宏觀期末知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

宏觀知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)Chapter26theexchangerateandbalanceofpayment1.名義利率和實(shí)際利率的概念，要區(qū)分；二者的關(guān)系，那個(gè)公式。明白一國(guó)貨幣升值表示什么意思。（掌握）2.tradedweightedindex(了解)3.對(duì)一國(guó)貨幣的供給和需求的分析一，供給和需求決定匯率，要知道哪些因素影響一國(guó)貨幣的供給和需求，相應(yīng)的曲線在圖上會(huì)怎么移動(dòng)（重點(diǎn)）。二，對(duì)一種貨幣的需求是對(duì)另一種貨幣的供給，要清楚某一種貨幣供給需求變化后，另一種貨幣的供給和需求會(huì)如何變化。（重點(diǎn)）4.利率平價(jià)和購(gòu)買力平價(jià)（掌握）5.internationaltrade(了解)6.匯率政策。理解什么是浮動(dòng)匯率、固定利率和crawlingpeg。注意區(qū)分。（掌握）Chapter27(AD-ASmodel)ThemainpurposeofAD-ASmodel:explainchangesinrealGDPandpricelevel,whichleadstobusinesscyclefluctuationsaroundpotentialGDP.1、區(qū)分宏觀中的長(zhǎng)短期宏觀中的長(zhǎng)短期主要以價(jià)格行為加以區(qū)分：在長(zhǎng)期中，價(jià)格是具有伸縮性的，價(jià)格水平能夠調(diào)整到充分就業(yè)的均衡狀態(tài)；在短期中，價(jià)格是具有粘性的（sticky），實(shí)際GDP可能等于、大于、小于潛在GDP.2、總供給（AggregateSupply）2.1總供給是描述實(shí)際GDP供給量與價(jià)格水平的關(guān)系。外生變量外生變量ThequantityoflaboremployedThequantityofphysical,humancapitalQuantityofrealGDPsuppliedThestateoftechnology AS 內(nèi)生變量 Pricelevel內(nèi)生變量2.2總供給關(guān)系取決于時(shí)間范圍企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品服務(wù)價(jià)格具有伸縮性---長(zhǎng)期總供給曲線企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品服務(wù)價(jià)格具有黏性—短期總供給曲線2.2.1長(zhǎng)期總供給（long-runaggregatesupply）a、Inthelongrun,themoneywageratechangesinstepwiththepricelevel;b、TrytoexplainwhytheLAScurveisvertical.（重點(diǎn)）thepricelevel changeby therealwageratethemoneywagethesamepercentagedoesnotchangerateatthefull-employmentlevelrealGDP=potentialGDP potentialGDPisindependentofthepricelevel LAScurveisvertical2.2.2短期總供給（short-runaggregatesupply）a、intheshortrun,themoneywagerate,thepricesofotherresourcesandpotentialGDPremainconstant;b、TrytoexplainwhytheSAScurveslopesupward.Intheshortrun,whenthepricelevelrisesrealwageratedeclinesthecostofproductiondecreasesemploymorelaborsincreasesproduction(realGDP)黏性工資模型在超短期中，總供給曲線是水平的。AggregatePlannedExpenditureAutonomousexpenditure:I,G,X,部分C,MInducedexpenditure:C,M計(jì)算autonomousexpenditure:realGDP=0時(shí)的aggregateplannedexpenditureAECurveP677Actualaggregateexpenditure=RealGDPAggregateplannedexpenditure≠RealGDP（inventories的作用）Aggregateplannedexpenditure＞RealGDP,inventories減少；Aggregateplannedexpenditure＜RealGDP,inventories增加。d.Equilibriumexpenditure:Aggregateplannedexpenditure=RealGDPMultiplierMultiplier=changesinequilibriumexpenditure/changesinautonomousexpenditure=△Y/△A=1/(1-theslopeofAE)Multiplier>1的原因：autonomousexpenditure的增加會(huì)帶來(lái)realGDP增加，進(jìn)而增加inducedexpenditure。當(dāng)無(wú)incometax,imports時(shí)，multiplier=1/(1-MPC)=1/MPS當(dāng)有incometax,imports時(shí)，multiplier<1/(1-MPC),1/MPSAS-ADandAggregateexpendituremodelsveryshortrun（物價(jià)不變，SAS水平，P687）investment增加→AE上移，RealGDP增加，AD右移Multiplier=△Y/△Ashortrun（物價(jià)改變，SAS傾斜，P688）investment增加→AE上移，RealGDP增加，AD右移→物價(jià)上升→AE減少，RealGDP減少M(fèi)ultiplier會(huì)小于當(dāng)物價(jià)不變的情況longrun（物價(jià)改變，RealGDP=PotentialGDP，P689）investment增加→AE上移，RealGDP增加，AD右移→物價(jià)上升→AE減少，Moneywagerate增加→SAS左移并最終和AD相交回到PotentialGDP水平，AE減少到原水平Multiplier=0Chapter291.demand-pullinflation(MoneyWageRate調(diào)節(jié))AninflationthatstartsbecauseaggregatedemandincreasesADemand-PullInflationProcess(P703圖）2.cost-pushinflation（Anincreaseincost:themoneywagerateorthemoneypriceofrawmaterials）ACost-PushInflationProcess(P705圖）Stagflation:thecombinationofarisingpricelevelandadecreasingrealGDP重點(diǎn)掌握兩種類型的圖3.expectedinflation.