。一般時態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(do/does;is/am/are)(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、習(xí)慣性的、反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動作或狀態(tài)。常與表示習(xí)慣的副詞(詞組)always,everytime,nowandthen,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually,everyday/night等連用。(2)按時間表、時刻表、日程表等安排將要發(fā)生的動作,用一般現(xiàn)在時。只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等動詞。(3)普遍真理。(4)用在時間、條件或讓步狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來?！鵗heearthgoesroundtheSunonceayear.※Heplaysbasketballeveryday.※(2020·江蘇高考)Ifyoulookatallsidesofthesituation,you’llfindprobablyasolutionthatsuitseveryone.※Thefilmstartsattwoo’clock.2.一般過去時(did;was/were)(1)表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。(2)表示過去習(xí)慣性動作?！军c(diǎn)津】would/usedtodo:表示過去常常做……※Weusedtogothereeveryyear.※Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.※—Haven’tseenyouforages!Wherehaveyoubeen?—IwenttoNingxiaandstayedthereforoneyear,teachingasavolunteer.小題快練①Everyfewyears,thecoalworkershave(have)theirlungsX-rayedtoensuretheirhealth.②Therealreasonwhypriceswere(be),andstillare,toohighiscomplex,andnoshortdiscussioncansatisfactorilyexplainthisproblem.③Playingfootballnotonlymakesusgrowuptallandstrongbutalsogives(give)usasenseoffairplayandteamspirit.④Ithasbeenalongtimesincewemet(meet)inChinalasttime.進(jìn)行時態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(am/is/aredoing)(1)表示說話時正在進(jìn)行或表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作,雖然此時此刻該動作不一定正在進(jìn)行。(2)表示按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動作,常用的這類動詞有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,work,sleep,stay,have,wear等。(3)表示說話人現(xiàn)在對主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等(常與always,constantly,continually等副詞連用)。※Heislisteningtoatape,buthecan’thearitclearly.※Heisleavingtomorrowtoplayhisfirstmatch.※WearealwaysfindingnewbeautiesinShakespeare’spoetry.2.過去進(jìn)行時(was/weredoing)(1)表示在過去具體的時間正在發(fā)生的動作或者表示過去某個時間段內(nèi)一直在發(fā)生的事情。常同表示過去的時間狀語從句以及atthattime,atthatmoment,atthistimeyesterday,atteno’clockyesterday等連用。(2)過去進(jìn)行時可以表示過去將來的含義。(3)過去進(jìn)行時和頻度副詞連用可以表示說話者或褒義或貶義的感情色彩?！鵚ewereplayingfootballatthistimeyesterdayafternoon.※(2018·北京高考)Susanhadquitherwell-paidjobandwasworkingasavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.※Shewasalwaysarguingwithhimandfightingwithhim.3.將來進(jìn)行時(will/shallbedoing)表示將來某一時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作,或表示要從將來某一時刻開始,并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常見的標(biāo)志性的時間狀語有thistimetomorrow,from1:30p.m.to4:30p.m.,thedayaftertomorrow等。如:※Iwillbediscussingthesituationwithcolleaguesthistimetomorrow.小題快練①I’llgotothelibraryassoonasIfinishwhatIamdoing(do).

②Themanagerwasworriedaboutthepressconferencehisassistantwasgiving(give)inhisplacebut,luckily,everythingwasgoingonsmoothly.

③Whatwillyoubedoing(do)thistimetomorrow?

