《語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)題集》

語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)題集

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

I.Fillintheblanks

1.referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonatural

relationshiptotheirmeaning.

2.isaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrect

Englishsentences.

3.referstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintain

interpersonalrelations,suchasslangs,jokes,jargons,ritualisticexchanges,

switchestosocialandregionaldialects.

4.isgenerallyascientificstudyoflanguage.Itisamajor

branchofsocialscience.

5.Thefunctionthatcertainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysis

anddescriptionofparticularstudiesislabeledas.

6_isaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseof

computerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1.Whydolinguistssaylanguageishumanspecific?

2.Howyouunderstandarbitrarinessinhumanlanguages?

3.Whatmakestraditionalgrammardifferentfrommodernlinguistics?

KEYSTOCHAPTER1

I.Fillintheblanks

1.Arbitrary

2.Syntax

3.Phaticcommunion

4.Linguistics

5.metalingualfunction

6.Computationallinguistics

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1.Whydolinguistssaylanguageishumanspecific?

Firstofall,humanlanguagehassix"designfeatures"whichanimal

communicationsystemsdonothave,atleastnotinthetruesenseofthem.

Secondly,linguistshavedonealottryingtoteachanimalssuchas

chimpanzeestospeakahumanlanguagebuthaveachievednothinginspiring.

Washoe,afemalechimpanzee,wasbroughtuplikeahumanchildbyBeatnice

andAlanGardner.Shewastaught"Americansignlanguage",andlearneda

littlethatmadetheteachershappybutdidnotmakethelinguistscirclehappy,

forfewbelievedinteachingchimpanzees.

Thirdly,ahumanchildrearedamonganimalscannotspeakahumanlanguage,

notevenwhenheistakenbackandtaughttodoso.

2.Howyouunderstandarbitrarinessinhumanlanguages?

Arbitrarinessisknownasonedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichrefers

tothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheir

meaning.ItwasdiscussedbySaussurefirst.Thelinkbetweenthemisa

matterofconvention.

E.g."house"inEnglish;uchi(Japanese);lamansion(French),房子(Chinese)

(1)arbitrarybetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning

a.By"arbitrary",wemeanthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeanings

andsounds.Agogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersons

haduseditforagig.Languagethereforeislargelyarbitrary.

b.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,

ifwethinkofechowords,like"bang""crash""roar"and"rumble”,whichare

motivatedinacertainsense."

Onomatopoeiaarewordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe

c.Somecompounds(wordscompoundedtobeoneword)arenotentirely

arbitraryeither.Thewords"type"and"write"areopaqueorunmotivatedwords,

while"type-writer"islessso,ormoretransparentormotivatedthanthewords

thatmakeit.sowecansay"arbitrariness"isamatterofdegree.Arbitraryand

onomatopoeiceffectmayworkatthesametime.

Eg.Themurmuroushauntoffliesonsummereves夏日黃昏，群蠅嗡嗡地飛。

(2)Arbitraryatthesyntacticlevel

Accordingtosystematic-functionalistsandAmericanfunctionalists,languageis

notarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.Syntaxreferstothewaysthatsentencesare

constructedaccordingtothegrammarofarrangement.

(3)Arbitraryandconvention

Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.

Theothersideofcoinofarbitrariness,namely,isconventionality.

Conventionalitymeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesof

soundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsare

customarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningand

understoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.

Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityof

languagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious

3.Whatmakestraditionalgrammardifferentfrommodernlinguistics?

ModernlinguisticsstartedwiththepublicationofF.deSaussure's"Coursein

GeneralLinguistics"intheearly20thcentury.SoSaussureisoftendescribed

as"fatherofmodernlinguistics".

Thegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguagebeforethat

isroughlyreferredtoas"traditionalgrammar."Theydifferinseveralbasic

ways:

Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.A

linguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.He

describeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesof

"correctness".

Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthe

written.Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendtoemphasize,may

beover-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofits

permanence.

Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnot

forcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Tomodernlinguists,itis

unthinkabletojudgeonelanguagebystandardsofanother.Theyaretryingto

setupauniversalframework,butthatwouldbebasedonthefeaturesshared

bymostofthelanguagesusedbymankind.

Chapter2SpeechSound

I.Definethefollowingterms.

1.Suprasegmentalfeatures

2.Phoneme

3.Phonology

4.Minimalpair

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1.Whatarethethreesubbranchesofphonetics?Whatdotheystudy?

2.Whatisvoicing?Howdoesitcomeintobeing?

3.WhatarethecriteriaofclassifyingEnglishconsonants?

KEYSTOCHAPTER2

I.Definethefollowingterms.

1.Suprasegmentalfeatures:thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevel

ofthesegments.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesare:stress,tone,

intonation

2.Phonemeisabasicunitinphonology;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

3.Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;it

aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhow

thesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

4.Minimalpair:twosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinone

soundelementthatoccursinthesameposition

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1.Whatarethethreesubbranchesofphonetics?Whatdotheystudy?

Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointofview.

Theyare:

Articulatoryphonetics:Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayin

whichthespeechsoundsareproduced.

Acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;it

dealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasa

spectrograph.

Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear

thatoccurintheworld'slanguage.

Articulationphonetics:Howaspeakeruseshisspeechorgansarticulatethe

sounds.

2.Whatisvoicing?Howdoesitcomeintobeing?

Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords.Whenthevocalcords

aredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,the

soundsproducedinsuchawayarevoiceless.Whenvocalcordsareheld

togethertautlysothattheairstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedin

thiswayarevoiced.

3.WhatarethecriteriaofclassifyingEnglishconsonants?

1)byplaceofarticulation

a.bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]

b.labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]

c.dentalsuchas[0],[]

d.alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]

e.palatalsuchas[f],[],[t/],[d],[]

f.velarsuchas[k],[g],[]

g.glottalsuchas[h]

2)bymannerofarticulation

a.Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]

b.Fricativessuchas[f].[v],[s],[z],[0],[],[f],[],[h]

c.Afficatessuchas[tj],[d]

d.Liquidssuchas[I],[r]

e.Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[]

f.Glidessuchas[w],[j]

Chapter3Lexicon

I.Definethefollowingterms.

1.Freemorphemes

2.Blending

3.Back-formation

4.Root

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1.Whatareyourpointsofviewon胡壯麟'sdefinition?Awordis"aunitof

expressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whether

itisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform”(胡壯麟2001:76).

2.C.f.EndocentricandExocentric

3.ListatleastsixlatestinventionsinChinese.

KEYSTOCHAPTER3

I.Definethefollowingterms.

1.Freemorphemesaretheindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeused

freelyallbythemselves,forexample,"book-"intheword"bookish".

2.Blendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowords

areblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthe

secondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

3.Back-formationreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwherea

shorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerform

alreadyinthelanguage.

4.Arootisseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughithasa

clearanddefinitemeaning,suchas“gene-"intheword"generate".

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsindetails.

1.Whatareyourpointsofviewon胡壯麟'sdefinition?Awordis"aunitof

expressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whether

itisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform"(胡壯麟2001:76).

Advantages:

1)Wordsareappliedbothinspokenandwrittenlanguage.

2)Universalintuitiverecognition

Disadvantages:

1)Phrasesandsentencescouldberecognizedbyintuitiverecognition.

2)Wordscouldbeusedfreely.

2.C.f.EndocentricandExocentric

endocentriccompound:verbalcompound/syntheticcompound,X+V

Ex.self-control,sun-tanned,machinewashable,virus-sensitive

exocentriccompound:V+X

Ex.scarecrow,sit-down,takehome,breakneck

3.ListatleastsixlatestinventionsinChinese.

