英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況-歷史

ChapterTwoHistoryTimelines(mainlyBritain)PrehistoricBritainRomanBritain(55BC-410AD)Anglo-Saxon(446AD-871AD)VikingandDanish(793)Normans(MiddleAges)(1066-1453)TudorBritain(1485-1603)StuartBritain(1063-1714)HanoverBritain(1714-1901)ModernBritainI.Prehistoric

about3000BCNewStoneAgeIberiansIberianPeninsulaNowSpainLongbarrowsStonehengeabout2000BClateNeolithicandearlyBronzeAgeBeakerFolkNowtheareaofHollandandtheRhinelandBell-shapeddrinkingvesselfrom700BCIronAgeCeltsGaelat600BCBrythonsat400BCBelgaeat150BC

Iberians

Atabout3000BC,theseshort.Darkandlong-headedpeoplecametoBritain,probablyfromIberianPeninsula,nowSpainIberians

LongBarrowStonehengeLongBarrow(megalithictombs)inWiltshireandDorsetweretheircommunalburialmoundsStonehenge(builtfrom3000BC-2000BC)inWiltshiremayhavereligiousandpoliticalmeansalsobeacelestialcalendarIberians:StonehengeOneofthemostfamoussitesintheworldBellBeaker

Atabout2000BC,BeakerpeoplecamefromtheareasnowknownasHollandandRhineland(northwestEurope)BellBeaker

Theywerenamedfromtheirdistinctivepottery.Theybuilthillforts,withthefinestexamplesofMaidenCastleBellBeaker

MaidenCastleCelts:warringtribesAbout700BC,atallerandfairerracebegantoarrive,originallyfromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany.

CeltsTheCeltswereagroupofpeopleslooselytiedbysimilarlanguage,religion,andculturalexpression.Theywerenotcentrallygoverned,andquiteashappytofighteachotherasanynon-Celt.

Theywerewarriors,livingforthegloriesofbattleandplunder.

CeltsTheywerealsothepeoplewhobroughtironworkingtotheBritishIsles

CeltsTheycameinthreemainwaves:Gaelsat600BC(Gaelic)Brythonsat400BCBelgaeat150BC

CeltsRegion:Druidism(德魯伊教)Druid—apriestofDruidismPracticeofhumansacrificeII.RomanBritain

(55BC-410BC)

EmperorClaudiusBackground:BritishCeltsfoughtwithrelatedtribesinGaulagainsttheRomans.Forgold,pearl…RomanConquestIn55and54BC.JuliusCaesarmadeanexpeditiontoBritaintwice.In43AD,theEmperorClaudiusmadeasuccessfulconquestofBritainasfarastheriversSevernandTrent.ThreeinvasionsII.RomanBritain

(55BC-410BC)

Hadrian’sWallThreeProblemsPictsstillattackedperiodicallySaxonpiratesattackedinthesoutheastControlwasonlyeffectiveinthesouth-easternpartofthecountryII.RomanBritain

(55BC-410BC)

ReasonforWithdraw(410)BarbariansfromEasternEuropeatthegatesofRomeRepeatedattacksfromPictsandScotsGermanicSaxontribesinvadingfromEuropeII.RomanBritain

(55BC-410BC)

Results&InfluenceBritainbecameaRomanprovinceforabout400years.RomanBathb.ManyCeltsweredriventothemountainousareasofScotlandandWalesc.Networkoftownsandroads:London,YorkandBathd.Christianitye.ManyEnglishwordsarederivedfromtheLatinlanguageoftheRomansIII.Anglo-Saxon

(446-871)

TeutonicTribesJutes,Saxons,andAnglesfromnownorthGermanyandDenmarkBritonsweredriventothemountainsorkeptasslavesIII.Anglo-Saxon

(446-871)

theAnglessettledinEastAnglia,theMidlandsandtheNorththeSaxonssettledintheSouthandMidlandstheJutessettledin

theSouthandSoutheastIII.Anglo-Saxon

(446-871)

Heptarchy

Kent(Jutes)Sussex(theSouthSaxons)Wessex(theWestSaxons)Essex(theEastSaxons)EastAngliaMercia(theMiddleAngles)Northumbria

Saxons

Angles

III.Anglo-Saxon

(446-871)

CelticChristianityAnglo-SaxonChristianityIII.Anglo-Saxon

(446-871)

