2021年北京外國語大學北外英美文學考研真題及答案解析

北京外國語大學研究生研究生入學考試英美文學專業(yè)試題Thefollowingexamwillbegradedonbothwhatyousayandhowyousayit.Allanswersmustbewrittenontheanswersheets.I.BelowaresometermsthatyoumightoverhearliterarycriticssayatacocktailpartyintheEnglishDepartmentatBFSU.ExplainSIXofthem.(30points)1.ballad2.Calvinism3.dramaticirony4.epic5.metaphysicalconceit6.Oedipuscomplex7.roundcharacter8.transcendentalismII.1.Summarizetheplotofthefollowingstoryinyourownwords(around200words).(20points)2.Commentonthenarrativetechniqueofthestory.(20points)ContinuityofParksHehadbeguntoreadthenovelafewdaysbefore.Hehadputitdownbecauseofsomeurgentbusinessconferences，openeditagainonhiswaybacktotheestatebytrain；hepermittedhimselfaslowlygrowinginterestintheplot，inthecharacterizations.Thatafternoon，afterwritingalettergivinghispowerofattorneyanddiscussingamatterofjointownershipwiththemanagerofhisestate，hereturnedtothebookinthetranquilityofhisstudywhichlookedoutupontheparkwithitsoaks.Sprawledinhisfavoritearmchair，itsbacktowardthedoor-eventhepossibilityofanintrusionwouldhaveirritatedhim，hadhethoughtofit-helethislefthandcaressrepeatedlythegreenvelvetupholsteryandsettoreadingthefinalchapters.Herememberedeffortlesslythenamesandhismentalimagesofthecharacters；thenovelspreaditsglamouroverhimalmostatonce.Hetastedthealmostperversepleasureofdisengaginghimselflinebylinefromthethingsaroundhim，andatthesametimefeelinghisheadrestcomfortablyonthegreenvelvetofthechairwithitshighback，sensingthatthecigarettesrestedwithinreachofhishand，thatbeyondthegreatwindowstheairofafternoondancedundertheoaktreesinthepark.Wordbyword，lickedtothepointwheretheimagessettledsownandtookoncolorandmovement，hewaswitnesstothefinalencounterinthemountaincabin.Thewomanarrivedfirst，apprehensive；nowthelovercamein，hisfacecutbythebacklashofabranch.Admirably，shestanchedthebloodwithherkisses，butherebuffedhercaresses，hehadnotcometoperformagaintheceremoniesofasecretpassion，protectedbyaworldofdryleavesandfurtivepathsthroughtheforest.Thedaggerwarmeditselfagainsthischest，andunderneathlibertypounded，hiddenclose.Alustful，pantingdialogueraceddownthepageslikearivuletofsnakes，andonefeltithadallbeendecidedfrometernity.Eventothosecaresseswhichwrithedaboutthelover’sbody，asthoughwishingtokeephimthere，todissuadehimfromit；theysketchedabominablytheframeofthatotherbodyitwasnecessarytodestroy.Nothinghadbeenforgotten：alibis，unforeseenhazards，possiblemistakes.Fromthishouron，eachinstanthaditsuseminutelyassigned.Thecold-blooded，twice-gone-overre-examinationofthedetailswasbarelybrokenoffsothatahandcouldcaressacheek.Itwasbeginningtogetdark.Notlookingatoneanothernow，rigidlyfixeduponthetaskwhichawaitedthem，theyseparatedatthecabindoor.Shewastofollowthetrailthatlednorth.Onthepathleadingintheoppositedirection，heturnedforamomenttowatchherrunning，herloosenedandflying.Heraninturn，crouchingamongthetreesandhedgesuntil，intheyellowishfogofdusk，hecoulddistinguishtheavenueoftreeswhichleduptothehouse.Thedogswerenotsupposedtobark，theydidnotbark.Theestatemanagerwouldnotbethereatthishour，andhewasnotthere.Hewentupthethreeporchstepsandentered.Thewoman’swordsreachedhimoverthethuddingofbloodinhisears：firstabluechamber，thanahall，thenacarpetedstairway.Atthetop，twodoors.Nooneinthefirstroom，nooneinthesecond.Thedoorofthesalon，andthen，theknifeinhand，thelightfromthegreatwindows，thehighbackofanarmchaircoveredingreenvelvet，theheadofthemaninthechairreadinganovel.