菜鳥(niǎo)，小強(qiáng)，斑主，非典，超女，波菜，玉米

Chapter4Syntax

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)syntax

2)paradigmaticrelation

3)deepstructure

4)endocentricconstruction

2.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofimmediateconstituent

analysis?

3.WhatisX-bartheory?

4.Whatisuniversalgrammar?

KEYSTOCHAPTER4

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)Syntaxstudiestherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoform

sentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences

2)Paradigmaticrelationisarelationbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheach

otherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentand

theothersabsent.

3)Deepstructureisdescribedastheabstractrepresentationofthesyntactic

propertiesofaconstruction,i.e.theunderlyinglevelofstructuralrelations

betweenitsdifferentconstituents.

4)Endocentricconstructionisaconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionally

equivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,which

servesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.

2.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofimmediateconstituent

analysis?

Therelationbetweenasentenceanditscomponentelementsisgenerally

knownasarelationbetweenaconstructionanditsconstituents.

Advantage:

Torealtheinternalstructureofasentence,andsomepossibleambiguitiesofa

structure

Problems:

1)Notallthesentencescouldbetreatedasthebinarydivisions.

2)Howtointerpretthediscontinuousconstituents?

3)HowtointerpretstructuralambiguitiesbyICanalysis?

3.WhatisX-bartheory?

X-bartheoryisageneralandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasal

structurerulesintoasingleformat:X"-(Spec)X(Compl).Inthisformat,Spec

standsforspecifierwhileComplstandsforcomplement.Thistheoryiscapable

ofreducingtheredundanciesofindividualphrasalstructurerulesandmaywell

capturecertainbasicpropertiessharedbyallphrasalcategories,i.e.NP,VP,

AP,PP,acrossthelanguagesoftheworld.

4.Whatisuniversalgrammar?

Sinceearly1980s,NoamChomskyandothergenerativelinguistsproposed

anddevelopedatheoryofuniversalgrammar(UG)knownastheprinciples

andparameterstheory.AccordingtoChomsky,UGisasystemoflinguistic

knowledgeandahumanspecies-specificgift,whichexistsinthemindorbrain

ofanormalhumanbeing.Accordingtoprinciples-and-parametersframework,

UGconsistsofasetofgeneralconditions,orgeneralprinciples,thatgenerate

phrasesandatthesametimerestrainthepowerofMovea,thuspreventing

thisrulefromapplyingincertaincases.UGalsocontainsasetofparameters

thatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateincertainways,accordingtowhich

particulargrammarofnaturallanguagesvary.

Chapter5Meaning

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)conceptualmeaning

2)connotation

3)sense

4)synonymy

5)antonymy

6)semanticcomponents

2.Whatarethemajorsemanticsschools?

3.Whatarethepossiblecategoriesofsynonyms?

4.Howdoyouunderstandsemanticchange?

5.Explainantonymsindetails.

KEYSTOCHAPTER5

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)Conceptualmeaningisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordand

thethingitdenotes,orrefersto.

2)Connotationisthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.

3)Senseistheabstractpropertiesofanentity.

4)Thesamenessrelationiscalledthesamenessrelation.

5)Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessrelation.

6)Semanticcomponentsaresemanticunitssmallerthanthemeaningofa

word.

2.Whatarethemajorsemanticsschools?

1)Thenamingtheory:Oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalso

averyprimitiveone,ItwasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.

Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbolsusedinalanguageare

takentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarejustnamesor

labelsforthings.

2)Theconceptualistview:Itholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweena

linguisticformandwhatitrefersto.Intheinterpretationofmeaning,theyare

linkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

3)Contextualism:Itisbasedonthepresumption(假定)thatonecanderive推

導(dǎo))meaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservable可觀測(cè)的)contexts.Two

kindsofcontextarerecognized:thesituationalcontextandthelinguistic

context.Forexample,themeaningoftheword"seal"inthesentence"The

sealcouldnotbefound"canonlybedeterminedaccordingtothecontextin

whichthesentenceoccurs:

4)Behaviorism

ThecontextualistviewwasfurtherstrengthenedbyBloomfield.Hedrewon

behavioristpsychologywhenhetriedtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms.