將來時態(tài)1.一般將來時(will/shalldo)(1)“shall/will+動詞原形”表示現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。“will+動詞原形”還可以表示說話時臨時做出的決定。(2)“begoingto+動詞原形”表示:①現(xiàn)在打算或計劃將來要做的事情;②表示根據(jù)某種跡象認(rèn)為在最近或?qū)硪l(fā)生的事情。(3)“beto+動詞原形”表示:①預(yù)先安排好的計劃或約定;②表示說話人的意志、意圖、義務(wù)、命令等;③表示注定要發(fā)生的事情。(4)“beaboutto+動詞原形”表示正要或即將要做某事,該結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示具體的將來時間狀語連用。※Weshallbepunishedifwebreaktherule.※Mydaughter’sgoingtoworknextyear.※TheyaretoattempttobethefirsttocircletheEarthnon-stopbyballoon.※WillyoukindlyobeytheinstructionsIamabouttogive?2.過去將來時過去將來時表示在過去某個時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),即過去將來時是“立足過去,著眼未來”的一種時態(tài),常用于賓語從句中?！鵗heysaidtheywouldgivethepolicetheirfullcooperation.【點(diǎn)津】除“should/would+動詞原形”外(第一人稱通常用should,其他人稱通常用would),過去將來時還有以下常見表達(dá)方式:was/weregoingtodo,was/wereabouttodo,was/weretodo,但是表示過去的某種習(xí)慣性動作時,常用woulddo/usedtodo?！鵌hadafeelingyouweregoingtobedifficultaboutthis.※Hewasabouttoofferanexplanation,butshewasbeginningtolaugh.小題快練①—Whattimeisit?—Ihavenoidea.Butjustaminute,Iwillcheck(check)itforyou.

②Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,thesportsmeetwillbeheld(hold)intheplaygroundofourschool.

③Youpromisedyouwouldkeep(keep)ussafe.

完成時態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(have/hasdone)(1)表示發(fā)生在過去而對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作,常用的時間狀語:already,just,yet,never,before,lately,recently,inthelast(past)fewyears,uptonow,sofar等。(2)表示從過去某時開始而延續(xù)至今的動作或狀態(tài),常與for,since等表示一段時間的狀語連用。(3)在條件、時間、讓步狀語從句中,表示將來某時間前已完成的動作。(4)This/Itisthefirst/second...time+that從句,that從句中謂語要用現(xiàn)在完成時。(5)It(This)isthebest(worst,mostinteresting等)+名詞+定語從句,從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時?！?2018·北京高考)China’shigh-speedrailwayshavegrownfrom9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.※(2020·天津高考)Thenumberofmedicalschoolsreached18intheearly1990sandhasremainedaroundthatlevelsince.※Iwon’tpayyouuntilyouhavefinishedthisjob.※ThisisthefirsttimeIhaveleftmycountryandsetfootonforeignsoil.2.過去完成時(haddone)(1)表示在過去某一時間或某一動作之前完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài),即過去的過去。(2)表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間的動作,常用的時間狀語:bythen,bythattime,bytheendof,bythetime+句子等。(3)表示“愿望、打算”的動詞(如hope,want,expect,think,mean,suppose,plan,intend)用于過去完成時表示過去本打算實現(xiàn)而未實現(xiàn)的希望或計劃。(4)在“hardly(scarcely)...when...”,“nosooner...than...”句型中,主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時,意為“一……就……”?！鵅ythattime,Ihadalreadymadethedecisiontoleave.※(2019·天津高考)IhadhopedtosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage,butIcouldn’tmanageit.※Wehadnosoonerhadsupperthanwebegantorepairthemachine.完成進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(have/hasbeendoing)(1)表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且還要繼續(xù)下去的動作?！鵚ehavebeenwaitingforhimfortwohours.(2)表示到目前為止的一段時間里一直反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動作?！?2020·天津高考)—Youareagreatswimmer.—Thanks.It’sbecauseIhavebeenpractisingalotthesedays.小題快練①Formanyyears,peoplehavebeendreaming(dream)ofelectriccars.However,makingthemhasbeenmoredifficultthanpredicted.

②Bythetimewearrived,everyonehadreceived(receive)medicalcare.

③(2020·江蘇高考)InsteadofgettingdowntoanewtaskasIhadexpected(expect),heexaminedthepreviousworkagain.

④Thisisthefirsttimemycousinhasadapted(adapt)tohernewjob.