Ш.ThefollowingisanexcerptfromoneofJohnFowles’snovels.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutthenovel?(30points)Youmaythinknovelistsalwayshavefixedplanstowhichtheywork，sothatthefuturepredictedbyChapterOneisalwaysinexorablytheactualityofChapterThirteen.Butnovelistswriteforcountlessdifferentreasons：formoney，forfame，forreviewers，forparents，forfriends，forlovedones；forvanity，forpride，forcuriosity，foramusement；asskilledfurnituremakersenjoymakingfurniture，asdrunkardslikedrinking，asjudgeslikejudging，asSicilianslikeemptyingashotgunintoanenemy’sback.Icouldfillabookwithreasons，andtheywouldallbetrue，thoughnottrueofall.Onlyonesamereasonissharedbyallofus：wewishtocreateworldsasrealas，butotherthantheworldthatis.Orwas.Thisiswhywecannotplan.Weknowaworldisanorganism，notamachine；aplannedworld(awordthatfullyrevealsitsplanning)isadeadworld.Itisonlywhenourcharactersandeventsbegintodisobeyusthattheybegintolive.WhenCharlesleftSarahonhercliffedge，IorderedhimtowalkStraightbacktoLymeRegis.Buthedidnot；hegratuitouslyturnedandwentdowntotheDairy.Oh，butyousay，comeon-whatIreallymeanisthattheideacrossedmymindasIwrotethatitmightbemorecleveronehavehimstopanddrinkmilk…andmeetSarahagain.Thatiscertainlyoneexplanationtowhathappened；butIcanonlyreport-Iamthemostreliablewitness-thattheideaseemedtometocomeclearlyfromCharles，notmyself.Itisnotonlythathehasbeguntogainautonomy；Imustrespectit，anddisrespectallmyquasi-divingplansforhim，ifIwishhimtobereal.Inotherwords，tobefreemyself，Imustgivehim，andTina，andSarah，eventheabominableMrs.Poultney，theirfreedomaswell.ThereisonlyonegooddefinitionofGod；thefreedomthatallowsotherfreedomstoexist.AndImustconformtothatdefinition.Thenovelistisstillagod，sincehecreates(andnoteventhemostaleatoryavant-gardemodernnovelhasmanagedtoextirpateitsauthorcompletely)；whathaschangedisthatwearenolongerthegodsoftheVictorianimage，omniscientanddecreeing；butinthenewtheologicalimage，withfreedomourfirstprinciple，notauthority.Thisistheendoftheexam.北京外國語大學研究生研究生入學考試英美文學專業(yè)試題參照答案I.Thefollowingexamwillbegradedonbothwhatyousayandhowyousayit.Allanswersmustbewrittenontheanswersheets.I.BelowaresometermsthatyoumightoverhearliterarycriticssayatacocktailpartyintheEnglishDepartmentatBFSU.ExplainSIXofthem.(30points)1.balladBalladisanarrativepoem，usuallysimpleandfairlyshort，originallydesignedtobesung.Balladsoftenbeginabruptly，implythepreviousaction，utilizesimplelanguage，tellthestoryterselythroughdialogueanddescribedaction，andmakeuseofrefrains.Thefolkballad，whichreacheditsheightinBritaininthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies，wascomposedanonymouslyandhandeddownorally，ofteninseveraldifferentversions.Theliteraryballad，consciouslycreatedbyapoetinimitationofthefolkballad，makesuse(sometimeswithconsiderablefreedom)ofmanyofitsdevicesandconventions.Coleridge’s“RimeoftheAncientMariner”，Keats’s“LaBelleDamesansMerci”，andWilde’s“BalladofReadingGaol”areallliteraryballads.2.CalvinismCalvinismisthedoctrineofJohnCalvin，thegreatFrenchtheologianwholivedinGeneva.It’sdoctrineofpredestination，originalsinandtotaldepravity，andlimitedatonement(orthesalvationofaselectedfew)throughaspecialinfusionofgracefromgod.3.dramaticironyDramatic(ortragicirony)dependsonthestructureoftheplaymorethanontheactualwordsofthecharacters.AnextraordinaryexampleofsustaineddramaticironyisSophocles’OedipusRex，inwhichOedipusseeksthroughouttheplayforthemurdererofLaius，theformerkingofThebes，onlytofindthathehimselfistheguiltyone.Thetermdramaticironyisalsousedtodescribethesituationwhichariseswhenacharacterinaplayspeakslineswhichareunderstoodinadoublesensebytheaudiencethoughnotbythecharactersonstage.WhenBrabantiowarnsOthelloagainstbeingbetrayedbyDesdemona，theMoorreplies，“Mylifeuponherfaith.”Foranaudiencewhoknowsthestory，Othello’sremarkpresagesthetragedytocome.4.epicEpicisalongnarrativepoeminwhichaction，characters，andlanguageareonaheroiclevelandstyleisexaltedandmajestic.Basically，therearetwokindsofepic：(a)primary-alsoknownasoralorprimitive，(b)secondary-alsoknownasliterary.Thefirstbelongstotheoraltraditionandisthuscomposedorallyandrecited；onlymuchlater，insomecases，isitwrittendown.Thesecondiswrittendownatthestart.Majorcharacteristicsofanepicare1)avastsettingremoteintimeandplace，2)anobleanddignifiedobjective，3)asimpleplot，4)acentralincident(orseriesofincidents)dealingwithlegendarymaterial，5)athemeinvolvinguniversalhumanproblems，6)atoweringheroofgreatstature，7)superhumanstrengthofbody，character，ormind，8)supernaturalforcessuchasgods，angels，anddemons，interveningfromtimetotime.AmongnotedepicsareHomer’stheIliadandtheOdyssey，theOldEnglishBeowulf，Milton’sParadiseLost，andLongfellow’sHiawatha.SometimesWhitman’slongpoemLeavesofGrassisalsocalledanepic.5.metaphysicalconceitConceitmeansconcept，ideaandconception.Asaliterarytermthiswordhascometodenoteafairlyelaboratefigurativedeviceofafancifulkindwhichoftenincorporatesmetaphor，simile，hyperboleoroxymoronandwhichisintendedtosurpriseanddelightbyitswitsandingenuity.Thepleasurewegetfrommanyconceitsisintellectualratherthansensuous.TheMetaphysicalconceit，characteristicofDonneandotherMetaphysicalpoetsoftheseventeenthcentury，isacomparison，oftenelaborate，extended，orstartling，betweenobjectswhichareapparentlydissimilar，e.g.JohnDonne’scomparisonoftwosoulswithtwobulletsin“TheDissolution”andthatoftwoloverswithcompasses.6.OedipuscomplexItisaFreudianterm，drawnfromthemythofOedipuswhowithoutknowingthetruthmarriedhismother.Thetermdesignatesattractiononthepartofthechildtowardtheparentoftheoppositesexandrivalryandhostilitytowardtheparentofitsown.Itoccursduringthephallicstageofthepsychosexualdevelopmentofthepersonality，approximatelyyearsthreetofive.ResolutionoftheOedipuscomplexisbelievedtooccurbyidentificationwiththeparentofthesamesexandbytherenunciationofsexualinterestintheparentoftheoppositesex.Freudconsideredthiscomplexthecornerstoneofthesuperegoandthenucleusofallhumanrelationships.7.roundcharacterThisisatermfirstusedbyE.M.Forstertodesignateacharacterdrawnwithsufficientcomplexitytobeabletoberecognizable，understandable，anddifferentfromallothersappearinginthesameselection.Aroundcharactermust，accordingtoForster，becapableofsurprisingareader“inaconvincingway.”Complexityofcharacterization，moreover，mustbeaccompaniedbyanorganizationoftraitsorqualities.Theroundcharacterisoppositetoflatcharacterwhosepersonaltraitscanbesummedupinoneortwopoints.InShakespeare’sHenryIVthePrincechangesanddevelops，andheisaroundcharacter.8.transcendentalismTranscendentalismisaNewEnglandmovementwhichflourishedfromabout1835to1860.Ithaditsrootsinromanticismandinpost-KantianidealismbywhichColeridgewasinfluenced.IthadaconsiderableinfluenceonAmericanartandliterature.Basicallyreligious，itemphasizedtheroleandimportanceoftheindividualconscience，andthevalueofintuitioninmattersofmoralguidanceandinspiration.Theactualtermwascoinedbyopponentsofthemovement，butacceptedbyitsmembers(e.g.RalphWaldoEmerson，1803-82，oneoftheleaders，publishedTheTranscendentalistin1841).Thegroupofpeoplewasalsosocialreformers.Someofthemembers，besidesEmerson，werefamous，includingBronsonAlcott，HenryDavidThoreauandNathanielHawthorne.II.1.Summarizetheplotofthefollowingstoryinyourownwords(around200words).(20points)2.Commentonthenarrativetechniqueofthestory.(20points)ContinuityofParksHehadbeguntoreadthenovelafewdaysbefore.Hehadputitdownbecauseofsomeurgentbusinessconferences，openeditagainonhiswaybacktotheestatebytrain；hepermittedhimselfaslowlygrowinginterestintheplot，inthecharacterizations.Thatafternoon，afterwritingalettergivinghispowerofattorneyanddiscussingamatterofjointownershipwiththemanagerofhisestate，hereturnedtothebookinthetranquilityofhisstudywhichlookedoutupontheparkwithitsoaks.Sprawledinhisfavoritearmchair，itsbacktowardthedoor-eventhepossibilityofanintrusionwouldhaveirritatedhim，hadhethoughtofit-helethislefthandcaressrepeatedlythegreenvelvetupholsteryandsettoreadingthefinalchapters.Herememberedeffortlesslythenamesandhismentalimagesofthecharacters；thenovelspreaditsglamouroverhimalmostatonce.Hetastedthealmostperversepleasureofdisengaginghimselflinebylinefromthethingsaroundhim，andatthesametimefeelinghisheadrestcomfortablyonthegreenvelvetofthechairwithitshighback，sensingthatthecigarettesrestedwithinreachofhishand，thatbeyondthegreatwindowstheairofafternoondancedundertheoaktreesinthepark.Wordbyword，lickedtothepointwheretheimagessettledsownandtookoncolorandmovement，hewaswitnesstothefinalencounterinthemountaincabin.Thewomanarrivedfirst，apprehensive；nowthelovercamein，hisfacecutbythebacklashofabranch.Admirably，shestanchedthebloodwithherkisses，butherebuffedhercaresses，hehadnotcometoperformagaintheceremoniesofasecretpassion，protectedbyaworldofdryleavesandfurtivepathsthroughtheforest.Thedaggerwarmeditselfagainsthischest，andunderneathlibertypounded，hiddenclose.Alustful，pantingdialogueraceddownthepageslikearivuletofsnakes，andonefeltithadallbeendecidedfrometernity.Eventothosecaresseswhichwrithedaboutthelover’sbody，asthoughwishingtokeephimthere，todissuadehimfromit；theysketchedabominablytheframeofthatotherbodyitwasnecessarytodestroy.Nothinghadbeenforgotten：alibis，unforeseenhazards，possiblemistakes.Fromthishouron，eachinstanthaditsuseminutelyassigned.Thecold-blooded，twice-gone-overre-examinationofthedetailswasbarelybrokenoffsothatahandcouldcaressacheek.Itwasbeginningtogetdark.Notlookingatoneanothernow，rigidlyfixeduponthetaskwhichawaitedthem，theyseparatedatthecabindoor.Shewastofollowthetrailthatlednorth.Onthepathleadingintheoppositedirection，heturnedforamomenttowatchherrunning，herloosenedandflying.