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformas"the

situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthe

hearer".Thisbehavioristtheoryissomewhatclosetocontextualism.Itislinked

withpsychologicalinterest.

3.Whatarethepossiblecategoriesofsynonyms?

Synonymycanbedividedintothefollowinggroups:

Dialectalsynonyms(地域性同義詞)：Dialectalsynonymsarewordswhichhave

moreorlessthesamemeaningandareusedindifferentregionaldialectssuch

aspetroleuminBritishEnglishandgasolineinAmericanEnglish.Dialectal

synonymscanalsobefoundwithinBritish,orAmericanEnglishitself.For

example,"girl"iscalled"lass"or"lassie"inScottishdialect.

Stylisticsynonyms文體同義詞)：Stylisticsynonymsarewordswhichhavethe

samemeaningbutdifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.Someofthestylistic

synonymstendtobemoreformal,otherstendtobecasual,andstillothers

areneutralinstyle,forexample,oldman,daddy,dad,father,maleparent.

Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning:感性或評(píng)價(jià)方面

不同的同義詞Theyarewordsthathavethesamemeaningbutexpress

differentemotionsoftheuser.Theemotionsoftheuserindicatetheattitudeor

biasoftheusertowardwhatheistalkingabout,suchasthriftyandmiser.

Collocationalsynonyms搭配上的區(qū)別的同義詞):Somesynonymsdifferintheir

collocation.Thatis,theygotogetherwithdifferentwords,forexample:

accuse...of,charge...with,rebuke..-for.

Semanticallydifferentsynonyms(語(yǔ)意上的差另ll):Theyrefertothesynonyms

thatdifferslightlyinwhattheymean.Forexample,"amaze"and"astound"are

verycloseinmeaningtotheword"surprise,"buttheyhaveverysubtle

differencesinmeaning.Whileamazesuggestsconfusionandbewilderment,

"astound"impliesdifficultyinbelieving.

4.Howdoyouunderstandsemanticchange?

Semanticchangereferstothechangeofmeaningofaword.Themajortypes

ofsemanticchangeareasfollows:(1)Semanticbroadeningreferstothe

processinwhichthemeaningofawordbecomesmoregeneralorinclusive

thanitshistoricallyearlierdenotation.Forexample,theword"holiday"was

originallyusedtomeanadayofreligioussignificancebecauseitwasa"holy

day".Todayeveryoneenjoysaholiday,whetherheorsheisreligiousornot.(2)

Semanticnarrowingisthereverseprocessinwhichthemeaningofaword

becomeslessgeneralorinclusivethanitshistoricallyearliermeaning.For

example,theword"liquor"incontemporaryEnglishisanalcoholicdrink,butit

wasoncesynonymouswith"liquid”,beitalcoholicornot.(3)Semanticshift

referstotheprocessinwhichawordlosesitsformermeaningandacquiresa

new,sometimesrelatedmeaning,e.g.theword“silly”.Quitesurprisingly,a

“silly"personwasahappypersoninOldEnglish,andanaivepersoninMiddle

English,butafoolishpersoninModernEnglish.

5.Explainantonymsindetails.

Antonymyreferstotheoppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositein

meaningarecalledantonyms.

1)Gradableantonyms漸進(jìn)性關(guān)系反義:Someantonymsaregradablebecause

thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapairsuchas

old/young,hot/cold.

2)Complementaryantonyms完全反義：apairofcomplementaryantonymsis

characterizedbythefeaturethatthedenialofonememberofthepairimplies

theassertionoftheother.

3)Relationalopposites相關(guān)對(duì)立反義：pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalof

arelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.

Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind

1.Fillinthefollowingblanks

1)isverydefinitelyagoal-directedactivity,inthesensethat

peoplespeakandwriteinordertomakefriends,influencepeople,convey

information,andsoon.

2)dealswithhowlanguageisacquired,stored,understoodand

producedinanymedium(writtenorspoken).

3)Languagecomprehension,includingand,both

involveseveralprocesses.

4)Amajorpointofagreementamongvariousresearchersisthatthehuman

languagesystemislikelytobe,inthesenseofbeingconstituted

outofanumberofseparatebutinteractingcomponents.

5)Ifsoundsorwordsfromtheendofasentenceintrudeintotheearlypartof

asentence,thenthisprovidesevidenceforthenotionof.The

classicerrorofthistypeisthe(ortheslipofthetongue),wherethe

initialletterorlettersoftwowordsaretransposed.

6)Itisbelievedthat,meaningpacketsofstoredknowledge,playan

importantroleinlanguageprocessing.

7)Anoccurswhenawordisspokenearlierinthesentencethanit

shouldbe(e.g.Theschoolisatschool).Asimilartypeoferroris

the,inwhichtwoitemswithinasentenceareswapped(e.g.Thisis

thehappiestlifeofmyday.)

8)aregeneralpropositionsusedtoformanoverallmacrostructure

ofthestory.

9)Atwhatpointismeaningextractedfromthewordsinatext?Thereaderis

supposedtocarryouttheprocessesrequiredtounderstandeachwordandits

relationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordis

encountered;thisisknownasthe.

10)describestheadditionaleasewithwhichawordisaccessed

duetoitsmorefrequentusageinthelanguage.

2.JustifythefollowingstatementswithTrue(T)orFalse(F)

A.Linguisticcommunicationsareusuallypresentedtousintheformofwritten

textorspeech.Whiletheprocessofcomprehensionappearstobesimilarin

bothcases,someoftheinitialstagesofprocessingdiffer.

B.analysisofeyemovementsduringreadinghasrevealedthatallofthe

informationfromtextisextractedduringtheperceptualspan.

C.thefactthatthespeechsignalsareoftensomewhatambiguousdoesnot

meanthatspeechperceptionoftenreliesheavilyontopdownorconceptually

drivenprocesses.

D.thecomprehensionprocessinvolvesparsing,i.e.workingoutthe

grammaticalstructureofthesentence.

E.theinterpretationofasentenceisnearlyalwaysdominatedbycontext

effects,eithergeneralknowledgeorinformationfromearlierpartsofthe

communication.

F.schemataareespeciallyusefulinthetaskofdrawinginferencesandfillingin

gapsintheinformationprovidedbyspeechorbytext.Inthiscase,

comprehensionfocusesonallthedetailsofwhatispresented.

G.thepsychologicalfactorsinvolvedinspeechproductionhavebeen

investigatedbyexaminingthekindsoferrorthatpeoplemakewhilespeaking.

Oneofthemostobviousfeaturesofspeechistheemphasisonforward

planning.

H.writinginvolvesthethreeprocessesofplanning,sentencegeneration,and

revision.Inthissense,expertwriterdifferfromnon-expertonesinanumberof

ways,especiallyintheirfocusonthetopicsentenceanddetailsofwhatthey

arewriting.

Chapter7Language,Culture,andSociety

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)linguisticsexism

2)Sapir-WhorfianHypothesis

2.Trytodiscussthefollowingissuesbyyourunderstandingoftherelationship

betweenlanguage,culture,andsociety

1)Whatwillyousaytoastatementlike"oneculture'smeatisanotherculture's

poison"?

2)Whydoweneedtoteachcultureinourlanguageclassroom?

3)Asstudentsoflinguistics,howshouldweunderstandtherelationship

betweenfunctionalismandformalism?

KEYSTOCHATPER7

1)Linguisticsexismisthenotthelanguageitselfbutwomen'splaceinsociety

thatinfluenceslinguisticallybehave.