Anglo-SaxonChristianityBackgroundTheAnglo-SaxonsdestroyedvirtuallyalltracesofRomancivilizationinBritain.TheAnglo-SaxonpaganreligionreplacedChristianity.Thenames,Tuesday,Wednesday,ThursdayandFridayderivefromtheirgodsProcess:Bythelate7thcentury,RomanChristianitybecamethedominantreligioninBritainResult:PopeGregorytheGreatre-establishedtheChristianChurchinEnglandbysendingfromRomeamonk,Augustine,whoconvertedtheAnglo-SaxonKingEthelbertofKentin597.WithinthenextonehundredyearsalltheAnglo-SaxonkingdomswereconvertedtotheChristianfaith.Anglo-SaxonChristianityBackgroundIV.VikingandDanish

(793-1035)

TheNorwegianVikingsandtheDanesfromDenmarkattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfrom793.Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheVikingsandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdom.IV.VikingandDanish

(793-1035)

KingAlfred(849-899)strongenoughtodefeattheDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.DanesgainedcontrolofnorthandeastofEnglandAlfred,kingofWessex,ruledtherestIV.VikingandDanish

(793-1035)

SuccessorsKingEthelredtheUnready(968-1016)triedpayingtheinvaderstostaywaybyimposingatax,calledthedanegold,onhispeopleCanute(995-1035),theDanishleader,waschosenbyWitanaskingCanutetheGreat

V.Normans(MiddleAge)

(1066-1453)EdwardtheConfessorBattleofHastings

TheNormanConquestBackgroundKingisalsosaidtohavepromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,DukeofNormandy.ButwhenEdwardwasonhisdeathbed,fourmenlaidclaimtotheEnglishthrone.Finally,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.

KingofNorwayTostigHarold

theKingWilliamDukeofNormandy

TheNormanConquestProcess1066.10.14thebattleonSenlacFieldnearHastings,whereHaroldwaskilled.1066Christmas,WilliamcrownedKingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbeyBattleofHastings

TheNormanConquestSignificancethebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.regardedastherealbeginningofBritishhistoryconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittoNormanfollowers.replacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.sothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEnglandrelationswiththeContinentwereopenedandcivilizationandcommercewereextendedNorman-Frenchculture,language,manners,andarchitecturewereintroduced

NormanHouse(1066-1135)William’sRule(1066-1087)Successors:threesonsRobertgainedNormandyWilliamRufus(WilliamII)gainedEngland(Killed)HenryI(1068-1135)gainedalargesumofmoney.AfterWilliamIIdied,hegainedEnglandcrown.Henryhadnosons,soKingStephentookthecrownwiththecompromiseofreceivingHenry,sonofHenry’sdaughter,asjointruler.AfterKingStephen’sdeath,HenrybecamekingHenryII

PlantagenetHouse(1154-1485)HenryII(1133-1180)sonofGeoffreyofAnjouandMatilaAchievements:BuiltupalargeempirewhichincludedEnglandandmorethanhalfofFrance.Reformofthecourtsandthelaw.Strengthenedtheking’scourtandextendeditsjudicialwork.Commonlawandjurysystemcameoutcommonlaw:theunwrittenlawcommontothewholepeopleandis“case-made”

GreatCharter(1215)PlantagenetHouse(1154-1485)1.background

HenryII'ssuccessorwasRichard(1189-1199),nicknamedtheLionheart,whospentmostofhistimeoutofEnglandoncrusades.AfterRichard'sdeath,theEnglishthronewastakenbyhisbrotherJohnwhowasoneofthemostunpopularkingsofEngland.HelosthisFrenchpossessionsandforthatreasonwasnicknamedLackland.HedemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyservicetoavengehimselfonFrance

GreatCharter(1215)PlantagenetHouse(1154-1485)2.ProcessKingJohnquarreledwiththebaronswhoforcedhimtosigntheGreatCharter(MagnaCarta)in1215,inwhichhepromisedtolimittheCrown'spowerandgiveallfreementherighttoafairandlegaltrial.3.SignificanceThefoundationofEnglishliberties.Limitationofthepoweroftheking.