被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成為“be+過去分詞”,只要變換be的形式就可以得到不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài),除be外被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式還有:get/become+過去分詞。只有及物動詞或相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語才有被動語態(tài),不及物動詞或短語無被動語態(tài)。?？嫉牟患拔飫釉~或短語:last,cost,spread,happen(to),takeplace,belongto,breakout,goout,runout,workout。1.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成(以do為例)時體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone進(jìn)行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone--完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone2.使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題(1)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r雙賓語的變化?！鵗hereportersaskedthepresidentsomequestions.→Thepresidentwasaskedsomequestionsbythereporters.→Somequestionswereaskedthepresidentbythereporters.(2)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r,賓語成主語;(作補(bǔ)語的)不定式前需加to(位置不變)。※Iheardhimsaygood-byetohisfriends.→Hewasheardtosaygood-byetohisfriends.(3)短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時,勿掉“尾巴”。※Thisdictionarymustbetakengoodcareof.(4)情態(tài)動詞,begoingto,beto,besureto等結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)椤癰e+過去分詞”。※Thisbookmaynotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.(5)get+過去分詞構(gòu)成的表示被動的短語getpaid/lost/hurt等?！鵗heygetpaidtwiceasmuchasIdo,butthejobisexactlythesameasmine.※NomatterhowwellyouknowParis,itiseasytogetlost.3.主動形式表示被動含義(1)表示感受、感官的系動詞如feel,sound,taste,look等,后面跟形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),常常以主動形式表示被動意義,借指其本身具有的屬性、特征等。(2)當(dāng)sell,read,draw,wash,write,open,wear,run,burn等不及物動詞后帶狀語(well/easily等)修飾,用來表示主語內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或性能時用主動形式表示被動含義?！鵗hemusicisn’tpleasanttolistento.※Thiskindofradiodoesn’tsellwell.小題快練①Aftergettinglostinastorm,amemberofthenavyteamwasrescued(rescue)fourdayslater.

②Entirevillageshavebeenwashed(wash)away.Roadsandbridgeshavebeendestroyedandcropsruined.

③Thechurchtowerwhichisbeingrestored(restore)willbeopentotouristssoon.Theworkisalmostfinished.

④Mypenwrites(write)smoothly.

⑤Inthenearfuture,moreadvancesintherobottechnologywillbemade(make)byscientists.

⑥Thisclothfeels(feel)muchsofterthanthatone.主謂一致1.語法一致原則主語的單復(fù)數(shù)決定了謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)動名詞、動詞不定式、從句、不定代詞作主語時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。※Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.※Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.【點(diǎn)津】what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式,但如果從句表示復(fù)數(shù)意義,則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！鵚hatliesattherootofhistroublesisasenseofinsecurity.※Whattheschoolneedsarequalifiedteachers.(2)主語后有with,togetherwith,alongwith,except,besides,aswellas等單詞或短語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致?！?2019·天津高考)Amy,aswellasherbrothers,wasgivenawarmwelcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastweek.(3)and,both...and...連接兩個不同的主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但是如果由and連接的兩個名詞表示同一個人或物,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式?！鵅othyouandIarestudents.※ThesingeranddancerissaidtoperforminourschoolonMayDay.(4)定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時,從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持一致?！鵋eisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.※Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.意義一致原則意義一致原則指不管主語的形式是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),主語的意義決定了謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)集體名詞作主語時,若被看作一個整體,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;若被看作構(gòu)成集體的一個個成員,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的集體名詞有:family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等?！鵋isaudienceconsistsmainlyofyoungpeople.※Theaudiencewereclappingforovertenminutes.(2)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/themajority+of+名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義;all,some,half,most,therest等作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語實際表達(dá)的意義?！鵗wo-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.※Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.(3)“the+形容詞”表示一類人在句中作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！鵗heoldaremorelikelytocatchcoldthantheyoung.(4)表示時間、距離、重量、金額等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。※Fourthousanddollarsisquitealotofmoneyforaboy.3.就近一致原則就近一致原則指謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于離它最近的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,not...but...等連接的詞語作主語,謂語動詞的數(shù)常與最近的主語保持一致?！鵈itheryouorPaulisresponsibleforthisthing.※Notonlyyoubutalsoyoursisterislovely.(2)由there,here引起的主語不止一個時,謂語動詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致?！鵗herearetwentyboy-studentsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass.※Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.小題快練①Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiscovered(cover)withwater.