Heraninturn，crouchingamongthetreesandhedgesuntil，intheyellowishfogofdusk，hecoulddistinguishtheavenueoftreeswhichleduptothehouse.Thedogswerenotsupposedtobark，theydidnotbark.Theestatemanagerwouldnotbethereatthishour，andhewasnotthere.Hewentupthethreeporchstepsandentered.Thewoman’swordsreachedhimoverthethuddingofbloodinhisears：firstabluechamber，thanahall，thenacarpetedstairway.Atthetop，twodoors.Nooneinthefirstroom，nooneinthesecond.Thedoorofthesalon，andthen，theknifeinhand，thelightfromthegreatwindows，thehighbackofanarmchaircoveredingreenvelvet，theheadofthemaninthechairreadinganovel.參照答案：1.Havinggonethroughhisbusiness，theprotagonist，alandownersatdowninhisfavoritearmchairinthestudyandbecameimmersedinhisunfinishednovel.Thenovelwasaboutamurderinwhichtwoloversconspiredtokillalandowner.Thetwoloversmetsecretlyintheforesttomakeacarefulplan.Theywerebothanxiousandexcited，yettheywentthroughtheirschemetwiceinquiteacold-bloodedway.Theytookeverypossibilityintoconsideration，includingalibis，unforeseenhazardsandpossiblemistakes.Thentheyseparated，thewomanwentonedirection，whilethemanwentanotheronethatledtothehouseofthelandowner.Withadaggerhiddenunderneathhisclothes，themanwentnearthehouse.Nothingunexpectedhappened：thedogsdidn’tbarkandtheestatemanagerwasnotinthehouseatthatmoment.Followingthewoman’sinstructionsaboutthearrangementofthehouse，themansucceededingoingthroughthehouseandfindingthelandownerwhowassittinginhisarmchairinthestudyreadinganovel.2.Anidentifiedmanentersaroom，sitsdowninhisfavoritechairandbeginsreadinganovelaboutmurder.Thebookfollowsanothermanashecrossesatwilitpark，encountersthegatesofalargehouse，entersthehouseandkillsthemanwhositsreadingthebook.Insuchastory，thenarratorcombinestherealitywithfantasticanddreamlikeelements.Hepostulatesrealityasalabyrinthinegameandinterweavesspaceandtimeintoanambiguousyetrevealingpuzzle.Theparalleltimes，simultaneity，thedizzyinglylabyrinthinestructuresofmindandmemoryarequitedistinguishableandremarkable.Byusingthiskindofnarrativetechnique，thenarratorperplexesthereaderandmakesthereaderhardtoidentifywhat’stherealandwhat’stheimaginative，what’sinthebookthelandownerisreadingandwhatishappeningtohimself.Ш.ThefollowingisanexcerptfromoneofJohnFowles’snovels.Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutthenovel?(30points)Youmaythinknovelistsalwayshavefixedplanstowhichtheywork，sothatthefuturepredictedbyChapterOneisalwaysinexorablytheactualityofChapterThirteen.Butnovelistswriteforcountlessdifferentreasons：formoney，forfame，forreviewers，forparents，forfriends，forlovedones；forvanity，forpride，forcuriosity，foramusement；asskilledfurnituremakersenjoymakingfurniture，asdrunkardslikedrinking，asjudgeslikejudging，asSicilianslikeemptyingashotgunintoanenemy’sback.Icouldfillabookwithreasons，andtheywouldallbetrue，thoughnottrueofall.Onlyonesamereasonissharedbyallofus：wewishtocreateworldsasrealas，butotherthantheworldthatis.Orwas.Thisiswhywecannotplan.Weknowaworldisanorganism，notamachine；aplannedworld(awordthatfullyrevealsitsplanning)isadeadworld.Itisonlywhenourcharactersandeventsbegintodisobeyusthattheybegintolive.WhenCharlesleftSarahonhercliffedge，IorderedhimtowalkStraightbacktoLymeRegis.Buthedidnot；hegratuitouslyturnedandwentdowntotheDairy.Oh，butyo