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地表水中鎘的測(cè)定方法

Title:DeterminationMethodsforCadmiuminSurfaceWater:AComprehensiveReview

Abstract:

Cadmiumisatoxicheavymetalthatcanseriouslyimpacthumanhealthandaquaticecosystems.Theaccurateandsensitivedeterminationofcadmiumconcentrationinsurfacewaterisessentialforeffectiveenvironmentalmonitoringandmanagement.Thispaperprovidesacomprehensivereviewofthevariousmethodsthathavebeendevelopedforthedeterminationofcadmiuminsurfacewater.Thestrengths,limitations,andapplicabilityofeachmethodarediscussed,andrecommendationsforfutureresearchandimprovementsareprovided.

1.Introduction

1.1Backgroundandsignificance

1.2Objectivesofthereview

2.Cadmiumanditsenvironmentalsignificance

2.1Sourcesandpathwaysofcadmiumcontamination

2.2Environmentalandhealtheffectsofcadmium

3.Samplingandsamplepreservation

3.1Samplecollectionmethods

3.2Samplepreservationtechniques

4.Cadmiumdeterminationmethods

4.1Atomicabsorptionspectrometry(AAS)

4.1.1FlameAAS

4.1.2GraphitefurnaceAAS

4.1.3HydridegenerationAAS

4.2Inductivelycoupledplasma-opticalemissionspectrometry(ICP-OES)

4.3Inductivelycoupledplasma-massspectrometry(ICP-MS)

4.4Voltammetricmethods(DPV,SWV)

4.4.1Anodicstrippingvoltammetry(ASV)

4.4.2Differentialpulsevoltammetry(DPV)

4.4.3Squarewavevoltammetry(SWV)

4.5Biosensorsandenzymaticmethods

5.Pre-concentrationtechniques

5.1Liquid-liquidextraction(LLE)

5.2Solidphaseextraction(SPE)

5.3Cloudpointextraction(CPE)

5.4Membranefiltration

6.Analyticalqualitycontrolandassurance

6.1Calibrationmethods

6.2Qualitycontrolstandards

6.3Accuracyandprecisionassessment

7.Applicationsandcasestudies

7.1Cadmiumdeterminationinfreshwaterbodies

7.2Cadmiummonitoringinindustrialareas

7.3Cadmiumassessmentinmining-impactedareas

8.Comparisonandselectionofmethods

8.1Advantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmethod

8.2Factorsinfluencingmethodselection

9.Futureperspectivesandchallenges

9.1Integrationofdifferentmethodsforimprovedaccuracy

9.2Developmentofsensitiveandselectivesensors

9.3Applicationofnanotechnologyincadmiumdetermination

10.Conclusion

Thispaperaimstoprovideresearchers,environmentalpractitioners,andpolicymakerswithacomprehensiveunderstandingoftheavailablemethodsforcadmiumdeterminationinsurfacewater.Thereviewhighlightsthestrengthsandlimitationsofeachmethodwhileofferingrecommendationsforfurtherimprovementsandresearch.Byselectingthemostappropriat

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