②Whattheywanttogetare(be)anumberofgoodbooks.③Neithermyparentsnormyeldersisterlikes(like)running.④Myfatheraswellashisworkmateshasbeen(be)toBeijing.

⑤Tendollarsis(be)enoughforthisbook.Ⅰ.語法填空Chinaplanstoreleaseoneortwogiantpandasintothewild.Sofarthespot1._________(select)ineastChina’sJiangxiprovince.ItwillbethefirsttimetoreleaseagiantpandaintothewildoutsidesouthwestChina’sSichuanProvince,2._________13pandashadbeenreleasedbytheendoflastyear.

AnexpertmeetingwasheldinJiangxi,whereitwasdecidedthatpandaswouldbetransportedfromSichuan.ThentheywillbereleasedintotheJiangxiGuanshanNationalNatureReserve.Thenaturereserve3._________(have)amildclimateandaquitegoodecosystem,withabundantbamboo4._________(resource)andlittlehumaninterference,whichisgoodforgiantpandastoreproduce.

Researchersalso5._________(brief)introducedtheresearchmethodtoexperts.Themethodincludes6._________giantpandareintroductionprogram.Thereintroductionprogramrefersto7._________(release)captive-bred(圈養(yǎng)繁殖的)pandastotheirpastdistributionareas.Theywillliveintheseareasafterwildtraining8._________(rebuild)thewildpopulation.Researcherswillobtain9._________(value)data.Andthedatashowshowpandasadapttotheenvironmentandclimateaftertheystayatthewildhabitats.

Theprogramhashighresearchvalueforstudyingsomeproblems.Whydidpandasdieoutintheirhistoricaldistributionareas?Howdidclimatechangesinfluencethecurrentpandapopulation?Theprogramwillalsohelpexpandthedistributionrange10._________giantpandas.Besides,itcanreducetheextinctionrisksoftheirwildpopulation.

1.【解析】hasbeenselected?？疾闀r態(tài)和語態(tài)。該句主語thespot是第三人稱單數(shù),和謂語動詞select是被動關(guān)系,再根據(jù)時間狀語sofar可知,此處用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài),故填hasbeenselected。2.【解析】where?？疾槎ㄕZ從句。先行詞為“China’sSichuanProvince”,在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,故填where。3.【解析】has?？疾橹髦^一致。本句主語“reserve”是第三人稱單數(shù),且這里是陳述客觀事實,所以用一般現(xiàn)在時的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填has。4.【解析】resources。考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。resource是可數(shù)名詞,此處用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填resources。5.【解析】briefly?？疾楦痹~?？蘸鬄椤癷ntroduced”,根據(jù)副詞修飾動詞,應(yīng)用副詞形式briefly。故填briefly。6.【解析】a。考查冠詞。根據(jù)句意“這個研究方法包含一個大熊貓再引進(jìn)計劃”,表示“一個”用不定冠詞,名詞giant以輔音音素開頭,故填a。7.【解析】releasing?？疾榉侵^語動詞。根據(jù)“refertosth.”中“to”為介詞,其后用v.-ing形式作賓語。故填releasing。8.【解析】torebuild?？疾榉侵^語動詞。這里是用動詞不定式表示目的。故填torebuild。9.【解析】valuable?？疾樾稳菰~。此處data是名詞,這里應(yīng)該用形容詞修飾它,故填valuable。10.【解析】of?？疾榻樵~。range意為“范圍,種類”,常與“of”連用。故填of。Ⅱ.語段填空SeniorThreestudentswillfacethequestionaftertheypassthecollegeentranceexamination(通過大學(xué)入學(xué)考試).“ShouldIchooseagoodmajororagooduni