（作圖）影響AD和AS的因素4.(重點(diǎn))short-runPhilipscurve(Theexpectedinflationrate,thenaturalunemploymentrate)當(dāng)expectedinflationrate=actualinflationrate時(shí)，unemploymentrate=naturalunemploymentrate5.(重點(diǎn))long-runPhilipscurve(actualinflationrate=expectedinflationrate)P209的兩個(gè)圖，short-run和long-run分別怎么變動(dòng)要掌握6.businesscycle的各種理論(了解)Mainstreambusinesscycletheory，RealbusinesscycletheoryChapter30fiscalpolicy1.Fiscalpolicyistheuseofthefederalbudgettoachievemacroeconomicobjectives,suchasfullemployment,sustainedeconomicgrowth,andpricelevelstability.2.Thefederalbudgetistheannualstatementofthefederalgovernment’soutlaysandtaxrevenues3.Fiscalpolicyhasimportanteffectsonemployment,potentialGDP,andaggregatesupply—calledsupply-sideeffects.(重點(diǎn)掌握如何作圖)(1)Theeffectsoftheincometaxonaggregatesupply。主要看課本Figure30.5的兩個(gè)圖(重點(diǎn)注意taxwedge(稅收楔形)Thesupply-sideeffectofariseintheincometaxdecreasespotentialGDPanddecreasesaggregatesupplyTaxesonconsumptionexpenditureaddtothetaxwedge.Thereasonisthatataxonconsumptionraisesthepricespaidforconsumptiongoodsandservicesandisequivalenttoacutintherealwagerate(2）theeffectsofataxoncapitalincome(interest)主要看課本上Figure30.6Ataxdecreasesthesupplyofloanablefunds.Andinvestmentandsavingdecrease.Ataxwedgeisdrivenbetweentherealinterestrateandtherealafter-taxinterestrate.(3)TaxRevenuesandtheLafferCurve(拉弗曲線)TherelationshipbetweenthetaxrateandtheamountoftaxrevenuecollectediscalledtheLaffercurve.見課本Figure30.74.generationalaccounting,fiscalimbalance,generationalimbalance(了解)5.FiscalStimulus：Afiscalstimulusistheuseoffiscalpolicytoincreaseproductionandemployment主要分為以下兩種政策：Automaticfiscalpolicy（自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定的財(cái)政政策）isafiscalpolicyactiontriggeredbythestateoftheeconomywithnogovernmentaction.Discretionaryfiscalpolicy（相機(jī)抉擇的財(cái)政政策）isapolicyactionthatisinitiatedbyanactofCongress.（1）在Automaticfiscalpolicy這一塊的知識(shí)點(diǎn)中主要掌握結(jié)構(gòu)性平衡和周期性平衡，弄清楚結(jié)構(gòu)性盈余和赤字以及周期性盈余和赤字ThestructuralsurplusordeficitisthebudgetbalancethatwouldoccuriftheeconomywereatfullemploymentandrealGDPwereequaltopotentialGDP.Thecyclicalsurplusordeficitistheactualsurplusordeficitminusthestructuralsurplusordeficit.（主要看課本上Figure30.9）(2)在Discretionaryfiscalpolicy這一塊的知識(shí)中主要掌握governmentexpendituremultiplier（政府支出乘數(shù)效應(yīng)）thequantityeffectofachangeingovernmentexpenditureonrealGDP.(要重點(diǎn)掌握如何作圖表現(xiàn)這一乘數(shù)效應(yīng)，F(xiàn)igure30.11要特別注意以下幾種情況：：a.WhengovernmentexpenditureincreasesrealGDP,incomesriseandahigherincomebringaincreaseinconsumptionexpenditure.Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceoftheincreaseingovernmentexpenditure,themultiplierwouldbe>1b.whengovernmentexpenditureincreases,governmentborrowingincreaseandraisestherealinterestrate.Withthehighercostofborrowing,investmentdecreases,whichwillpartlyoffsetstheincreaseingovernmentspending.Ifthisweretheonlyconsequenceoftheincreaseingovernmentexpenditure,themultiplierwouldbe<1.cTheactualmultiplierdependsonwhichaboveeffectisstronger.(3)Thetaxmultiplieristhequantityeffectacha