2)Sapir-WhorfianHypothesis

Thelanguagehelpsmouldthewayofthinkingand,consequently,different

languagemayprobablyexpresstheuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

2.(略)

Chapter8LanguageinUse

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)performatives

2)locutionaryact

3)illocutionaryact

4)cooperativeprinciple

2.“TheClub"isadeviceforblockingautomobile'ssteeringwheel,thus

protectingthecarfrombeingstolen.Andoneofitsadsreads:

THECLUB!FD

Antitheftdeviceforcars

PLICESAY:

,USEITORLOSEIT

IntermsoftheGriceantheory,whatmaximisexploitedhere?Findtwo

Chineseadsofthesametype.

KEYSTOCHATPER8

1)performatives:theutteranceofthesentencesis,orisapartof,thedoingof

anaction

2)Locutionaryactistheactperformedwhenwespeak,i.e.theactof

producingasound,wordorsentence

3)Illocutionaryactistheactperformedbysayingsomething.

4)cooperativeprinciple

"Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageat

whichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangein

whichyouareengaged"(Grice1975:45).

2.ThemainmaximexploitedhereistheMannermaximof"Avoidambiguity".

Thetwotokensof*11"referstotwodifferentthings.TwoChineseadsare買(mǎi)一

送」and要想皮膚好，早晚用大寶。

Chapter9LanguageandLiterature

1.Fillinthefollowingblankswithproperterms

1)A,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwo

unlikeelements;butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthan

stated.Forexample,Alltheworld'sastage.

2)isusuallyclassedasatypeofmetonymyanditrefersto

usingthenameofpartofanobjecttotalkaboutthewholethingandvice

versa.

3)describessyllableswithacommonvowel.

4)aretwolinesofverse,usuallyconnectedbyarhyme.

5)consistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonot

rhyme.

6)isthetermusedinlinguisticstodescribetherelationship

betweenaparticularstyleoflanguageanditscontextofuse.

2.Whatdifferentformsofsoundpatterncanyoufindinthefirststanzaofthe

poem,"EasterWings",byGeorgeHerbert(1593-1663)?

Lord,whocreatedstmaninwealthandstore,

Thoughfoolishlyhelostthesame,

Decayingmoreandmore,

Tillhebecame

Mostpoore:

Withthee

Oletmerise

Aslarks,harmoniously,

Andsingthisdaythyvictories:

Thenshallthefallfurthertheflightinme.

KEYSTOCHAPTER9

1.Fillinthefollowingblankswithproperterms

1)metaphor

2)Synecdoche

3)Assonance

4)Couplets

5)Blankverse

6)Register

2.Alliteration:store/same;lord/lost;this/thy/then/the;full/further/flight;

more/me

Assonance:lord/store/fall;though/most;same/decaying

Consonance:man/in

Rhyme:more/poore/store;became/same;thee/me/harmoniously

Half-rhyme:rise/victorious

Repetition:more/more

Chapter10LanguageandComputer

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)Computationallinguistics

2)CALL

3)Machinetranslation(MT)

4)Concordance

5)informationalretrieval

2.Choosethecorrectanswerfromeachofthefollowingsetofoptions.

1)Qualitativeanalysisnotusefulinrecognizingambiguitiesindata.True/

False

2)CorpusAhas350,000wordsinitand615examplesof"get".CorpusBhas

20,000wordsinitand35examplesof"get".Whichcorpushasthegreatest

proportionoftheword"get"?CorpusA/CorpusB

3)Factoranalysistakesalargenumberofvariablesandreducesthemtoa

muchsmallernumberofreferencefactors.True/False

KEYSTOCHAPTER10

1.Definethefollowingterms

1)Computationallinguisticscanbeseenasabranchofappliedlinguistics,

dealingwithcomputerprocessingofhumanlanguage.

2)CALL=computer-assistedlanguagelearning

3)Machinetranslation(MT)referstot