ParliamentPlantagenetHouse(1154-1485)1.Task:ReadthetextcarefullyandfindouthowthefirstParliamentcameintobeing.2.Videowatching

TheHundredYears’War(1337-1453)PlantagenetHouse(1154-1485)1.Causes:partlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.2.Process:Atfirst,English(EdwardIII)weresuccessfulAfteralongpeacefullull,French(HenryV)wonAfterFrenchKing’sdeath,JoanofArcdrovetheEnglishoutofFrance3.Impact:ContributedtothedeclineoffeudalisminEngland

WarsofRoses(1455-1485)1.Causes:AftertheHundredYears’War,nobleshadtoseekanewoutletfortheirambitionbyanattempttodominatethegovernmentathomeTwogreatnoblefamiliesbattledforpower,wealthandthethroneYorkLancaster

WarsofRoses(1455-1485)2.DefinitionThebattlesbetweenthegreatHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbyredrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite3.EndtoHouseofPlantagenetHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVII

TheReformationHouseofTudor(1485-1603)TheEnglishReformationwasaseriesofeventsin16thcenturyEnglandbywhichtheChurchofEnglandbrokeawayfromtheauthorityofthePopeandtheCatholicChurch.

TheReformationHouseofTudor(1485-1603)1.Causes:ConflictbetweentheRomanCatholicChurchandtheKingofEnglandTheprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywerealsoresented2.DirectCauses:HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherineofAragon,hisfirstwife3.Purpose:togetridoftheEnglishChurch’sconnectionwiththePope,andmakeanindependentChurchofEngland

TheReformationHouseofTudor(1485-1603)4.Twoacts1534Actofsuccessions1535ActofSupremacy5.SuccessorsEdward—switchtoProtestanttheologyMaryTudor—reconvertEnglandtoRomanCatholicismElizabethI–ChurchofEnglandconsolidated

HouseofStuarts(1063-1688)TheCivilWarBackgroundAfterthedeathofQueenElizabethIhernephewJamesI(1603-1625),thesonofMaryQueenofScots(beheadedfortreasonontheorderofElizabeth),succeededtotheEnglishthrone.Hethenbecametherulerofthetwokingdoms.Jamesbelievedinthemediaevalideaofthe‘divineright’andabsoluteauthorityoftheking.

HouseofStuarts(1063-1688)TheCivilWar

OvermonopoliesParliamentdissolvedin1629byKingCharlesICausesTwoPartiesKing—Cavaliers:Parliament–Roundheads

HouseofStuarts(1063-1688)TheCivilWars

firstcivilwar(1642-1646)----CharlesIsurrenderedsecondcivilwar(1648-1653)----CharlesIIdefeatedandfledtoFranceTwoWarsSignificancePuritanRevolutionAconflictbetweeneconomicinterestofurbanmiddleclasses(Puritanideology)andthetraditionaleconomicinterestsoftheCrown(Anglicanreligiousbelief)-----Monarchyabolished

HouseofStuarts(1063-1688)

TheCommonwealth(1649-1660)Cromwell,theheadoftheCommonwealthLordProtectorConservativeinsocialreformsandprotectedpropertyownershipDirectlymilitaryruleIn1660,

ParliamenthadCharlesIIaskingofEngland.ThisputanendtotheCommonwealth.

RestorationandtheGloriousRevolutionRestoration(1661)BackgroundPeopleregretsabouttheexecutionoftheKingThearmygrewasthePuritanexertedtoughcontrolofthenation’smoralsCromwellbecamemoreapettytyrantCharlesII---torestoretheoldsocialorderJamesII---toreestablishCatholicism

RestorationandtheGloriousRevolutionGloriousRevolution(1688)BackgroundJamesIIwasaCatholic.EnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholicaskingProcessWilliam–son-in-lawofJamesII,aProtestant,November,1688JointsovereignofWilliamandMary

RestorationandtheGloriousRevolutionBillofRights(1688)FormallyAnActDeclaringtheRightsandLibertiesoftheSubjectandSettlingtheSuccessionoftheCrown(1689)passedbytheParliamentin1689Themainpurpose:todeclareillegalvariouspracticesofJamesIISignificance:limitingthepowerofthemonarchandguaranteeingtheauthorityofParliament

TheIndustriousRevolutionTask:ReadthesectionofTheIndustriousRevolution,andanswerthefollowingquestions.

WhatistheSevenYears’War(1756-1763)?WhydidtheIndustriousRevolutionfirsttakeplaceinBritain?WhatwasthemarkofthebeginningoftheIndus